Evolution of C6, C8 and C10 acids and their ethyl esters in cells and musts during fermentation with threeSaccharomyces cerevisiae races

Summary The evolution of the cell and must contents of three short-chain fatty acids (C₆, C₈ and C₁₀) and their ethyl esters during fermentations withSaccharomyces cerevisiae racescerevisiae, bayanus andcapensis were studied. The former is a fermentative yeast and the last two are flor film yeasts. The acid concentrations in the musts increased throughout the alcoholic fermentations, and maximum cell concentrations of the fatty acids were reached after 48 h of fermentation. Maximum ester concentrations in the cells were attained after 48–72 h of fermentation. In the musts, ethyl octanoate and ethyl decanoate reached a peak also at this point, and ethyl hexanoate after 10 days. After 134 days,S. cerevisiae racecapensis formed a thick flor film whileS. cerevisiae racebayanus developed a thin film andS. cerevisiae racecerevisiae formed no film. At this point, acid contents remained constant in the wines produced byS. cerevisiae racescerevisiae andbayanus, and decreased in those obtained with racecapensis. The ethyl ester contents tended to decrease with the exception of ethyl decanoate in the fermentations carried out byS. cerevisiae racescerevisiae andbayanus.     

Continuous measurement of ethanol production by aerobic yeast suspensions with an enzyme electrode

Summary An alcohol electrode was constructed which consisted of an oxygen probe onto which alcohol oxidase was immobilized. This enzyme electrode was used, in combination with a reference oxygen electrode, to study the short-term kinetics of alcoholic fermentation by aerobic yeast suspensions after pulsing with glucose. The results demonstrate that this device is an excellent tool in obtaining quantitative data on the short-term expression of the Crabtree effect in yeasts.Samples from aerobic glucose-limited chemostat cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae not producing ethanol, immediately (within 2 min) exhibited aerobic alcoholic fermentation after being pulsed with excess glucose. With chemostat-grown Candida utilis, however, ethanol production was not detectable even at high sugar concentrations. The Crabtree effect in S. cerevisiae was studied in more detail with commercial baker's yeast. Ethanol formation occurred only at initial glucose concentrations exceeding 150 mg·l^-1, and the rate of alcoholic fermentation increased with increasing glucose concentrations up to 1,000 mg·l^-1 glucose.Similar experiments with batch cultures of certain non-fermentative yeasts revealed that these organisms are capable of alcoholic fermentation. Thus, even under fully aerobic conditions, Hansenula nonfermentans and Candida buffonii produced ethanol after being pulsed with glucose. In C. buffonii ethanol formation was already apparent at very low glucose concentrations (10 mg·l^-1) and alcoholic fermentation even proceeded at a higher rate than in S. cerevisiae. With Rhodotorula rubra, however, the rate of ethanol formation was below the detection limit, i.e., less than 0.1 mmol·g cells^-1·h^-1.     

Rooting apple cultivars in vitro: Interactions among light,temperature, phloroglucinol and auxin

Delicious apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and several of its strains, which have been difficult to root in vitro, were successfully propagated with rooting percentages up to 100%. The combination of treatments used to achieve this result included placing the shoots on rooting medium in the dark at 30°C for the first week of the rooting stage, then moving them to a regime of 16 hr light-8 hr dark at 25°C. The rooting medium contained half strength Murashige and Skoog salts plus 1.2 M thiamine HCl, 0.56 mM myo-inositol, 1 mM phloroglucinol (PG), 1.4 M indolebutyric acid (IBA), 1.3 M gibberellic acid (GA₃), 87.6 mM sucrose, and 7 g l^–1 Difco Bacto agar. Dark treatment applied during the proliferation stage (etiolation) was less effective than one applied at the beginning of the rooting stage. The optimum length of dark treatment during rooting was 4 to 7 days. Increasing the temperature from 25°C to 30°C improved rooting of Delicious, Royal Red Delicious, and Vermont Spur Delicious in the absence of PG but generally had less effect in the presence of PG. Further increase in temperature to 35°C stimulated rooting of Royal Red Delicious but reduced rooting of Vermont Spur Delicious. Transfer of the cuttings to auxin-free medium after 1 week had no effect on percentage rooting and increased the number of roots per cutting for only 1 of 4 cultivars tested and then only in the presence of PG. In general PG stimulated rooting of Delicious and its strains, but had no effect on Golden Delicious.     

