MiR-183基因簇对动物感觉器官功能和发育及肿瘤发生的调控

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) 是一类长度约为22 nt的内源性非编码小RNA. 它们在后生动物基因组中普遍存在,通过抑制靶基因mRNA的翻译或将其降解,在转录后水平调控基因的表达. 越来越多的证据表明,miRNAs在动物发育和人类疾病发生中发挥重要作用. miR-183基因簇在后口动物和原口动物中高度保守,编码miR-182、miR-96和miR-183. miR-183基因簇在动物感觉器官中特异性表达,对动物感觉器官的发育和功能至关重要. miR-183基因簇还与人类的肺癌、肝癌、乳腺癌、胰腺癌和黑色素瘤等多种癌症相关. miR-183基因簇在多种肿瘤细胞中异常表达,它们通过调控与肿瘤细胞分裂和死亡相关基因,而起到促进或抑制肿瘤发生的作用. 本文对miR-183基因簇miRNAs在动物感觉器官功能和发育及人类肿瘤发生中的作用进行论述.     

The roles of microRNA in cancer and apoptosis

microRNAs (miRNAs) are highly conserved, non-protein-coding RNAs that function to regulate gene expression. In mammals this regulation is primarily carried out by repression of translation. miRNAs play important roles in homeostatic processes such as development, cell proliferation and cell death. Recently the dysregulation of miRNAs has been linked to cancer initiation and progression, indicating that miRNAs may play roles as tumour suppressor genes or oncogenes. The role of miRNAs in apoptosis is not fully understood, however, evidence is mounting that miRNAs are important in this process. The dysregulation of miRNAs involved in apoptosis may provide a mechanism for cancer development and resistance to cancer therapy. This review examines the biosynthesis of miRNA, the mechanisms of miRNA target regulation and the involvement of miRNAs in the initiation and progression of human cancer. It will include miRNAs involved in apoptosis, specifically those miRNAs involved in the regulation of apoptotic pathways and tumour suppressor/oncogene networks. It will also consider emerging evidence supporting a role for miRNAs in modulating sensitivity to anti-cancer therapy.     

miRNA——肝病治疗的新靶点

tMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs involved in regulating cellular proliferation, differentiation and signaling pathways. Recent researches reveal that miRNAs also play an important role in genes related to hepatic diseases. The different expression profiles of miRNA in hepatocellular carcinoma suggested that miRNA might serve as either novel potential targets acting directly as oncogenes or therapeutic molecular targets working as tumor suppressor genes. For better understanding the relationship between miRNAs and liver diseases and the prospects for therapy in future, this review summarizes the effects of miRNAs on hepatitis, alcohol induced liver injury and hepatocellular carcinoma.     

Current information on the association of Helicobacter pylori with autophagy and gastric cancer

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a Gram-negative bacterium and causative agent of gastric cancer. H. pylori induce defective autophagy or inhibit it by means of CagA and vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) toxins leading to the gastric cancer induction. Impaired or defective autophagy leads to the accumulation of cytotoxic materials, such as ROS and P62 that lead to increased mutations in the DNA, genome instability, and risk of cancer formation. H. pylori CagA may inhibit autophagy through the c-Met-PI3k/Akt-mTOR signaling pathway. However, VacA induces autophagy by some signaling pathways. In the gastric epithelial cells, VacA is a necessary and sufficient factor for the creation of autophagy. While CagA is a negative regulator of this phenomenon, the elimination of this gene from H. pylori has increased autophagy and the production of inflammatory cytokines is reduced. In gastrointestinal cancers, some of the microRNAs (miRNAs) act as tumor suppressors and some other are oncogenes by regulating various genes expression. H. pylori can also modify autophagy through a mechanism that includes the function of miRNAs. In autophagy, oncogenic miRNAs inhibit activation of some tumor suppressor signaling pathways (e.g., ULK1 complex, Beclin-1 function, and Atg4 messaging), whereas tumor suppressor miRNAs can block the activation of oncogenic signaling pathways. For instance, Beclin-1 is negatively regulated by miRNA-376b (oncogenic miRNA) and miRNA-30a (tumor suppressor miRNA). Similarly, Atg4 by miRNA-376b (oncogenic miRNA) and miRNA-101 (tumor suppressor miRNA). So, this apparent paradox can be explained as that both Beclin-1 and Atg4 play different roles in a particular cell or tissue.     

