2株海洋来源产浅蓝霉素A的异壁放线菌的分离和鉴定

利用抗菌及卤虫致死活性模型,从中国南海海底沉积物来源的微生物中筛选到2株放线菌SCSIO WJ01和SCSIO ZJ63,其发酵产物具有较强活性,经16S rRNA基因序列分析这2株放线菌均为异壁放线菌Actinoalloteichus sp.。HPLC-DAD分析显示2株放线菌能产生同一个主要的次级代谢产物,通过正相硅胶柱色谱、反相中压柱色谱、半制备高效液相色谱等手段,从SCSIO WJ01的发酵产物中分离获得了该化合物,运用ESI-MS、1H及13C NMR波谱分析鉴定为浅蓝霉素A(Caerulomycin A)。此外,还从SCSIO WJ01的发酵产物中分离鉴定了浅蓝霉素D。     

永兴岛白穗软珊瑚共附生放线菌筛选及部分活性次级代谢产物的鉴定

【目的】从白穗软珊瑚中分离和鉴定共附生放线菌,运用PCR技术对所分离的放线菌进行I型聚酮合酶(PKS)筛选,研究其次级代谢产物。【方法】使用11种培养基对白穗软珊瑚共附生放线菌进行分离、鉴定,构建16S rRNA基因系统发育进化树,以基于I型PKS的KS基因设计的简并引物对所分离放线菌进行基因筛选,对阳性菌株用3种培养基发酵检测,对目标菌株进行放大规模发酵分离鉴定次级代谢产物。【结果】从白穗软珊瑚中分离到20株共附生放线菌,包括链霉菌属10株、迪茨氏菌属2株和盐水孢菌属8株,筛选获得18株I型PKS阳性菌株,并从菌株Salinospora arenicola SH04中分离到化合物rifamycin S和rifamycin W。【结论】首次从珊瑚共附生环境中分离得到海洋专属性稀有放线菌盐水孢菌属,并以I型PKS基因筛选为指导,分离鉴定了聚酮类化合物rifamycins,为研究软珊瑚共附生可培养放线菌的多样性和基于基因筛选指导分离次级代谢产物提供了可靠依据。     

蝙蝠蛾拟青霉与放线菌共培养对次生代谢产物的影响

为了探究蝙蝠蛾拟青霉与放线菌共培养对次生代谢产物的影响。从冬虫夏草周围微生态系统中分离获得一株具有较强抑菌活性的放线菌TY134,通过16S r DNA序列分析,鉴定为极暗黄链霉菌(Streptomyces fulvissimus)。以大米固体培养基作为发酵基质分别进行蝙蝠蛾拟青霉单培养、放线菌TY134单培养以及蝙蝠蛾拟青霉与放线菌TY134共培养,培养30 d之后,将发酵产物用乙酸乙酯超声辅助提取,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)和双层平板打孔法分别分析了单培养和共培养乙酸乙酯提取物化学成分和抑菌活性的差异。实验结果表明:共培养发酵产物的乙酸乙酯提取物在保留时间Rt=14.143 min处出现了一个新增的吸收峰,而在单培养中并没有这个吸收峰的出现;而且共培养发酵产物乙酸乙酯提取物的抑菌活性明显要强于单培养,产生了新的抑菌活性物质。说明共培养可作为一种产生新的生物活性次级代谢产物的有效途径。     

不同培养基对放线菌TRM10325抑制群感效应活性的影响

检测不同培养基条件下,放线菌TRM10325发酵液抑制群感效应的活性,初步了解其活性稳定性,并为筛选最优发酵培养基提供实验依据。选取17种合成培养基、26种天然培养基发酵放线菌TRM10325,采用微孔板半定量法检测其对紫色素杆菌群感效应以及表皮葡萄球菌生物膜形成的抑制作用。不同配方的培养基对放线菌10325抑制群感效应活性的影响也不相同,其中Am6培养基抑制群感效应效果最佳。成分不同的培养基,明显影响微生物不同次级代谢产物的产生。同一微生物在不同培养基中发酵,其次生代谢产物的种类和含量变化很大。最终选定Am6培养基为最适发酵培养基。     

