Variability in the efficacy of sex pheromone lures for monitoring oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Studies were conducted in Chile and the United States to compare the attractiveness of various commercial sex pheromone lures and two experimental lures for oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), in peach orchards treated with or without sex pheromone dispensers. The experimental lures contained the three‐component sex pheromone blend of G. molesta: Z‐8‐dodecenyl acetate, E‐8‐dodecenyl acetate and Z‐8‐dodecenol (Z8‐12:OH), and the sex pheromone of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), (E,E)‐8,10‐dodecadien‐1‐ol, (codlemone). Commercial lures varied in their substrate, initial loading and blend ratio of components. Significant differences in male catches were found among commercial lures in orchards treated with or without sex pheromone dispensers. Experimental lures with the addition of codlemone significantly increased the catches of G. molesta using lures loaded with 0%, 1% or 5% Z8‐12:OH in the G. molesta blend compared with the same ratio of components in just the G. molesta blend. The experimental lures were significantly more attractive than all commercial lures in the untreated orchard. However, moth catch with the experimental lures in the sex pheromone‐treated orchard was only intermediate among all of the lures tested. These findings highlight the need to develop more effective and standardized lures that can be used in trap‐based monitoring programme for this important pest.     

Interference of plant volatiles on pheromone receptor neurons of male Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

In moths, sex pheromone components are detected by pheromone-specific olfactory receptor neurons (ph-ORNs) housed in sensilla trichodea in the male antennae. In Grapholita molesta, ph-ORNs are highly sensitive and specific to the individual sex pheromone components, and thus help in the detection and discrimination of the unique conspecific pheromone blend. Plant odors interspersed with a sub-optimal pheromone dose are reported to increase male moth attraction. To determine if the behavioral synergism of pheromone and plant odors starts at the ph-ORN level, single sensillum recordings were performed on Z8-12:Ac and E8-12:Ac ph-ORNs (Z-ORNs and E-ORNs, respectively) stimulated with pheromone–plant volatile mixtures. First, biologically meaningful plant-volatile doses were determined by recording the response of plant-specific ORNs housed in sensilla auricillica and trichodea to several plant odorants. This exploration provided a first glance at plant ORNs in this species. Then, using these plant volatile doses, we found that the spontaneous activity of ph-ORNs was not affected by the stimulation with plant volatiles, but that a binary mixture of sex pheromone and plant odorants resulted in a small (about 15%), dose-independent, but statistically significant, reduction in the spike frequency of Z-ORNs with respect to stimulation with Z8-12:Ac alone. The response of E-ORNs to a combination of E8-12:Ac and plant volatiles was not different from E8-12:Ac alone. We argue that the small inhibition of Z-ORNs caused by physiologically realistic plant volatile doses is probably not fully responsible for the observed behavioral synergism of pheromone and plant odors.     

Field trials of synthetic sex pheromone lures for the large cabbage-heart caterpillar moth, Crocidolomia pavonana (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Indonesia

The efficacy of synthetic female sex pheromone lures for Crocidolomia pavonana (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in the cabbage fields of Java and Bali, Indonesia, was investigated by varying the composition and dosage of the components. The lure containing a synthetic pheromone blend of (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11–16: Ac) and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9–14: Ac) at a 10:1 ratio acquired significantly more male catches than single component lures and the control lure. Meanwhile, no attraction was observed when lures with 1:1 and 1:10 blends were tested. The composition of Z11–16: Ac and Z9–14: Ac at a ratio of 5, 10 and 20:1 attracted more males than the control lures. Dosage studies showed that 0.055 and 0.55 mg of a mixture of Z11–16: Ac and Z9–14: Ac (10:1 ratio) attracted more males than the control. These results are the first demonstration of the efficacy of synthetic pheromone for C. pavonana in field conditions. The present study suggests the feasibility of pheromone-based monitoring as a simple and low-cost technique for integrated pest management of this pest.     

