三种蛙鸣声特征比较研究

本文用计算机鸣声分析技术对杭州地区的黑斑蛙、泽蛙和饰纹姬蛙的鸣声进行了分析。黑斑蛙鸣声一般由４个较长的脉冲组成,每个脉冲持续时间３０－５０ｍｓ,脉冲率（ＰＲ）８－１１个／ｓ。每声持续时间３７０－５１０ｍｓ,各脉冲的能量主要集中在３个能峰上,主能峰位于２．０－２．４ｋＨｚ之间。泽蛙鸣声由６－７个前后紧接的纺锤形的脉冲串组成,ＰＲ为７１．７次／ｓ,每声持续时间８４．２５±７．１２ｍｓ,主峰频率为１．３９５±０．０２３ｋＨｚ。但嵊泗岛上的泽蛙在鸣声的结构、频谱与时域特征上有些差异。在泽蛙的变音鸣声中,纯音占大部分,纯音的频率约为１．２８ｋＨｚ。饰纹姬蛙的鸣声由１１－１３个间隔较开的减幅振荡脉冲组成,每个脉冲持续时间１６．０６±２．０８ｍｓ,ＰＲ为３６．２３次／ｓ,每声持续时间３０８．６４±２２．９３ｍｓ,主峰频率为１．３６±０．０２ｋＨｚ。但与安徽宣城地区饰纹姬蛙的分析结果差异较大。３种蛙鸣声的波形结构和频谱特性各不相同,可能与它们的声囊构造有关。不同的地区蛙鸣声物理结构上的差异,可能是环境差异所致。     

重金属污染对蛙蟾类毒性的研究进展

基于近20年的大量相关资料,综述了重金属对蛙蟾类毒性影响方面的研究,介绍了实验动物和实验方法,综合了重金属对蛙蟾类在形态、器官、组织、细胞和分子水平上毒害的主要表现,从重金属致毒过程、环境因素、物种、发育、重金属积累、联合毒性等角度初步分析了重金属对蛙蟾毒性大小的影响因素和毒性作用的主要机理,归纳了蛙蟾的几种抗毒/解毒/避毒反应,对开展进一步的研究提出建议.     

腾冲拟髭蟾繁殖期鸣声特征

为了研究腾冲拟髭蟾(Leptobrachium tengchongense)的繁殖期鸣声特征,2018年2月27日,利用TASCAM DR-40专业录音机,在野外录制了6只个体总共78个有效鸣声,随后利用Raven Pro?v.1.5声音分析软件对鸣声进行分析。结果表明,繁殖期的雄性腾冲拟髭蟾发出求偶鸣声及竞争鸣声两种不同类型鸣声,均为单音节鸣叫,且鸣声主频均为1.31～1.50 kHz。求偶鸣声的时长为(147±30.1)ms,所含脉冲数为(15±2.4)pulses/s;竞争鸣声为雄蟾听到附近其他个体鸣叫后所发出的较拖长的鸣声,其鸣声时长为(610±187.0)ms,所含脉冲数为(28±10.7)pulses/s。不同个体之间的鸣叫时长和鸣叫间隔存在差异,这可能与个体的体型大小有关,但需要更多的数据去证实。我们根据调查结果,分析讨论当前腾冲拟髭蟾所面临的主要威胁及其保育策略。     

四川省贡嘎山齿突蟾属一新种描述(两栖纲:锄足蟾科)

１９８０和１９８４年在四川省贡嘎山西侧九龙县采到Ｓｃｕｔｉｇｅｒ（Ａｅｌｕｒｏｐｈｒｙｎｅ）标本１种,经与该属其他物种的形态学特征对比研究,表明九龙标本与Ｓｃｕｔｉｇｅｒ（Ａｅｌｕｒｏｐｈｒｙｎｅ）的其他物种均不相同,此外九龙标本与Ｓ．（Ａ．）ｍａｍｍａｔｕｓ,Ｓ．（Ａ．）ｇｌａｎｄｕｌａｔｕｓ,Ｓ．（Ａ．）ｔｕｂｅｒｃｕｌａｔｕｓ的肌肉蛋白聚丙烯酰胺薄层凝胶等电聚焦电泳的谱带也不相同,其结果与形态分类相吻合。因此确定九龙县的猫眼蟾为一个新种,即九龙猫眼蟾Ｓｃｕｔｉｇｅｒ（Ａｅｌｕｒｏｐｈｒｙｎｅ）ｊｉｕｌｏｎｇｅｎｓｉｓＦｅｉ,ＹｅａｎｄＪｉａｎｇ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