Ongoing ultradian activity rhythms in the common vole,Microtus arvalis,during deprivations of food,water and rest

Summary The timing mechanism underlying ultradian (2–3 h) activity patterns in the common vole, Microtus arvalis, was studied using behavioural deprivation experiments. These were aimed at distinguishing between a homeostatic control mechanism, in which the rhythmic behaviour itself is part of the causal loop, and a clock mechanism, independent of the behaviour.In 175 experiments, deprivation of food during 3 ultradian cycles in (subjective) daytime did not result in significant changes in the ultradian periodicity of attempts to obtain the food, compared with ad lib. access to food and water. A minor, but significant increase in ultradian activity time () occurred in the course of the deprivation, but this was compensated by a shorter ultradian rest (). These results were obtained both in intact animals (n = 24), which showed ultradian and circadian rhythmicity in behaviour, and in animals (n = 21) with electrolytic lesions aimed at the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), which lacked the circadian modulation of behaviour. Simultaneous deprivation of water and food in 8 voles without circadian rhythmicity during 40 experiments also did not lead to any change in the ultradian periodicity of feeding attempts.Rest deprivation was studied in 5 SCN lesioned voles, by forcing running wheel activity to continue following spontaneous running. Thus, the experimental activity bout was artificially lengthened to 2–9 h in 67 experiments. The onset of the subsequent rest episodes occurred independent of the duration of the preceding . The duration of was dependent on the preceding, experimental in a periodic fashion. The interval experimental (=lengthened +following ) was equal to one, two or three times the control (obtained on nonexperimental days). This result fits the prediction of a clock model and is in conflict with a monotonicincrease of with , as expected in a homeostatic, restorative process.It is concluded that the ultradian timing of activity in the common vole can be explained neither by homeostatic hunger or thirst mechanisms nor by homeostatic rest/activity regulation. The results strongly suggest an independent clock system generating ultradian feeding rhythms in the common vole.Abbreviations DD continuous darkness - LD light-dark regime - LL continuous light - RCA retrochiasmatic area - ARC arcuate nucleus - SCN suprachiasmatic nuclei - ultradian period - ultradian activity time - ultradian rest time     

Genetic analysis of brown planthopper resistance in twenty varieties of rice,Oryza saliva L.

Summary The inheritance of resistance to brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stol.), of 20 rice cultivars was studied. Single dominant genes that are allelic to Bph 3 condition the resistance in cultivars Ptb 19, Gangala (Acc. 7733), Gangala (Acc. 15207), Horana Mawee, Kuruhondarwala, Mudu Kiriyal and Muthumanikam. Single recessive genes that are allelic to bph 4 govern the resistance in cultivars Gambada Samba, Heenhoranamawee, Hotel Samba, Kahata Samba, Kalukuruwee, Lekam Samba, Senawee, Sulai, Thirissa and Vellai Illankali. The resistance in Ptb 33, Sudu Hondarwala, and Sinna Sivappu is governed by one dominant and one recessive gene which segregate independently of each other. The dominant resistance genes in these cultivars appear allelic to either Bph 1 or Bph 3. Similarly, the recessive genes in these cultivars seem allelic to either bph 2 or bph 4. Further investigations are needed to conclusively determine the allelic relationships of resistance genes in Ptb 33, Sudu Hondarwala and Sinna Sivappu.     

The ability of acidic pH,growth inhibitors,and glucose to increase the proton motive force and energy spilling of amino acid-fermenting <Emphasis Type="Italic">Clostridium sporogenes</Emphasis> MD1 cultures

Clostridium sporogenes MD1 grew rapidly with peptides and amino acids as an energy source at pH 6.7. However, the proton motive force (p) was only –25 mV, and protonophores did not inhibit growth. When extracellular pH was decreased with HCl, the chemical gradient of protons (ZpH) and the electrical membrane potential () increased. The p was –125 mV at pH 4.7, even though growth was not observed. At pH 6.7, glucose addition did not cause an increase in growth rate, but increased to –70 mV. Protein synthesis inhibitors also significantly increased . Non-growing, arginine-energized cells had a of –80 mV at pH 6.7 or pH 4.7, but was not detected if the F₁F₀ ATPase was inhibited. Arginine-energized cells initiated growth if other amino acids were added at pH 6.7, and and ATP declined. At pH 4.7, ATP production remained high. However, growth could not be initiated, and neither nor the intracellular ATP concentration declined. Based on these results, it appears that C. sporogenes MD1 does not need a large p to grow, and p appears to serve as a mechanism of ATP dissipation or energy spilling.Mandatory disclaimer: Proprietary or brand names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by the USDA implies no approval of the product, and exclusion of others that may be suitable.     