Sex pheromone composition of the variegated cutworm,Peridroma saucia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in Korea

This study was conducted to investigate the sex pheromone composition of the variegated cutworm (Peridroma saucia Hübner) in Korea. The sex pheromone components of P. saucia were identified as (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:Ac) and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:Ac) through GC-EAD and GC–MS analysis. EAG tests of the male antennae revealed that the Z9-14:AC exerted significantly larger responses than other compounds. The female moths primarily called and copulated between 6 h and 7 h after the lights off, and the ratio of two pheromone components, Z9-14:Ac and Z11-16:Ac, in the sex pheromone gland during this period was 1:2.1 to 1:2.4. In the field trapping studies, a large number of male moths were caught in the traps baited with the mixtures of Z9-14:Ac and Z11-16:Ac at the ratios ranging from 2.3:1 to 1:4, with the highest trap catches at 1:1 to 1:2.3 ratios of the two components. The seasonal flight activities of P. saucia monitored by using pheromone lures revealed complicated patterns in Korea. Specifically, the first flight period was spread over a long period and irregular, while the second flight period differed among the localities examined.     

Sex pheromone of the African armyworm <Emphasis Type="Italic">Spodoptera exempta</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): identification of components of the Okinawan population and formulation for population monitoring

In 2010, abrupt outbreaks of the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Walker), occured on the Tarama, Iriomote and Kikai Islands in southwestern Japan. Analysis by gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) revealed two EAG-active compounds on male antenna in crude extract of virgin females. These compounds were identified as (9Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:Ac) and (9Z,12E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (Z9E12-14:Ac) in ca. 90:10 ratio by subsequent GC-MS analyses. (11Z)-11-Hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:Ac), which had previously been identified as a third component in the Kenyan population, was not detected. Binary blends of Z9-14:Ac and Z9E12-14:Ac at ratios between 99:1 and 90:10 showed a potent attractiveness in the field, superior to that of virgin females and comparable to that of the three-component formulation determined in Kenya. For the population survey, a 98:2 blend was used. In Tarama, only a few moths of S. exempta were captured with a light trap during the night when more than 600 males were captured with synthetic sex pheromone; more S. exempta captures with a light trap had been reported than with sex-pheromone traps in Kenya. This indicates that the Okinawan population has different properties from the Kenyan population in pheromone composition and behavioral response to light.     

Reidentification of pheromone composition of Sparganothis sulfureana (Clemens) and evidence of geographic variation in male responses from two US states

GC-EAD analyses of pheromone gland extracts of calling female Sparganothis sulfureana revealed at least 6 compounds that consistently elicited antennal responses from male antennae. In addition to the major pheromone compound, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11–14:OAc), which was previously reported, the other compounds were found to be (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate (E9–12:OAc), (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate (Z9–12:OAc), (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9–14:OAc), (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11–14:OAc), and (E)-11-tetradecenol (E11–14:OH). Tetradecyl acetate, hexadecyl acetate and hexadecenyl acetates were also present in the extracts, but elicited no EAG response from male antennae. Wind tunnel tests demonstrated that males from New Jersey responded equally well to a blend containing five pheromone components in relative to the pheromone glands of calling females. Different male-response profiles from field-trapping tests conducted in the states of Wisconsin and New Jersey were observed, respectively. Significantly higher numbers of male S. sulfureana were caught in New Jersey in traps baited with the binary blend of E11–14:OAc (30 μg) with 1% of Z11–14:OAc, but males from Wisconsin responded equally well to traps containing blends of E11–14:OAc with 0–10% of Z11–14:OAc. The addition of more than 10% of Z11–14:OAc to the primary pheromone compound reduced male captures significantly in both states. Male catches were doubled by adding E9–12:OAc and E11–14:OH to the most attractive binary blend in both states. The trapping test with caged live virgin female moths showed that males in Wisconsin preferred females from the local population than those from New Jersey. The differences in male responses observed may indicate the existence of pheromone polymorphism in this species.     

Mating disruption of the carpenter moth,Cossus insularis (Staudinger) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) with synthetic sex pheromone in Japanese pear orchards

Mating disruption of the carpenter moth, Cossus insularis Staudinger (Lepidoptera: Cossidae), with a synthetic version of its sex pheromone, a mixture of (E)-3-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-3-tetradecenyl acetate, was tested for three successive years in Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta) orchards. Pheromone trap catches, percentage mating of tethered females, and tree damage were measured in both the pheromone-treated and untreated control orchards. The attraction of male adults to pheromone traps was completely disrupted, and the mating of the tethered females was completely inhibited by the treatment of synthetic pheromones. The percentage of damaged trees in the pheromone-treated orchard decreased over the course of the experiment, while the damage percentage did not decrease in the untreated orchard. These results show that mating disruption with the synthetic sex pheromone is promising for the reduction of damage caused by C. insularis in apple and Japanese pear orchards.     

