5-氨基乙酰丙酸对辣椒植株低温胁迫伤害的缓解效应

以‘超越五号'辣椒品种为试材,研究了低温胁迫期间及随后的常温恢复过程中5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA 25 mg·L-1)处理对始花期辣椒植株生长量,叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性和电解质渗透率及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响,以探讨ALA提高辣椒抗寒性的生理机制.结果表明,低温胁迫下叶面喷施25 mg·L-1的ALA可显著提高辣椒植株生长量,增加叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量,增强其POD、CAT及APX活性,并显著降低辣椒叶片中SOD活性、电解质渗透率和MDA含量.叶面喷施ALA也显著降低了恢复过程中辣椒叶片中的渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性,使膜伤害基本恢复到对照水平.可见,外源ALA处理可通过提高低温胁迫下辣椒叶片的渗透调节能力和抗氧化能力,促进植株生长,缓解低温胁迫对植株的伤害.     

(NH4)2SO4对瓜尔豆幼苗在不同光照下耐冷性的影响

通过温室穴盘育苗试验,研究叶面喷施(NH4)2SO4对低温胁迫12 h后不同光通量密度(PFD)条件下,瓜尔豆幼苗在常温培养过程中幼苗生存及叶片SOD活性、POD活性和MDA含量的影响。结果表明:低温处理一夜后,在温室自然光照(强光)下进行常温恢复时,瓜尔豆叶片中SOD和POD活性始终显著低于对照,MDA含量显著高于对照,幼苗死亡率显著高于对照;在90μmol.m-2.s-1弱光下恢复2~4 d后,叶片中保护酶活性显著高于对照,MDA含量保持较低水平,幼苗均正常生长。叶面喷施(NH4)2SO4能显著提高低温处理后的植株叶片抗氧化酶类活性,减少叶片中MDA的产生,降低幼苗死亡率,0.2%(NH4)2SO4处理效果最好,其次为0.4%(NH4)2SO4。短期低温后,使植物处在弱光环境下能减少活性氧的发生,为植物抗氧化系统达到新的平衡提供有利条件,从而减轻甚至消除低温伤害。     

低温弱光下外源褪黑素对黄瓜幼苗生长及抗氧化系统的影响

以黄瓜品种‘津优4号’为材料,利用人工气候箱进行低温弱光处理(昼/夜,18℃/10℃),研究外源褪黑素(MT)对低温胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长和抗氧化系统等生理指标的影响。结果显示:低温弱光下,与对照相比,外源褪黑素处理显著提高了黄瓜幼苗株高、茎粗、植株鲜重和干重,叶绿素和根系活力分别显著提高了13.3%和18.8%,抗氧化物质GSH及ASA的含量分别显著增加了39.3%和24.7%,保护酶SOD、POD、CAT、APX活性均显著升高;同时,外源褪黑素处理还显著提高了黄瓜叶片质膜及液泡膜H+-ATP酶的活性,从而使黄瓜幼苗叶片MDA含量和电解质渗漏率分别显著降低了28.7%和29.7%。研究表明,低温弱光下外源褪黑素可通过提高黄瓜幼苗保护酶活性、抗氧化物质的含量、细胞膜ATP酶活性等来降低质膜过氧化水平,保持细胞膜的完整性和功能,从而增强黄瓜幼苗对低温弱光的适应性,维持其正常生长,并以200μmol·L-1褪黑素处理效果较好。     