The chromosomal locations and linkage relationships of the structural genes for the prolamin storage proteins (secalins) of rye

Summary Rye secalins are a polymorphic mixture of polypeptides which are classified into four major groups. Previous studies have shown that the structural genes for two of the groups (the -secalins and 40K -secalins) are located on the short arm of chromosome 1R and those for a third group (the high molecular weight secalins) on the long arm of the same chromosome. Analysis of F₂ grain from crosses between inbred lines of S. cereale shows that the structural genes for the -secalins (designated Sec 1) and the high molecular weight secalins (designated Sec 3) are loosely linked (40.8 ±3.76% recombination, 57.4 ± 11.30 cM). Analysis of wheat rye addition lines shows that the structural genes for the 75K -secalins are present on chromosome 2R. This locus is provisionally designated Sec 2. These genes are probably derived from those for the 40K -secalins by duplication, divergence and translocation. Analysis of secalin fractions from wild species of rye shows that all contain 75K -secalins, indicating that the duplication and divergence, if not the translocation, occurred before speciation of the genus.     

Whole Proteome Prokaryote Phylogeny Without Sequence Alignment: A K-String Composition Approach

A systematic way of inferring evolutionary relatedness of microbial organisms from the oligopeptide content, i.e., frequency of amino acid K-strings in their complete proteomes, is proposed. The new method circumvents the ambiguity of choosing the genes for phylogenetic reconstruction and avoids the necessity of aligning sequences of essentially different length and gene content. The only parameter in the method is the length K of the oligopeptides, which serves to tune the resolution power of the method. The topology of the trees converges with K increasing. Applied to a total of 109 organisms, including 16 Archaea, 87 Bacteria, and 6 Eukarya, it yields an unrooted tree that agrees with the biologists tree of life based on SSU rRNA comparison in a majority of basic branchings, and especially, in all lower taxa.     

Inheritance and linkage of isozyme loci in almond

The segregation of seven isozyme marker genes was investigated using eight controlled crosses in almond. The cultivar Nonpareil was the maternal parent in all crosses. Pollination was achieved using eight different cultivars, and a total of 3200 individual kernels were assessed. For each isozyme the goodness-of-fit test was used to test for departure from the expected frequencies assuming Mendelian inheritance. Given a higher than expected number of significant results for individual isozymes, independent segregation between pairs of isozymes was tested using the chi-square statistic on the resulting two-way contingency tables. In all crosses a highly significant association (P value< 0.001) was observed between (1) the AAT- 1 and IDH isozymes loci and (2) the LAP-1 and PGM-2 isozymes loci, which leads to the conclusion that the respective isozyme pairs are linked.In addition, a significant association (P value < 0.001) was observed between LAP-1 and GPI-2 when the pollen sources were Fritz, Mission, or Price, but this could not be tested for the remaining five pollen sources, Carmel, Grant, Keane, Ne plus Ultra, Peerless, because they are homozygous at these loci. If LAP-1 is linked with GPI-2 and PGM-2, it might be expected that we should find evidence of linkage between GPI-2 and PGM-2. The lack of a significant association between these two isozymes suggests that LAP-1 is located centrally on the chromosome. These three pairs of linked loci are the first to be reported in almond.     

A simple method for maintaining high multiplication of Narcissus shoot cultures in vitro

A simple method for stimulating and maintaining high in vitro multiplication of Narcissus shoot clump cultures was developed. Shoot clumps were subjected either to normal cutting where leaves were trimmed to 20 mm in length at the beginning of each culture passage or to severe cutting where shoot clumps were cut down to the basal plate region removing all green tissue. Severe cutting at the beginning of each culture passage initially doubled the leaf multiplication, compared to normal cutting, but the difference between cutting treatments declined in successive passages. The improvement in leaf multiplication was maintained when shoot clumps were subjected to severe cutting only at every other culture passage, with no cutting in the alternate recovery passages. In vitro multiplication was increased by severe cutting in all seven Narcissus cultivars which were tested.Abbreviations NAA-1 naphthylacetic acid - BAP benzylaminopurine     