峨眉髭蟾精子形态结构及分类学意义

应用透射电镜、扫描电镜和光学显微镜对峨眉髭蟾(Vibrissaphoraboringii)精子的形态和超微结构研究的结果表明:峨眉髭蟾的精子具角蟾科物种精子基本的形态和结构特征,即精子头部呈螺旋状,尾部呈弯曲状;精子具锥形的顶体、纤维束构成的穿孔器、平行排列的中心粒和双轴丝;线粒体位于尾部;精子核窝不明显、无轴纤维和波动膜等特征。此外,对已有报道的角蟾科和无尾类物种精子的特征进行分析比较表明:(1)角蟾科精子细胞核呈螺旋状,中心粒平行排列,尾部具双轴丝等结构不同于无尾类其他科精子的结构,具有明显的科间差别;(2)角蟾科精子各部的量度,尾部线粒体的分布和数量,以及轴丝的排列等特征在属间和种间表现出明显的差异;(3)峨眉髭蟾和东南亚拟髭蟾指名亚种精子的形态和超微结构存在明显的差异。     

野生黑斑蛙与驯食黑斑蛙的舌组织学比较研究

由于环境污染以及人工捕杀等因素,野生黑斑蛙（Rana nigromaculata）的数量已远不能满足人们的需求,因此,人工驯食蛙养殖逐渐兴起。但是,要保证驯食蛙的产量,第一步就是解决食物的摄取问题。而舌头是一个重要的摄食和味觉器官,直接影响了其对食物的摄取与否。因此,本研究采用光学显微技术、扫描电子显微技术及透射电镜超微技术对野生黑斑蛙和驯食黑斑蛙的舌背表面及内部超微结构进行了研究。石蜡切片研究表明,野生黑斑蛙与驯食黑斑蛙二者都有角质化的丝状乳头和菌状乳头。丝状乳头分布在整个舌背表面,并由主乳头和次级乳头构成。菌状乳头呈圆形,位于舌尖和舌缘;去除上皮后,菌状乳头的上皮细胞呈火山状,顶部有一个味蕾腔。但二者在舌组织学结构上也存在一定的差异：野生黑斑蛙舌表面的丝状乳头相对更加发达,且角质化程度比驯食黑斑蛙更明显。通过扫描电镜超微结构的比较发现,在野生和驯食黑斑蛙中都可以观察到位于背表面尾部区域舌侧的大尺寸轮廓乳头,以及由上皮褶皱组成的叶状乳头,并由平行的凹槽分隔开。二者的舌组织扫描亚显微结构也存在一定的差异：野生黑斑蛙舌表面的丝状乳头更加发达,其角质化程度比驯食黑斑蛙更大,这与石蜡切片研究...     

贵州高原6种掌突蟾形态特征差异分析

本文通过形态指标测量,比较了分布于贵州高原的6种掌突蟾属(Leptobrachella)物种的形态特征差异.结果 显示,头体长比较,6种掌突蟾的头体长从大到小依次为赤水掌突蟾(L.chishuiensis)、绥阳掌突蟾(L.suiyangensis)、金沙掌突蟾(L.jinshaensis)、毕节掌突蟾(L.bijie...     