Optimization of pheromone lure and trap design for monitoring the fir coneworm, Dioryctria abietivorella

The major components of the sex pheromone of Dioryctria abietivorella (Groté) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were recently identified as (9Z,11E)‐tetradecadien‐1‐yl acetate (9Z,11E‐14:Ac) and a polyunsaturated, long‐chain hydrocarbon (3Z,6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)‐pentacosapentaene (C25 pentaene). The optimal ratio of these components and the role of potential minor components were not fully determined in the initial short report on the pheromone's identification. We tested different ratios of the two major components loaded into grey halobutyl rubber septum dispensers, placed in sticky traps deployed in conifer breeding arboreta. The optimal ratio of the two components was 200 µg 9Z,11E‐14:Ac to 2000 µg C25 pentaene. (Z)‐9‐Tetradecen‐1‐yl acetate, which had been identified previously in female pheromone gland extracts, and five other potential minor pheromone components, were tested individually as additions to the optimized two‐component lure blend. None of the ternary blends were more attractive than the optimized two‐component blend, at the ratios tested. Two lure adjuvants, a UV stabilizer (Sumisorb 300) and the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene, added individually or together, did not affect the attractiveness of the optimized lure blend. The Pherotech diamond sticky trap baited with the optimized lure blend was the most effective trap design among eight types of sticky trap and a bucket style trap that were tested. Traps baited with synthetic lures were as attractive as traps baited with virgin female moths. The optimized two‐component lure blend in the Pherotech diamond trap is recommended for monitoring fir coneworm infestations. The availability of an effective synthetic pheromone opens the possibility for control tactics using mating disruption or attract‐and‐kill techniques.     

SEX PHEROMONE OF THE FEMALE MOTHS CYDIA TRASIAS MEYRICK: IDENTIFICATION OF AN ACTIVE COMPONENT AND FIELD TRIALS*

Abstract An active component of the female sex pheromone of Chinese locust moth, Cydia Trash Meyrick, was identified as (E, E)-8, 10-dodecadienyl acetate (E8, E10–12:Ac) by GC, GC—MS analyses and microchemical reactions. The results of field trials showed that synthetic E8, E10—-12: Ac was very attractive to the male moths.     

Use of pheromone chemistry to identify Grapholita lobarzewskii as an occasional pest of apple and plum

As shown by chemical analysis and field trapping, the sex pheromone of Grapholita lobarzewskii consists of a blend of (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate and (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate. Maximum attractiveness was found at 80–95%. Dodecyl acetate and tetradecyl acetate, both present in the female gland, did not affect trap catch. G. lobarzewskii has recently gained importance as a pest of apple and plum, but has so far been referred to as Grapholita janthinana. The latter is attracted to the same two compounds, but in reversed portions (20% E).

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Zusammenfassung Chemische Analysen und Feldversuche zeigen, dass das Sexualpheromon des Kleinen Fruchtwicklers, G. lobarzewskii aus (E)-8-Dodecenylacetat (Z8-12:Ac) und (Z)-8-Dodecenylacetat (Z8-12:Ac) besteht. Die grösste Lockwirkung wurde mit einem Gemisch der beiden Substanzen bei einem E-Anteil von 80–95% erzielt. Dodecylacetat (12:Ac) und Tetradecylacetat (14:Ac) wurden ebenfalls in den weiblichen Pheromondrüsen nachgewiesen, hatten aber im Freiland keinen Einfluss auf die Lockwirkung. G. lobarzewskii tritt seit einiger Zeit in der Schweiz als Schädling von Apfel und Zwetschge auf und ist an ihrem charakteristischem Frassgang leicht erkennbar. Die Art wurde bisher irrtümlich als G. janthinana bezeichnet. G. janthinana lebt auf Rosaceen, und wird vom gleichen Substanzpaar angelockt, allerdings bei umgekehrtem Mischungsverhältnis (20% E).