ALA对遮荫条件下西瓜幼苗强光抑制的保护效应

以遮荫生长的盆栽西瓜幼苗为材料,研究了100mg/L5-氨基乙酰丙酸(5-aminolevulinic acid,ALA)处理对暗适应叶片转入强光下叶绿素荧光特性的影响.结果显示,遮荫能显著提高暗适应叶片的Fo,降低Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo;正常光照下生长的植株叶片暗适应后转入1500μmol·m-2·s-1作用光强下5min的ΦPSⅡ、qP和Pc分别为0.176、0.399和0.180,约为600μmol·m-2·s-1作用光强下的62%、72%和64%;而遮荫下生长的幼苗叶片暗适应后转入1500μmol·m-2·s-1作用光强下的ΦPSⅡ、qP和Pc分别为0.089、0.301和0.089,仅为600μmol·m-2·s-1作用光强的40%、66%和40%;遮荫还显著降低西瓜叶片暗适应后转入强光1500μmol·m-2·s-1的PCR和qL,同时提高L(PFD).ALA处理能提高遮荫西瓜幼苗叶片PCR、Pc、qL和Hd等荧光参数,降低Ex、ΦNO和L(PFD);SOD活性抑制剂DDC处理降低PCR、Pc、qL和Hd等荧光参数,而ALA处理可以逆转DDC的抑制效应;ALA处理能提高西瓜幼苗叶片SOD、POD和APX活性.研究发现,遮荫导致西瓜幼苗光抑制程度加重,ALA通过增强PSⅠ附近SOD等抗氧化酶活性,促进水-水循环,增加热耗散,减轻光抑制,提高西瓜幼苗叶片的光化学效率,从而对强光下的光合作用起到保护作用.     

激素预处理对低温胁迫下西瓜幼苗活性氧含量和抗氧化酶活性的影响

以冷敏感型西瓜品种‘玲珑王’幼苗为试验材料,采用50mg/L NAA、25mg/L 6-BA、25mg/L GA3、25mg/L ABA 4种外源激素进行外施预处理,研究激素在10℃低温胁迫下对西瓜幼苗冷害指数、主要活性氧含量和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果显示:(1)适宜浓度的6-BA、GA3、ABA预处理可以明显降低西瓜幼苗冷害指数,NAA作用则相反。(2)GA3、ABA、6-BA预处理的西瓜幼苗O-·2产生速率和MDA含量在低温胁迫第3天时较对照分别显著降低了9.0%、9.4%、7.7%和38.1%、40.1%、45.9%,它们的H2O2含量在低温胁迫第5天时较对照分别显著降低了11.9%、18.9%、22.7%。(3)6-BA、GA3、ABA预处理的西瓜幼苗叶片在低温胁迫第7天时SOD活性分别比对照显著提高了15.95%、17.87%、18.33%,POD活性分别显著提高36.36%、73.74%、145.45%,CAT活性分别提高115.22%、116.28%、161.63%。研究表明,在低温胁迫条件下,适宜浓度的外源6-BA、GA3和ABA预处理可有效提高西瓜幼苗叶片中SOD、POD、CAT的活性,减缓西瓜幼苗中H2O2含量和O-·2产生速率的增加及膜脂过氧化产物MDA的积累,缓解低温造成的氧化伤害,从而增强幼苗的抗寒性,并以25mg/L 6-BA处理的效果最佳,可以应用于生产。     

外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸对盐胁迫下菘蓝种子萌发及幼苗抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用砂培方式,研究了外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)对盐胁迫下菘蓝种子的萌发、幼苗叶片的可溶性糖含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量及其抗氧化酶活性的影响,探讨ALA缓解菘蓝受盐胁迫伤害的响应机制。结果显示:(1)菘蓝种子萌发及幼苗生长在100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫下受到明显的抑制,种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数与自然含水量均显著降低,丙二醛含量、可溶性糖含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著升高。(2)盐胁迫下适宜浓度的ALA处理显著提高了种子萌发率、自然含水量及SOD、POD和CAT活性,降低了可溶性糖和丙二醛的含量,并以16.7 mg·L^-1 ALA处理盐胁迫下菘蓝种子的发芽率、发芽势最大,其幼苗的SOD、POD、CAT活性最强。研究表明,盐胁迫显著抑制菘蓝种子的萌发及幼苗生长,适宜浓度的ALA能够有效缓解盐胁迫对菘蓝种子萌发及幼苗生长的伤害,提高植株的抗盐性,并以16.7 mg·L^-1 ALA处理效果最佳。     

5-氨基乙酰丙酸对喜树幼苗盐害缓解的生理机制研究

为明确5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)的生理生化机理,研究了ALA对喜树幼苗盐害的缓解效应。结果表明,80 mg L~(–1)的ALA对喜树幼苗盐胁迫的缓解效果更佳。80mgL~(–1)的ALA处理提升了盐胁迫下喜树幼苗的抗氧化能力,显著增加了幼苗叶片的氮素含量和叶绿素含量,缓解了盐胁迫对PSⅡ的破坏,提高了光合碳同化能力,从而促进幼苗生长。盐胁迫下喜树幼苗叶片的过氧化物酶(POD)活性和叶绿素含量并未随ALA浓度增加而升高。这为喜树的抗盐栽培提供了理论依据。     