饰纹姬蛙求偶鸣声特征分析

2012年5月,用SX950录音笔和Praat声音分析软件对浙江丽水繁殖季节饰纹姬蛙(Microhyla ornata)求偶鸣声进行录制和特征分析.结果表明,饰纹姬蛙发出的求偶鸣声具有单一谐波鸣声结构、多脉冲(7、9～16)及纺锤形振幅等特征;所有鸣声主频率范围为1.22～4.09 kHz (n=233),且由不同脉冲数组成的鸣声主频率平均值几近相等;叫声时程随脉冲数的增加而增大,脉冲时程在不同脉冲数鸣声中的大小几近相等,但最后一个脉冲的时程大小≤其他脉冲;脉冲间隔与叫声时程则刚好相反,即叫声时程越短,脉冲间隔就越大.在7个脉冲的鸣声中,其脉冲间隔最大,脉冲率最小;而在16个脉冲的鸣声中,脉冲间隔则最小,脉冲率最大.除7个脉冲和16个脉冲鸣声的脉冲率分别与其他鸣声存在显著性差异以外,随着叫声时程和脉冲数的增加,脉冲率也出现相应变化.在声强方面,除16个脉冲鸣声与其余所有的脉冲鸣声出现显著性差异以外,其他脉冲鸣声之间的两两比较差异不显著.丽水种群与其他5个地理种群(杭州、宣城、Kamoor、Bajipe和Padil)的鸣声特征比较显示饰纹姬蛙在不同地理种群的鸣声结构相似,而鸣声主频率、叫声时程、脉冲时程及脉冲率等在6个地理种群种均出现不同程度的差异.了解不同物种的声信号特征有助于更好地理解动物通讯行为及其进化特点.     

沼水蛙繁殖期鸣声特征及鸣叫节律

鸣叫对无尾两栖类动物的生存与繁殖起重要作用。蛙类的鸣叫行为受到环境因素影响表现出一定的节律性。2016年8和9月,采用录音机和指向性话筒,在野外录制了57只沼水蛙（Hylarana guentheri）的鸣声并对其鸣声特征进行分析;通过悬挂录音笔和自动温湿度记录仪研究了沼水蛙鸣叫节律（17 d）及其与环境温度、相对湿度的关系。结果显示,沼水蛙的鸣声由1 ~ 4个音节组成,不同类型鸣声间的音节主频、音节时长存在显著差异（P < 0.05）。该物种全天具有鸣叫行为,13:00 ~ 14:00时为鸣叫高峰期。白天单音节鸣声、双音节鸣声、三音节鸣声、总鸣声和总音节的数量较夜晚显著增加（P < 0.01）。鸣声数量和音节数量均与环境温度呈正相关（P < 0.01）。结果表明,沼水蛙通过改变音节数量、音节主频和音节时长改变鸣叫策略。沼水蛙的鸣叫行为具有昼夜节律性且受环境温度的影响。     

滇蛙（Nidirana pleuraden）的鸣叫节律及不同群鸣期鸣声特征

雄蛙鸣声传递招揽、警告、攻击、炫耀、求偶、种间识别等信息,对其繁殖起重要作用。2023年5—7月,收集了昆明呈贡区滇蛙(Nidirana pleuraden)的204个清晰鸣声片段和21天昼夜鸣声数据。结果表明：6月滇蛙的日鸣声数量显著高于5月和7月;鸣叫高峰期为19:00—翌日04:00;不同群鸣期广告鸣声的主频和音节时长无显著差异,基频、音节间隔、音节数量、脉冲速率和鸣声时长均存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。群鸣高峰期,竞争鸣声的脉冲速率极显著低于低峰期,音节间隔极显著高于低峰期,其余5个参数无差异;遭遇鸣声的鸣声时长更低(P<0.05),其余6个参数无显著差异。滇蛙的繁殖盛期为6月;鸣叫行为具有昼夜节律;滇蛙的广告、竞争和遭遇鸣声特征受群鸣强度的影响,滇蛙在群鸣高峰期调整广告鸣声参数,采取提升鸣声基频、音节数量和鸣声时长并降低音节间隔和脉冲速率的策略提升了性吸引力。通过发出高脉冲速率和短音节间隔的竞争鸣声和鸣声时长更长的遭遇鸣声提升了雄-雄竞争中获胜的概率。     

棕色田鼠的发声及其频谱分析

对不同年龄的棕色田鼠在不同状态下的发声进行了声谱分析,以研究其发声与行为之间的关系及其发育规律。棕色田鼠幼体的频谱图较简单,一般有１－２个波峰,主能峰频率在１８００ＨＺ左右,且能量区为１个,位于中频区（１３００－２５００ＨＺ）;发声以单音节为主,持续４０－１００μｓ。亚成体频谱图较幼体复杂,为２个相近的能量区,均位于中频区（７５０－１３２０Ｈｚ,１４３１－１５７０Ｈｚ）,ＭＰＦ＝９４５Ｈｚ;叫声单     