     

Electroantennogram and field responses of Korean population of the rice leaf folder,Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), to sex attractant candidates

A series of studies was conducted to determine the optimum sex attractant for monitoring the rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, in Korea, based on the previously reported pheromone composition in this species. (Z)-13-Octadecenal (Z13-18:Al) was most active in electroantennogram (EAG) and field tests. (Z)-11-Hexadecenal (Z11-16:Al), (Z)-11-octadecenal (Z11-18:Al), (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:Ac), (Z)-13-octadecenyl acetate (Z13-18:Ac) and (Z)-13-octadecenol (Z13-18:OH) individually elicited significant EAG responses, but were not individually attractive in field trials. (Z)-11-Octadecenol (Z11-18:OH) alone was inactive in both EAG and field tests. The addition of Z11-18:OH and Z13-18:OH to the binary mixture of Z11-18:Al and Z13-18:Al, as the previously reported composition of the Japanese blend, significantly increased the trap catches of males in field trials. In contrast, the Philippine and Indian blends were not attractive to this species. Interestingly, when Z13-18:Ac alone was added to the binary mixture of Z11-18:Al and Z13-18:Al, the trap catch number was the same as that of the Japanese blend. The present study indicates that the four-component blend (Z11-18:Al/Z13-18:Al/Z11-18:OH/Z13-18:OH = 11/100/24/36) and the three-component blend (Z11-18:Al/Z13-18:Al/Z13-18:Ac = 11/100/11) can be used as sex attractants for monitoring the Korean populations of C. medinalis.     

Notes on New Zealand mammals 10. Effect of observer position on group size and level of aggression of mating brown hares

Abstract

The sex pheromones of two endemic New Zealand tortricid species were investigated. Females of the first species, Cnephasia jactatana, a pest of kiwifruit, were found to produce (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc) in their sex pheromone gland. When tested in the field, this compound on its own elicited significant catches of male C. jactatana. However, the addition of even very small amounts (0.3%) of the geometric isomer, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:OAc), to Z 11-14:OAc virtually suppressed trap catches. The sex pheromone of the second species, Merophyas leucaniana, was found to consist of a mixture of Z11-14:OAc, E11-14:OAc, tetradecyl acetate, and (Z)-11-tetradecenol. This species is morphologically very similar to the congeneric species, M. divulsana, the Australian lucerne leafroller. The sex pheromone of M. leucaniana is also very similar to that of the so-called “Z-type” of M. divulsana, which is now found in New Zealand. The pheromone components of C. jactatana and M. leucaniana are discussed in relation to those found in other tortricids.     

Sex pheromone of a North American population of the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella

The major sex pheromone compound of the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (F.) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), from Ontario, Canada, was identified as (10E)‐dodecen‐1‐yl acetate (E10‐12:Ac) using chemical analysis and field trapping experiments. The minor compounds (10E)‐dodecen‐1‐ol (E10‐12:OH) (4.6%), dodecan‐1‐ol (12:OH) (2.3%), and (10Z)‐dodecen‐1‐yl acetate (Z10‐12:Ac) 1.6% were also identified. The dienic acetate (4E,10E)‐dodecadien‐1‐yl acetate (E4,E10‐12:Ac), a compound reported to be attractive to P. blancardella, was not found in the glands of this population. A two‐component blend of the major and one of each the three minor compounds, in ratios similar to those found in the sex pheromone gland, did not increase the attractiveness of traps baited with synthetic pheromone. The minor compounds E10‐12:OH and 12:OH were not attractive to P. blancardella when tested individually. Z10‐12:Ac was attractive to P. blancardella, although traps baited with this compound captured only 2% of the moths that were captured in traps baited with the main compound. A four‐component blend of the major and each of the three minor compounds (100 : 1 : 1 : 1) was not more attractive than the major compound alone. The related species Phyllonorycter mespilella was captured in traps baited with E10‐12:Ac.     