Interconversion of F430 derivatives of methanogenic bacteria

F₄₃₀ is the prosthetic group of the methylcoenzyme M reductase of methanogenic bacteria. The compound isolated from Methanosarcina barkeri appears to be identical to the one obtained from the only distinctly related Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. F₄₃₀ is thermolabile and in the presence of acetonitrile or C10 _in4 ^sup- two epimerization products are obtained upon heating; in the absence of these compounds F₄₃₀ is oxidized to 12, 13-didehydro-F₄₃₀. The latter is stereoselectively reduced under H₂ atmosphere to F₄₃₀ by cell-free extracts of M. barkeri or M. thermoautotrophicum. H₂ may be replaced by the reduced methanogenic electron carrier coenzyme F₄₂₀.Abbreviations CH₃S-CoM methylcoenzyme M, 2-methylthioethanesulfonic acid - HS-CoM coenzyme M, 2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid - F₄₃₀ Ni(II) tetrahydro-(12, 13)-corphin with a uroporphinoid (III) ligand skeleton - 13-epi-F₄₃₀ and 12,13-di-epi-F₄₃₀ the 12, 13- and 12, 13-derivatives of F₄₃₀ - 12, 13-didehydro-F₄₃₀ F₄₃₀ oxidized at C-12 and C-13 - coenzyme F₄₂₀ 7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazaflavin derivative - coenzyme F₄₂₀H₂ reduced coenzyme F₄₂₀ - MV⁺ methylviologen semiquinone - HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography     

The molecular genetic differentiation of cultured <Emphasis Type="Italic">Saccharomyces</Emphasis> strains

A comparative molecular genetic study of cultured Saccharomyces strains isolated from the surface of berries and various fermentation processes showed that bakers yeast and black-currant isolates contain not only Saccharomyces cerevisiae but also S. cerevisiae × S. bayanus var. uvarum hybrids. The molecular karyotyping of bakers, brewers, and wine yeasts showed their polyploidy. The restriction enzyme analysis of noncoding rDNA regions (5.8S-ITS and IGS2) makes it possible to differentiate species of the genus Saccharomyces and to identify interspecies hybrids. The microsatellite primer (GTG)₅ can be used to study the populations of cultured S. cerevisiae strains.__________Translated from Mikrobiologiya, Vol. 74, No. 2, 2005, pp. 215–223.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Naumova, Zholudeva, Martynenko, Naumov.     

Differential expression of enzyme activities initiating anoxic metabolism of various aromatic compounds via benzoyl-CoA

The regulation of the expression of enzyme activities catalyzing initial reactions in the anoxic metabolism of various aromatic compounds was studied at the whole cell level in the denitrifying Pseudomonas strain K 172. The specific enzyme activities were determined after growth on six different aromatic substrates (phenol, 4-hydroxybenzoate, benzoate, p-cresol, phenylacetate, 4-hydroxyphenylacetate) all being proposed to be metabolized anaerobically via benzoyl-CoA. As a control cells were grown on acetate, or aerobically on benzoate. The expression of the following enzyme activities was determined.Phenol carboxylase, as studied by the isotope exchange between ¹⁴CO₂ and the carboxyl group of 4-hydroxybenzoate; 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase (dehydroxylating); p-cresol methylhydroxylase; 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol dehydrogenase; 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde dehydrogenase; coenzymeA ligases for the aromatic acids benzoate, 4-hydroxybenzoate, phenylacetate, and 4-hydroxyphenylacetate; phenylglyoxylate: acceptor oxidoreductase and 4-hydroxyphenylglyoxylate: acceptor oxidoreductase; aromatic alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases.The formation of most active enzymes is strictly regulated; they were only induced when required, the basic activities being almost zero. The observed whole cell regulation pattern supports the postulate that the enzyme activities play a role in anoxic aromatic metabolism and that the compounds are degraded via the following intermediates: Phenol 4-hydroxybenzoate 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA benzoyl-CoA; 4-hydroxybenzoate 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA benzoyl-CoA; benzoate benzoyl-CoA; p-cresol 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde 4-hydroxybenzoate 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA benzoyl-CoA; phenylacetate phenylacetyl-CoA phenylglyoxylate benzoyl-CoA plus CO₂; 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 4-hydroxyphenylacetyl-CoA 4-hydroxyphenylglyoxylate 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA plus CO₂ benzoyl-CoA.     