外源-5氨基乙酰丙酸对干旱胁迫下紫花苜蓿生理特性及次生代谢物含量的影响

为验证喷施不同浓度5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)对紫花苜蓿的响应,该研究以紫花苜蓿品种‘农牧806’为实验材料,用不同浓度(0、5、10、15、20、25 mg·L~(-1))的ALA喷施处理15%聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫下的紫花苜蓿幼苗,并测定其相关的生理生化指标以及次生代谢物质积累量。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,15%PEG干旱胁迫使得紫花苜蓿叶片中光合色素含量降低,渗透调节物质含量以及抗氧化酶活性增高。(2)与15%PEG处理相比,ALA+15%PEG复配处理下紫花苜蓿幼苗叶片叶绿素a、b和类胡萝卜素以及叶绿素总量分别增加,抗氧化酶(CAT, POD, SOD)活性升高,可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸以及黄酮和皂苷含量上升,丙二醛、H_2O_2和·OH的含量降低,各浓度ALA对15%PEG不同时长胁迫的恢复效果不同。研究发现,叶面喷施适量浓度ALA能够有效提高干旱胁迫下紫花苜蓿叶片抗氧化酶活性以及渗透调节物质、次生代谢物(黄酮、皂苷)含量和光合色素含量,从而增强紫花苜蓿对干旱胁迫的耐受性,并以10 mg·L~(-1)ALA的缓解效果较显著。     

外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸对NaCl胁迫下黑果枸杞幼苗生理及生长的影响

5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)是植物血红素、叶绿素等四吡咯化合物的关键生物合成前体,对植物适应非生物胁迫至关重要。为验证外源ALA对黑果枸杞幼苗生理生长的影响,该研究用300 mmol·L^-1 NaCl和不同浓度(0、5、10、15、20、25 mg·L^-1)的ALA共同处理黑果枸杞幼苗,并测定其相关的生理指标和生长指标,综合评价各处理幼苗的耐盐性。结果表明：(1)NaCl胁迫使黑果枸杞幼苗总生物量和叶片总叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、可溶性糖含量以及过氧化物酶(POD)活性较CK分别显著降低了33.39%、19.06%、24.38%、39.57%和47.91%(P<0.05),使黑果枸杞幼苗脯氨酸和丙二醛的含量较CK分别显著增加了165.74%和49.16%。(2)当外源ALA和NaCl同时处理时,黑果枸杞幼苗叶片类胡萝卜素和丙二醛含量、POD和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及株高、总生物量均恢复至对照水平,叶片总叶绿素和脯氨酸含量以及SOD活性较CK显著增加。(3)黑果枸杞幼苗叶片叶绿素和脯氨酸含量以及抗氧化酶活性、生物量等指标随ALA浓度增加均呈先...     

AMF对弱光及盐胁迫下甜瓜生长和抗氧化酶活性的影响

以甜瓜(Cucumis melo L.)品种"中蜜3号"为试材,摩西球囊霉菌(Glmous mosseae,GM)为供试菌种,采用温室盆栽试验研究接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对弱光及盐胁迫下甜瓜生长和抗氧化酶活性的影响,以明确AMF对甜瓜复合逆境下的增抗作用并探讨其生理机制。结果显示:(1)在弱光及盐胁迫条件下,甜瓜幼苗生长受到明显抑制,其株高、干重和鲜重均明显降低,同时体内可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和MDA含量以及SOD、POD、CAT活性均比对照显著升高。(2)弱光及盐胁迫下,接种AMF可显著促进甜瓜幼苗的生长,菌根侵染率随胁迫时间延长与盐浓度呈负相关关系。(3)弱光及盐胁迫下,接种AMF进一步提高了甜瓜幼苗体内可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、淀粉和脯氨酸含量及SOD、POD、CAT活性,显著降低了MDA含量,且叶片SOD、POD活性变化大于根系,CAT则相反。研究表明,AMF可通过促进弱光及盐胁迫下甜瓜生长和抗氧化酶活性的提高,有效降低体内膜脂过氧化水平,从而增强植株对弱光及盐胁迫的耐性。     