Simultaneous mating disruption of two Grapholita species in apple orchards

Two Grapholita species (G. molesta and G. dimorpha) cause serious losses in apple production by means of direct fruit damage and destruction. These two congeners occurred at similar seasons in the same orchards. Furthermore, the two species occurred in similar population sizes in apple orchards, though G. molesta occurred much more in total occurrence density than did G. dimorpha in a pear orchard. The two species share two major sex pheromone components, (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate (Z8-12:Ac) and (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate (E8-12:Ac), but differ with regard to the relative mixture ratio necessary to create conditions of maximal attraction. To develop a simultaneous mating disruption (SMD), a mass ratio of 95:5 of Z8-12:Ac and E8-12:Ac was selected due to its high cross-calling activity and subsequent high mating disruption against both species. When the mixture was applied to orchards, it resulted in significant mating disruption against both species. However, mating disruption efficacy was slightly higher in G. dimorpha than in G. molesta. Application dose and dispenser type affected efficacy duration of SMD. In addition, the high density occurrence of G. molesta significantly reduced the SMD efficacy. Using a wax-type of dispenser, an application of SMD in 100?g per hectare dispersed in early spring recorded >90% mating disruption efficacy through the entire growing season against both Grapholita species.     

Effects of different sex pheromone compositions and host plants on the mating behavior of two Grapholita species

The two congener species Grapholita molesta and Grapholita dimorpha share two major sex pheromone components: cis-8-dodecenyl acetate (Z8-12Ac) and trans-8-dodecenyl acetate (E8-12Ac). In fact, commercial sex pheromone lures composed of only these two major components attract the males of both species. In this study, we aimed to determine the reproductive isolation components of these two species by analyzing the effects of the minor sex pheromone components and host plants. First, different ratios of the two major sex pheromone components were greatly favored by either male species. Sex pheromone gland extracts of G. dimorpha contained a lesser proportion of Z8-12Ac than that of G. molesta. In the three (apple, pear, and peach) orchards investigated in this study, a larger number of G. molesta males were attracted to the 95:5 pheromone mixture (Z8-12Ac and E8-12Ac, respectively), while a larger number of G. dimorpha males were attracted to the 85:15 mixture. Second, there was a significant variation in male attractions in different host plants. G. molesta males were more attracted to the sex pheromone lure in the apple orchards than that in the pear and peach orchards. In contrast, G. dimorpha males were more attracted to the lures in the pear and peach orchards than that in the apple orchard. Third, the minor sex pheromone components were important for reproductive isolation. Among the four minor components tested, addition of (Z)-8-dodecenol (Z8-12OH) to the major sex pheromone components significantly suppressed male attraction in G. dimorpha and slightly elevated male attraction in G. molesta. The discriminating effect of Z8-12OH was further validated using male electroantennogram analysis. These results suggest that reproductive isolation between two congeners can be achieved by variations in the minor sex pheromone components and in the host plants, as well as by changes in the ratio of the two major components.     

Female sex pheromone of Athetis lepigone (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Identification and field evaluation

Athetis lepigone has been recorded in many countries in Europe and Asia, but it had never been documented as an agricultural pest until 2005. For the purpose of using the sex pheromone to control this pest, we conducted a study to identify the sex pheromone of A. lepigone by gas chromatography with an electroantennographic detector (GC‐EAD) and GC coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses. Three pheromone candidates were detected by GC‐EAD analysis in the extracts of the female sex pheromone gland, and two candidates were identified as (Z)‐7‐dodecenyl acetate (Z7‐12:OAc) and (Z)‐9‐tetradecenyl acetate (Z9‐14:OAc) in a ratio of 1:5 by mass spectral analysis of natural pheromone components and dimethyl disulphide adducts. In the field male trapping test, the traps baited with the binary blend captured high number of males, while traps with single component hardly caught males, indicating that the two components are essential for the male attractiveness. In addition, the optimum ratios of Z7‐12:OAc and Z9‐14:OAc were determined as 3:7–7:3, and the best doses for the binary blend (at ratio of 3:7 between Z7‐12:OAc and Z9‐14:OAc) were 0.25–0.5 mg/trap, based on the number of male catches. The identification of a highly attractive sex pheromone will help in developing efficient strategies for monitoring and control of A. lepigone.     