海洋链霉菌次级代谢产物研究进展

链霉菌作为最高等的放线菌,广泛分布于多种生态环境中,具有复杂而独特的形态分化周期和强大的次级代谢能力。链霉菌的次级代谢产物具有抗感染、抗肿瘤、抗炎抗氧化、免疫调节等生物活性,是天然活性产物的主要来源之一。近年来随着对海洋资源的开发,许多新型的海洋链霉菌及其丰富的次级代谢产物被发现。从海洋链霉菌的生物活性物质、育种和发酵培养3个方面综述了海洋链霉菌次级代谢产物的研究进展,以期为缩短海洋链霉菌的发酵周期,提高次级代谢产物产量活性以及开发新型的海洋药物等提供参考和借鉴。     

一株放线菌次生代谢产物化学成分的研究

目的：研究放线菌这类重要的可再生资源的次生代谢产物的化学成分。方法：通过对一株采集于云南西部土壤放线菌的发酵培养,发酵液经TLC分离纯化、高效液相分析检测、核磁共振和质谱测定。结果：从其次生代谢产物中分离获取了8个化合物,其中4个化合物的结构已经初步确定。结论：4个化合物中两个具有抗肿瘤活性,两个具有抑菌活性。     

海洋放线菌资源、研究方法与生物活性研究进展

海洋放线菌生活的环境如养分、光照、氧气浓度、压力、盐度和温度等与陆地环境存在极大差异,因此海洋放线菌形成了独特的生物化学代谢和生理能力。近年来,海洋放线菌成为生物资源开发和研究的热点。海洋放线菌分布广泛,种类多样。海洋放线菌活性代谢产物具有极强的医药应用潜力,其代谢产物的功能研究及重要代谢产物的开发成为海洋放线菌研究的重要方向。此外,海洋放线菌在环境保护以及生产应用等方面展现出的潜能,引起研究人员极大的兴趣。本文结合近年来海洋放线菌的分离种类与生境、海洋放线菌的研究策略与手段以及代谢产物功能多样性进行了归纳总结,以期对海洋放线菌的认识更全面、系统。     

放线菌与枯草芽孢杆菌的共培养及其对活性次生代谢产物的影响

为探讨共培养对放线菌产生活性次生代谢产物的影响,结合抗菌活性测定及HPLC-PDA分析,研究了22株放线菌的单培养及其与枯草芽孢杆菌的共培养发酵代谢产物的差异,并选取抗菌活性较强的链霉菌FXJ2.014进一步研究其代谢产物。发现FXJ2.014、FXJ1.296、AS4.1252三株菌与枯草芽孢杆菌共培养时产生其在相同条件下单培养时没有的物质,其中链霉菌FXJ2.014单培养时主要产生醌霉素A,共培养时产物中增加了醌霉素结构类似物FXJ2.014-HB。进一步的抗菌、抗肿瘤活性测定结果表明,两者的生物活性有较显著的差异,且FXJ2.014-HB对多种肿瘤细胞系的抑制活性普遍弱于高毒性的醌霉素A,为有潜力的细胞毒性较小的抗生素。共培养是一条很有希望的发掘放线菌活性次生代谢产物的新途径。     

极地放线菌次级代谢产物及药理活性研究进展CSCD

极地微生物处在南北极严峻、极端的自然环境下,体内的一些“沉默基因”可能会被激活,形成了独特的生存机制和生物合成途径,能够产生化学结构多样、活性显著的次级代谢产物。近年来,从极地放线菌中分离鉴定出一系列结构新颖、活性突出的次级代谢产物。本文综述了1999至2021年间的极地放线菌次级代谢产物及药理活性的研究进展,将极地放线菌来源的104个次级代谢产物按肽类、生物碱类、萜类、大环内酯类、聚酮类、大环内酰胺类等化学类别,着重介绍结构新颖和活性突出的次级代谢产物,为进一步开发利用极地放线菌、研发创新药物提供参考。     