甘肃鼢鼠鸣声声谱分析

对成年甘肃鼢鼠（Ｍｙｏｓｐａｌａｘ ｃａｎｓｕｓ）４种鸣声（不安鸣声、威胁声、惊叫声、攻击声）声谱作了分析,结果表明：甘肃鼢鼠在睡眠中偶尔发出不安鸣声,其频谱图简单,只有１个能量区（９３６～１８３３Ｈｚ）;主峰频率（ＭＰＦ,ｍａｉｎ ｐｅａｋ ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙ）为１５０１Ｈｚ;持续时间３６６μｓ,间隔时间１３５μｓ。在两鼠相遇或在格斗时向对方发出威胁鸣叫,威胁声有２个能量区（５８．５～２６７１．     

Women's voice pitch lowers after pregnancy

Women's voice pitch (the perceptual correlate of fundamental frequency, F0) varies across the menstrual cycle and lowers after menopause, and may represent a putative signal of women's fertility and reproductive age. Yet, despite dramatic changes in women's sex hormone levels and bodies during and after pregnancy, previous between-subject and case studies have not found systematic changes in F0 due to pregnancy. Here, we tracked within-individual variation in 20 mothers' voices during their first pregnancy, as well as up to 5?years before conception and 5?years postpartum. Voice recordings from 20 age-matched nulliparous women were measured as a control. Linear Mixed Models indicated that F0 mean, range and variation changed significantly following pregnancy in mothers, controlling for age at time of recording, whereas we did not observe any F0 changes across corresponding timeframes in our sample of nulliparous controls. Mothers' voices became significantly lower-pitched and more monotonous during the first year postpartum compared to during pregnancy or before. These F0 parameters did not decrease within-individuals over a 5-year period prior to conception above and beyond the effects of ageing. Although voice pitch decreased following pregnancy, mothers' F0 parameters reverted after the first year postpartum, approaching pre-pregnancy levels. Our results demonstrate that pregnancy has a transient and perceptually salient masculinizing effect on women's voices.     

The influence of voice pitch on perceptions of trustworthiness across social contexts

Perceptions of trustworthiness are an important predictor of social outcomes, such as monetary exchanges, criminal sentencing, and the attainment of leadership roles. Higher testosterone levels predict both lower voice pitch and untrustworthy behavior, across economic and mating contexts. Here, we tested the influence of voice pitch on perceptions of trustworthiness across general, economic, and mating-related (mate poaching, infidelity) contexts. We found that the context of trust and the sex of the speaker both changed how voice pitch affected perceived trustworthiness. Listeners were more trusting of higher-pitched female voices in economic and mate poaching contexts, but trusted lower-pitched female voices more in general. Listeners were more trusting of higher-pitched male voices in economic and mating-related contexts, and also tended to perceive higher-pitched male voices as more trustworthy in general. Listeners' attributions of trustworthiness were generally unrelated to perceptions of attractiveness from similarly-pitched voices, indicating that trust-related attributions were independent of preferences for higher- or lower-pitched voices. Furthermore, perceptions of general trustworthiness were associated with perceptions of economic trust, but were not consistently associated with perceptions of mating-related trust. These findings provide evidence that voice pitch alone is sufficient to influence trust-related perceptions, and demonstrates that listeners use voice pitch as a cue to trustworthy behavior.     