Anthropology and genetics of the caucasus peoples and the problem of the origin of the caucasoids

The electrophoretical polymorphisms of some blood proteins were studied in the Talysh population of Pirasora situated in South-East Azerbaidjan. We calculated the gene frequencies of these polymorphisms and determined the genetic distances between the Talyshes and some Iranian populations of North, Central and South Iran, Afghans, and three populations of Azerbaijan. The Talyshes are very close to Iranians of Shiraz, whereas they are distant from the Azerbaijanians. Anthropological investigations showed that the Caucasoids and Mongoloids lived in the Aragvi Basin since the Eneolithic period. This was stated by Alexeev (1974), who emphasized the mixture of the Caucasus populations from ancient times on. We calculated the genetic distances between the Caucasus populations and numerous populations of other geographic regions, considering 28 alleles of 12 loci of blood group, serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms and constructed the dendrogram of these populations. The position of the Caucasus populations in the dendrogram corresponds on principle to the earlier anthropological observations. The clustering of the Caucasoid populations corresponds completely with anthropological and historical data, and supports our earlier hypothesis (Nazarova 1999) concerning the differentiation of Caucasoids, Northern Mongoloids and Amerinds from the populations, which inhabitated Asia in palaeolithic times.     

人类基因组及后基因组研究进展及其应用与开发研究现状

人类对自身基因组的研究,随着人类基因组工作草图的绘制完成和对基因功能研究的深入已加快进入了实质性、关键性的开发利用阶段。本文概述了人类基因组及后基因组的研究进展及依此开展基因治疗及基因（组）药物研制等应用开发研究的现状。     

Serology and systematics of the Ebenales and the Theales

The systematic position ofthe Ebenaceae, Sapotaceae, Styracaceae, Ochnaceae, Stachyuraceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae has been investigated using serological comparisons of sets of antigenic determinants. The results show that the Sytracaceae and Sapotaceae are undoubtedly more closely associated with the Actinidiaeceae and Theaceae, respectively, than with each other. We found no corresponding determinants betnween antigen systems from the Ebenaceae and systems from any other family whose relations to this family have been proposed. As discovered previously, investigations of antigen systems from the Ochnaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Stachyuraceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae are against the idea of a natural order “Theales” in which these families, or at least some of them, are combined with the Theaceae and Actinidiaceae. This paper completes our previous investigations which largely support a superorder Ericanae sensu Ehrendorfer and Takhtajan. We propose to include the Actinidiaceae and Theaceae in this superorder, assigning them a central position laong with the Sapotaceae and Sytracaeae on one side and the Primulales and Ericales on the other. Another most interesting finding is that there are corresponding determinants between antigen systems from the members of the Ericanae and representatives of the Polemoniaceae and Loasaceae.     

Kinematics and dynamics of the temporomandibular joint and of the movements of the mandible

In order to analyze the complicated movements of the mandible as the open-closing movement and the protrusio are, it is useful to evaluate the basic kinematic principles and reduce them to simple technical constructions. Both the open-closing movement and the protrusio could be reduced to 4-bar links, which were used to simulate the movements with help of a computer. Besides, the polodes and the curves of points in the muscular attachments could be constructed. The 2 entirely different 4-bar links have 3 things in common: The resting system - cranium, the moving system - mandibula, and 1 of the 2 arms connecting these 2 systems - the ligamentum laterale. As this ligament is taut during movements it can be considered a "guiding ligament" representing 1 of the 3 determining components of the mandibular movements. The other of the 2 arms has no anatomical equivalent; this arm, however, is "replaced" by the 2 other determining components of the mandibular movements: the joint and the muscles. The curves, which the Caput mandibulae describes, are practically identical for the open-closing movement and the protrusio despite of the different 4-bar links and these curves exactly correspond to the Discus articularis, taut by the upper part of the M. pterygoideus lateralis. The muscles do not only just move the mandibula, but they are also the component, which can choose between the different mandibular movements. By means of the curves, which points in the muscular attachments describe, the function of the masticatory muscles could be analyzed exactly.     