百部内生放线菌的分离、分类及次级代谢潜力

【目的】以对叶百部块根为材料分离内生放线菌,并对分离菌株进行分类、抗菌活性和次级代谢产物合成基因研究。【方法】样品经过严格的表面消毒,选用4种培养基分离百部内生放线菌;分离菌株通过形态观察和16S rRNA序列分析进行分类鉴定;采用琼脂移块法测试分离菌株的抗菌活性;通过PCR检测分离菌株的PKS/NPRS和卤化酶基因;使用HPLC-UV/VIS-ESI-MS/MS分析发酵产物。【结果】从6个样品中获得18株内生放线菌,分属链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、小单孢菌属(Micromonospora)、假诺卡氏菌属(Pseudonocardia)和甲基杆菌属(Methylobacterium)。分离菌株绝大部分具有抗菌活性和次级代谢产物合成基因,其中13株对耐药金黄色葡萄球菌和/或绿脓杆菌有拮抗活性,17株具有PKS/NRPS基因,8株菌具有卤化酶基因,且卤化酶阳性代表菌株的发酵产物具有抗细菌活性和卤代化合物特征。【结论】百部作为一种传统中药,其内生放线菌以链霉菌和小单孢菌为主,在次级代谢产物合成方面具有很好的潜力,可作为一类重要微生物资源进行活性产物开发。     

植物内生菌及其次级代谢产物的研究进展

植物内生菌经过与寄主植物长期的协同进化,成为植物内生态系统的重要组成部分,在植物的生长发育、营养吸收、胁迫应激以及产生次级代谢产物等生理生化行为方面具有显著的作用。利用植物内生菌及其次级代谢产物,可以促进农作物的生长发育、提高抗逆性,对于农业生产具有重大的研究意义和应用价值。综述了植物内生菌及其次级代谢产物生理功能及在农业生产中应用的研究进展。对植物内生菌及其次级代谢产物未来的研究重点和应用前景做出展望。     

Secondary transport as an efficient membrane transport mechanism for plant secondary metabolites

Plants produce a large number of secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds. Secondary metabolites have various functions including protection against pathogens and UV light in plants, and have been used as natural medicines for humans utilizing their diverse biological activities. Many of these natural compounds are accumulated in a particular compartment such as vacuoles, and some are even translocated from source cells to sink organs via long distance transport. Both primary and secondary transporters are involved in such compartmentation and translocation, and many transporter genes, especially genes belonging to the multidrug and toxin extrusion type transporter family, which consists of 56 members in Arabidopsis, have been identified as responsible for the membrane transport of secondary metabolites. Better understandings of these transporters as well as the biosynthetic genes of secondary metabolites will be important for metabolic engineering aiming to increase the production of commercially valuable secondary metabolites in plant cells.     

TOPICAL PAPER: Utilization of Hairy Root Cultures for Production of Secondary Metabolites

The possibility of producing useful chemicals by plant cell cultures has been studied intensively for the past 30 years. However, problems associated with low product yields and culture instabilities have restricted wider industrial application of plant cell culture. The employment of hairy root culture technology, developed in the past 10 years, offers new opportunities for in vitro production of plant secondary metabolites. In contrast to cell suspension cultures, hairy root cultures are characterized by high biosynthetic capacity and genetic as well as biochemical stability. In this review, the establishment and cultivation of hairy root cultures as well as their properties and application for production of secondary metabolites are discussed.     

Application of cell technologies for production of plant-derived bioactive substances of plant origin