Quantitative trait loci affecting cotton fiber are linked to the t1 locus in upland cotton

Pilose (T ₁), a dominant marker in upland cotton, has been associated with coarse, short fibers. Pilose was, thereby, considered to be pleiotropic on fiber fineness and length. However, a pilose-expressing line with a fiber of average fineness was recently identified. This finding does not support pleiotropy between T ₁ and fiber traits, but is indicative of linkage between pilose and loci influencing fiber characteristics. To understand the relationship between T ₁ and fiber traits, a pilose line with short, coarse fiber was crossed to two t ₁ lines with standard fiber characteristics. One hundred and forty-nine F₂-derived F₃ lines were developed from one cross, and 60 F₂-derived F₃ lines from the other. Seven fiber traits (elongation, maturity, micronaire reading, perimeter, 2.5% span length, strength, and wall thickness) were measured. Segregation was normal, as indicated by allelic frequencies of 0.5 for T ₁ and t ₁, and segregation ratios of 121 for marker genotypes. The association of homozygous T ₁ lines with fibers of average fineness was again observed. Linkage between T ₁ and loci affecting micronaire, perimeter, 2.5% span length, strength, and wall thickness was found in both populations. Significant additive and non-additive gene effects for each of these traits at the marker locus were found as well. The pilose marker accounted for 10–75% of the phenotypic variation associated with each trait. In conclusion, the t ₁ locus is linked to numerous loci that influence fiber traits, and this linkage has previously been misinterpreted as pleiotropy.     

Men's voice pitch influences women's trusting behavior

Women tend to trust men with low-pitched voices as political leaders but trust men with high-pitched voices in mating scenarios. To elucidate the role of pitch in perceptions of trust, we used a one-decision variant of the trust game in which female participants were given the choice to trust males to divide the money, or to end the game, taking a smaller than equal sum. Male receivers were simulated using pitch-manipulated voice recordings. Women trusted raised pitch voices more than lowered pitch voices. These results suggest that although people with masculine voices are entrusted to lead our governments, people with masculine voices are not trusted to divide up financial resources equitably on a personal level.     

基于滤除R波的主导频率算法的房颤心内信号分析

为了进一步探究房颤患者心内不同位置信号的主导频率(Dominant frequency,简称DF)的关联性,本文对传统的Botteron’s算法进行了改进。当信号中含有较大幅值的室波时,该改进算法可以更好地提取DF。利用该算法对20例临床房颤消融手术的冠状静脉窦(Coronary sinus,简称CS)导管、环肺静脉(Pulmonary veins,简称PV)导管采集的信号进行了观察和分析。在大部分病例中都能观察到其CS和PV的信号里都存在相同频率的DF;同时发现CS的DF并不仅仅来自当前标测的PV。实验结果表明:房颤的潜在病灶区域不仅仅具有较高频率的DF,且其DF的频率应当与心房采集的DF频率存在对应关系。这或许可以为寻找房颤的潜在病灶区域提供参考。     

Analysis of the robustness of spectral indices during ventricular fibrillation

The spatiotemporal characteristics of cardiac fibrillation are often investigated by using indices extracted from the spectrum of cardiac signals. However different signal acquisition systems may produce signals of different spectra and affect the estimation of some spectral indices. In this study, we investigate the robustness of four spectral indices previously proposed for describing fibrillation, namely the dominant frequency (DF), the peak frequency (PF), the median frequency (MF) and the organization index (OI). The effects of different lead configurations on the values of the spectral indices are statistically quantified and further analyzed in a database consisting of unipolar and bipolar intracardiac electrograms (EGM), recorded by implantable cardioverter-defibrillators during ventricular fibrillation. Our analysis shows that the lead configuration significantly affects the PF, the MF and the OI, whereas the DF remains unaffected. We further explore the nature of cardiac spectrum and show that unipolar EGM concentrate power at lower frequencies than bipolar EGM. We conclude that indices that depend on the envelope of the spectrum of cardiac signals are in general sensitive to the lead configuration.     

家畜多个显性性状半同胞家系选择的育种进展分析

本文提出了固定家畜多个不相连锁显性性状的半同胞家系选择体制,并从群体基因型频率、配子频率及表型频率等方面分析了该体制的育种进展．研究证明,半同胞家系选择效果取决于每头公畜交配母畜数K、母畜产仔数N及群体育种水平;K、N越大,群体育种水平越低,选择效果越好．当K=1时,半同胞家系选择就退化成全同胞家系选择;当K=1且N=1时,退化成“理想型横交固定”;当K较大且群体育种水平较低时半同胞家系选择效果与“多元测交”相当．最后讨论了半同胞家系选择在家畜育种实践中的应用问题.