Relationships between external nitrate availability,nitrate uptake and expression of nitrate reductase in roots of barley grown in N-limited split-root cultures

Despite the large number of studies of nitrate metabolism in plants, it remains undetermined to what extent this key plant system is controlled by overall plant N nutrition on the one hand, and by the nitrate ion itself on the other hand. To investigate these questions, V _max for nitrate uptake (high-affinity range), and nitrate reductase (NR) mRNA and activity, were measured in roots of N-limited barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Golf) grown under conditions of constant relative addition of nitrate, with the seminal roots split between two culture compartments. The total amount of nitrate added per unit time (0.09·d^-1) was distributed between the two root parts (subroots) in ratios of 1000, 982, 955, 9010, 8020, and 5050. These nitrate-addition ratios resulted in nitrate fluxes ranging from 0 to 23 mol nitrate·g^-1 DW root·h^-1, while the external nitrate concentrations varied between 0 and 1.2 M. The apparent V _max for net nitrate uptake showed saturation-type responses to nitrate flux maintained during preceding growth. The flux resulting in half-maximal induction of nitrate uptake was approximately 4 mol nitrate·g^-1 DW root·h^-1, corresponding to an external nitrate concentration of 0.7 M. The activity of NR and levels of NR mRNA did not saturate within the range of nitrate fluxes studied. None of the parameters studied saturated with respect to the steady-state external nitrate concentration. At the zero nitrate addition — the 0%-root — initial uptake activity as determined in short-term ¹⁵N-labelling experiments was insignificant, and NR activity and NR mRNA were not detectable. However, nitrate uptake was rapidly induced, showing that the 0%-root had retained the capacity to respond to nitrate. These results suggest that local nitrate availability has a significant impact on the nitrate uptake and reducing systems of a split-root part when the total plant nitrate nutrition is held constant and limiting.Abbreviation NR nitrate reductase This work was supported by the Lars Hierta Memory Foundation, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and by the Swedish Natural Science Research Council via project grants (to C.-M.L. and B.I.) and visiting scientist grant (to W.H.C.). We thank Mrs. Ellen Campbell for technical advice, and Mrs. Judith V. Purves, Long Ashton Research Station, Long Ashton, UK, for analyses of ¹⁵N-labelling in tissue samples.     

Sex identification by male-specific growth hormone pseudogene (GH-Ψ) in Oncorhynchus masou complex and a related hybrid

It is often difficult to identify sexes of many fish species by conventional cytological method because of the lack of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Isolation of sex-specific molecular markers is thus important for sexing and for understanding sex chromosome evolution in these species. We have identified genetic sexes by PCR-based male-specificity of a growth hormone pseudogene (GH-) in masu and Biwa salmon, two subspecies of the Oncorhynchus masou complex, and their hybrid Honmasu. PCRs with primers designed from sequences of chinook salmon GH genes amplified GH-I and GH-II fragments in both sexes, but a third GH- fragment was detected in predominant proportion of males and very few phenotypic females. The consistency of phenotypic sex with genetic sex identified by GH- for masu salmon, Biwa salmon and Honmasu was 93.1, 96.7 and 94%, respectively. The remaining individuals showed inconsistency or deviation from sex-specificity: a few phenotypic males lacked the GH-, whereas a few phenotypic females possessed the GH-. Sequence of the putative GH- fragment from such females was identical to that from genetic males, and shared about 95% homology with the corresponding GH- fragment from chinook salmon. This result confirmed that these females were really GH--bearing individuals. PCR analyses with primers designed from masu salmon GH- gave identical results, indicating that the absence of GH- in a few males was not resulted from primer mismatching. These GH--bearing females and GH--absent males were more likely to originate from spontaneous sex reversion than from crossing-over between GH- and the sex determination gene/region.     

Content of RNA polymerase in haploid and merodiploid strains of Escherichia coli

Summary In cell-free extracts of E. coli merodiploids carrying F-factor with ilv-thi chromosome fragment the activity of RNA polymerase is not increased, and there is no excess of free active core-enzyme or sigma-factor. Only immunochemical analysis reveals 25% excess of RNA polymerase material in some merodiploids as compared to a haploid. However, neither the amount of + relative to total protein nor : ratio does not differ in haploid and merodiploids.     