On the structure and dynamics of the complex of the nucleosome and the linker histone

Several different models of the linker histone (LH)–nucleosome complex have been proposed, but none of them has unambiguously revealed the position and binding sites of the LH on the nucleosome. Using Brownian dynamics-based docking together with normal mode analysis of the nucleosome to account for the flexibility of two flanking 10 bp long linker DNAs (L-DNA), we identified binding modes of the H5-LH globular domain (GH5) to the nucleosome. For a wide range of nucleosomal conformations with the L-DNA ends less than 65 Å apart, one dominant binding mode was identified for GH5 and found to be consistent with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments. GH5 binds asymmetrically with respect to the nucleosomal dyad axis, fitting between the nucleosomal DNA and one of the L-DNAs. For greater distances between L-DNA ends, docking of GH5 to the L-DNA that is more restrained and less open becomes favored. These results suggest a selection mechanism by which GH5 preferentially binds one of the L-DNAs and thereby affects DNA dynamics and accessibility and contributes to formation of a particular chromatin fiber structure. The two binding modes identified would, respectively, favor a tight zigzag chromatin structure or a loose solenoid chromatin fiber.     

Biophysics and Structure of the Patch and the Gigaseal

Interpreting channel behavior in patches requires an understanding of patch structure and dynamics, especially in studies of mechanosensitive channels. High resolution optical studies show that patch formation occurs via blebbing that disrupts normal membrane structure and redistributes in situ components including ion channels. There is a 1-2 μm region of the seal below the patch where proteins are excluded and this may consist of extracted lipids that form the gigaseal. Patch domes often have complex geometries with inhomogeneous stresses due to the membrane-glass adhesion energy (E_a), cytoskeletal forces, and possible lipid subdomains. The resting tension in the patch dome ranges from 1-4 mN/m, a significant fraction of the lytic tension of a bilayer (∼10 mN/m). Thus, all patch experiments are conducted under substantial, and uneven, resting tension that may alter the kinetics of many channels. E_a seems dominated by van der Waals attraction overlaid with a normally repulsive Coulombic force. High ionic strength pipette saline increased E_a and, surprisingly, increased cytoskeletal rigidity in cell-attached patches. Low pH pipette saline also increased E_a and reduced the seal selectivity for cations, presumably by neutralizing the membrane surface charge. The seal is a negatively charged, cation selective, space with a resistance of ∼7 gigohm/μm in 100 mM KCl, and the high resistivity of the space may result from the presence of high viscosity glycoproteins. Patches creep up the pipette over time with voltage independent and voltage dependent components. Voltage-independent creep is expected from the capillary attraction of E_a and the flow of fresh lipids from the cell. Voltage-dependent creep seems to arise from electroosmosis in the seal. Neutralization of negative charges on the seal membrane with low pH decreased the creep rate and reversed the direction of creep at positive pipette potentials.     

Comparison of the Effects of Flexion and Extension of the Thumb and Fingers on the Position and Cross-Sectional Area of the Median Nerve

Objective

To assess the separate effects of thumb and finger extension/flexion on median nerve position and cross-sectional area.

Methods

Ultrasonography was used to assess median nerve transverse position and cross-sectional area within the carpal tunnel at rest and its movement during volitional flexion of the individual digits of the hand. Both wrists of 165 normal subjects (11 men, 4 women, mean age, 28.6, range, 22 to 38) were studied.

Results

Thumb flexion resulted in transverse movement of the median nerve in radial direction (1.2±0.6 mm), whereas flexion of the fingers produced transverse movement in ulnar direction, which was most pronounced during flexion of the index and middle fingers (3.2±0.9 and 3.1±1.0 mm, respectively). Lesser but still statistically significant movements were noted with flexion of the ring finger (2.0±0.8 mm) and little finger (1.2±0.5 mm). Flexion of the thumb or individual fingers did not change median nerve cross-sectional area (8.5±1.1 mm²).

Conclusions

Volitional flexion of the thumb and individual fingers, particularly the index and middle fingers, produced significant transverse movement of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel but did not alter the cross-sectional area of the nerve. The importance of these findings on the understanding of the pathogenesis of the carpal tunnel syndrome and its treatment remains to be investigated.