Sex pheromone of the iris gelechiid moth Monochroa divisella

The iris gelechiid moth, Monochroa divisella (Douglas) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a serious pest in iris horticulture. The overuse of pesticides for conventional control has a great risk of water pollution because irises are often planted in damp areas. To minimize pesticide applications, it is essential to monitor moth emergence by using pheromone traps. The female pheromone of M. divisella was analyzed by means of gas chromatography‐electroantennographic detection (GC‐EAD) and GC‐mass spectrometry. Two male EAD‐active compounds were detected and identified as (Z)‐3‐dodecenyl acetate (Z3‐12:Ac) and (Z)‐5‐tetradecenyl acetate (Z5‐14:Ac), the amounts of which were ca. 40 and 6 ng per female (100:15), respectively. Synthetic Z3‐12:Ac alone attracted only a few males in field trap experiments, but the attractiveness was significantly enhanced when 15% (wt/wt) Z5‐14:Ac was added; traps baited with their binary mixtures captured 21.3‐106.4 males/trap/day, as compared with 2.3 males/trap/day attracted by a crude extract of 10 virgin females. We conclude that Z3‐12:Ac and Z5‐14:Ac are M. divisella pheromone components, which can be offered as an attractant in monitoring traps. Although dodecenyl acetates are a major class of lepidopteran pheromone components, those with the double bond at the 3 position are rare and appear to be unique to gelechiids.     

Effect of (E4, Z6)-4,6-Hexadecadienal in attraction of Stathmopoda masinissa with its pheromone components of Korean population

Timely insecticidal application for Stathmopoda masinissa Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Stathmopodidae), is important, for reducing damage to persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.), an important tree fruit cultivated in Korea. In this regard, the early and precise detection of adult S. masinissa is desirable. In this study, we report the effect of (E4,Z6)-4,6-hexadecadienal (E4,Z6-16Ald) with sex pheromone components in attracting S. masinissa males. The sex pheromone of S. masinissa in the Korean population comprised two components, (E4,Z6)-4,6-hexadecadienyl acetate (E4,Z6-16Ac) and (E4,Z6)-4,6-hexadecadienol (E4,Z6-16OH). It was shown that the E4,Z6-16Ald acts as a synergist of E4,Z6-16Ac for attracting S. masinissa in the Japanese population. To test whether E4,Z6-16Ald could be used as an attractant in the Korean population, the E4,Z6-16Ald with the two pheromone components was evaluated in attracting S. masinissa males. Electroantennography (EAG) assays were performed to determine the antennal responses of S. masinissa males to the two pheromone components and E4,Z6-16Ald tested. A field attraction test with a combination of pheromones and E4,Z6-16Ald was carried out for 3 years in three different regions in Korea. E4,Z6-16Ald elicited as high a response as the two pheromone components. A mixture of the two pheromone components and E4,Z6-16Ald and a mixture of E4,Z6-16Ac and E4,Z6-16Ald attracted more S. masinissa males than a mixture of E4,Z6-16Ac and E4,Z6-16OH, the pheromone of Korean population. This new pheromone lure formulation with E4,Z6-16Ald is expected to contribute to the precise detection of S. masinissa by luring males to pheromone-baited traps.     

Identification of a four-component sex pheromone blend in Bonagota cranaodes (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Analysis of sex pheromone glands of the apple leafroller Bonagota cranaodes Meyrick by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry or electroantennographic detection showed the presence of 14 structurally related acetates and alcohols of the chain length 10-18, including the main pheromone component (E,Z)-3,5-dodecadienyl acetate (E3,Z5-12Ac). Male antennae responded to the main compound, its Z,Z isomer, (E,Z) -3,5-tetradecadienyl acetate (E3,Z5-14Ac), and the monoenes (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate (Z5-12Ac) and (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate (Z9-16Ac). Traps baited with a four-component blend of E3,Z5-12Ac, Z5-12Ac, E3,Z5-14Ac, and Z9-16Ac in a 100:5:5:100 ratio were significantly more attractive than the main compound alone. This improved trap lure is more suitable for monitoring population densities of B. cranaodes, and for detection of the onset of the seasonal flight period. A more complete pheromone blend is of importance also with respect to current attempts to develop mating disruption for control of this major pest of apple in Brazil.