Genetic analysis of resistance to whitebacked planthopper in twenty-one varieties of rice,Oryza sativa L.

Summary The inheritance of resistance to whitebacked planthopper Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) was studied in 21 rice varieties. Reactions of F₁; F₂ and F₃ progenies of the crosses of 21 resistant varieties with the susceptible variety TN 1 revealed that a single dominant gene governs resistance in Mushkan 41, Santhi, Siahnakidar 195, SM2-34, Tirisurkh 251, Zirijowaian 245, 18, 24A, 39, 76 S, 78, 180, 213 B, 267, 293, CI 6037-4, NP97, S39 JKW and Bansphul. In varieties 65 and 274 A, resistance is governed by one dominant and one recessive gene which segregate independently of each other. Tests for allelism with the Wbph 1 gene originally identified in N 22 revealed that the dominant gene present in all the test varieties is the same as Wbph 1. Further studies are required to determine the allelic relationships of the recessive gene found in varieties 65 and 274 A.     

Erratum: Cloning and sequencing of the phycocyanin gene from Spirulina maxima and its evolutionary analysis

The genes were cloned for the two apoprotein subunits, and ,of phycocyanin from the cyanobacterium Spirulina maxima = Arthrospiramaxima) strain F3. The - and -subunit gene-coding regionscontain 489 bp and 519 bp, respectively. The -subunit gene is upstreamfrom the -subunit gene, with a 111-bp segment separating them.Similarities between the -subunits of S. maxima and nine othercyanobacteria were between 58% and 99%, as were those between the -subunits. The maximum similarity between the - and -subunits from S. maxima was 27%.     

Evaluation and first-year field testing of efficient vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for inoculation of wetland rice seedlings

Grain yields of the rice cultivar Prakash were improved upon inoculation with Glomus intraradices and G. fasciculatum, by 11% and 8%, respectively, compared with an uninoculated control. The results indicate that the amount of phosphate fertilizer usually applied to rice may be decreased by 50%, without affecting yield, if G. intraradices is inoculated.The authors are with the Department of Agricultural Microbiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560 065, India. ing author.     

Microflora and microbial activity in palmyrah (Borassus flabellifer) palm wine in Sri Lanka

Summary Palmyrah palm wine, a traditional mild alcoholic beverage of Northern Sri Lanka, is popularly referred to as toddy. It is obtained by the natural fermentation of the sugary sap of the palmyrah palm (Borassus flabellifer L.). The microflora commonly found in palmyrah toddy were identified asSaccharomyces cerevisiae, Sacch. Chevalieri, Kloeckera apiculata, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Bacillus cereus, B. sphaericus andB. firmus. Of the yeasts, the predominant and best alcoholic fermenter wasSacch. cerevisiae. The efficiency of alcoholle fermentation in natural palmyrah toddy was 56%. This was increased to 69% by adding a pure inoculum ofSacch. cerevisiae into the toddy collecting pots. A further increase in the efficiency to 89% was attained when fresh, sterilized palmyrah sap was fermented withSacch. cerevisiae under laboratory conditions.

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Resumen El vino de la palmera palmyrah es una bebida moderadamente alcohólica tradicional del Norte de Sri Lanka a la que se conoce popularmente como toddy. Se obtiene mediante la fermentación natural de la savia azucarada de la Palmyrah (Borassus flabellifer). La microflora que se encuentra en el toddy de Palmyrah se identificó como:Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sacch. chevalieri,Kloeckera apiculata, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Bacillus cereus,B. sphaericus, y,B. firmus. De entre las levaduras, la más predominante y también la mejor fermentadora alcohólica fueSacch. cerevisiae.

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Résumé Le vin de palme de palmyre, boisson faiblement alcoolisée produite au Nord du Sri Lanka, est vulgairement dénommé toddy, Il est obtenu par fermentation naturelle de la sève sucrée du palmier palmyre (Borassus flabillifer L.). La microflore usuelle du toddy de palmyre est constituée parSaccharomyces cerevisiae, Sacch. chevalieri, Kloeckera apiculata, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Bacillus cereus, B. sphaericus etB. firmus. Parmi les levures,Sacch. cerevisiae est la plus abondante et le meilleur agent de la fermentation alcoolique.

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Paper based on a poster presentation at the VII International Conference on the Global Impacts of Applied Microbiology, Helsinki, 12–16 August 1985.