Bioactive substances (BAS) of plant origin are known to play a very important role in modern medicine. Their use, however, is often limited by availability of plant resources and may jeopardize rare species of medicinal plants. Plant cell cultures can serve as a renewable source of valuable secondary metabolites. To the date, however, only few examples of their commercial use are known. The main reasons for such a situation are the insufficient production of secondary metabolites and high cultivation costs. It is possible to increase the performance of plant cell cultures by one or two orders of magnitude using traditional methods, such as selection of highly productive strains, optimization of the medium composition, elicitation, and addition of precursors of secondary metabolite biosynthesis. The progress in molecular biology methods brought about the advent of new means for increasing of the productivity of cell cultures based on the methods of metabolic engineering. Thus, overexpression of genes encoding the enzymes involved in the synthesis of the target product or, by contrast, repression of these genes significantly influences the cell biosynthetic capacity in vitro. Nevertheless, the attempts of the production of many secondary metabolites in plant cell culture were unsuccessful so far, probably due to the peculiarities of the cell culture as an artificial population of plant somatic cells. The use of plant organ culture or transformed roots (hairy root) could turn to be a considerably more efficient solution for this problem. The production of plant-derived secondary metabolites in yeast or bacteria transformed with plant genes is being studied currently. Although the attempts to use metabolic engineering methods were not particularly successful so far, new insights in biochemistry and physiology of secondary metabolism, particularly in regulation and compartmentation of secondary metabolite synthesis as well as mechanisms of their transport and storage make these approaches promising.     

Microbial metabolomics: essential definitions and the importance of cultivation conditions for utilizing Bacillus species as bionematicides

Root-knot nematodes are destructive phytopathogens that damage agricultural crops globally, and there is growing interest in the use of biocontrol based on rhizobacteria such as Bacillus to combat Meloidogyne species. It is hypothesized that nematicidal activity of Bacillus can be attributed to the production of secondary metabolites and hydrolytic enzymes. Yet, few studies have characterized these metabolites and their identities remain unknown. Others are speculative or fail to elaborate on how secondary metabolites were detected or distinguished from primary metabolites. Metabolites can be classified based on their origin as either intracellular or extracellular and based on their function, as either primary or secondary. Although this classification is in general use, the boundaries are not always well defined. An understanding of the secondary metabolite and hydrolytic enzyme classification of Bacillus species will facilitate investigations aimed at bionematicide development. This review summarizes the significance of Bacillus hydrolytic enzymes and secondary metabolites in bionematicide research and provides an overview of known classifications. The importance of appropriate cultivation conditions for optimum metabolite and enzyme production is also discussed. Finally, the use of metabolomics for the detection and identification of nematicidal compounds is considered.     

An amendment of Aspergillus section Candidi based on chemotaxonomical evidence

A novel 2,2'-epoxy-terphenyllin, candidusin C, in addition to the well known secondary metabolites terphenyllin, 3-hydroxyterpenyllin and chlorflavonin, has been isolated from the chemically unexplored fungus Aspergillus campestris. The latter three are known secondary metabolites from Aspergillus candidus and therefore a large number of Aspergilli were screened for production of these compounds to see whether they could be regarded as chemotaxonomical indicators of section membership in the monotypic Aspergillus section Candidi. The results indicated that A. campestris and A. taichungensis should be placed in Candidi and this was further confirmed by morphological and physiological similarities. Three species outside the section Candidi produced candidusin related secondary metabolites: Aspergillus arenarius, A. ellipticus and Penicillium raistrickii. Chlorflavonin, however, was only found in section Candidi.     

Marine actinomycetes as a source of novel secondary metabolites

A set of 600 actinomycetes strains which were isolated from marine sediments from various sites in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans were screened for the production of bioactive secondary metabolites. Marine streptomycete strains were found to be producers of well known chemically diverse antibiotics isolated from terrestrial streptomycetes, as in the case of marine Micromonospora strains. New marine members of the rare genus Verrucosispora seem to be a promising source for novel bioactive secondary metabolites as shown in the case of the abyssomicin producing strain AB-18-032.     

The influence of culture conditions on the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites by Penicillium verrucosum Dierck

A Brazilian strain of Penicillium verrucosum was cultivated under different conditions in a two-step process, in order to verify the influence of nutrients, and of time periods of pre-fermentative and fermentative steps on the biosynthesis of metabolites. Extracellular and intracellular extracts were obtained from each culture in the four different production media used. Chemical profiles of the extracts were obtained by HPLC. Extract trypanocidal activities against trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi were evaluated. The time period of incubation in the pre-fermentative and fermentative media, as well as the different nutrients tested, qualitatively and quantitatively modified the production of secondary metabolites by P. verrucosum, and the extract trypanocidal activities.