Big roles of microRNAs in tumorigenesis and tumor development

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous non-protein-coding small RNAs that are evolutionarily conserved and widely distributed among species. Their major function is to negatively regulate target gene expression. A single miRNA can regulate multiple target genes, indicating that miRNAs may regulate multiple signaling pathways and participate in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Currently, approximately 50% of identified human miRNA-coding genes are located at tumor-related fragile chromosome regions. Abnormal miRNA expression and/or mutations have been found in almost all types of malignancies. These abnormally expressed miRNAs play roles similar to tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes by regulating the expression and/or function of tumor-related genes. Therefore, miRNAs, miRNA target genes, and the genes regulating miRNAs form a regulatory network with miRNAs in the hub. This network plays a pivotal role in tumorigenesis and tumor development.     

microRNA与肿瘤

microRNA（miRNA）是近年来发现的一类长度为19—25个核苷酸的非编码小分子RNA。它主要通过与靶标基因3’UTR的完全或不完全配对,降解靶标基因mRNA或抑制其翻译,从而参与调控个体发育、细胞凋亡、增殖及分化等生命活动。实验证据表明,miRNA可通过调控其靶标基因参与的信号通路,影响肿瘤的发生和发展,发挥着类似于癌基因或抑癌基因的功能。miRNA的发现为肿瘤发病机制的研究提供了新的思路,为肿瘤诊断和治疗提供了新的策略。本综述主要介绍近年来miRNA与肿瘤发生发展相关性研究领域的进展。     

MicroRNA与肿瘤相关的信号转导通路

信号转导通路在细胞代谢、生长、增殖、应激、发育和凋亡等生命活动中具有极为重要的作用。干扰这些通路将可能影响细胞的正常发育, 甚至导致肿瘤。MicroRNA(miRNA)是近年来在真核生物中发现的、在转录后水平负调节基因表达的一类长度约22个核苷酸的非编码小RNA, 其靶基因数目众多, 生物学功能广泛。在多种肿瘤中发现了miRNA的异常表达, 提示后者与肿瘤发生有关, 可能机制为调控癌基因或肿瘤抑制基因的表达。此外亦发现miRNA的靶基因有许多作用于肿瘤相关的信号转导通路。miRNA在肿瘤发生过程中的重要调控功能预示其将成为人类癌症诊断和治疗方面的新星。     

Functional Profiling of Precursor MicroRNAs Identifies MicroRNAs Essential for Glioma Proliferation

Cancer initiation and progression involve microRNAs that can function like tumor suppressors and oncogenes. The functional significance of most miRNAs is currently unknown. To determine systematically which microRNAs are essential for glioma growth, we screened a precursor microRNA library in three human glioblastoma and one astroglial cell line model systems. The most prominent and consistent cell proliferation–reducing hits were validated in secondary screening with an additional apoptosis endpoint. The functional screening data were integrated in the miRNA expression data to find underexpressed true functional tumor suppressor miRNAs. In addition, we used miRNA-target gene predictions and combined siRNA functional screening data to find the most probable miRNA-target gene pairs with a similar functional effect on proliferation. Nine novel functional miRNAs (hsa-miR-129, -136, -145, -155, -181b, -342-5p, -342-3p, -376a/b) in GBM cell lines were validated for their importance in glioma cell growth, and similar effects for six target genes (ROCK1, RHOA, MET, CSF1R, EIF2AK1, FGF7) of these miRNAs were shown functionally. The clinical significance of the functional hits was validated in miRNA expression data from the TCGA glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumor cohort. Five tumor suppressor miRNAs (hsa-miR-136, -145, -342, -129, -376a) showed significant underexpression in clinical GBM tumor samples from the TCGA GBM cohort further supporting the role of these miRNAs in vivo. Most importantly, higher hsa-miR-145 expression in GBM tumors yielded significantly better survival (p<0.005) in a subset of patients thus validating it as a genuine tumor suppressor miRNA. This systematic functional profiling provides important new knowledge about functionally relevant miRNAs in GBM biology and may offer new targets for treating glioma.     

MiR-133b Is Down-Regulated in Human Osteosarcoma and Inhibits Osteosarcoma Cells Proliferation,Migration and Invasion,and Promotes Apoptosis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) decrease the expression of specific target oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes and thereby play crucial roles in tumorigenesis and tumor growth. To date, the potential miRNAs regulating osteosarcoma growth and progression are not fully identified yet. In this study, the miRNA microarray assay and hierarchical clustering analysis were performed in human osteosarcoma samples. In comparison with normal human skeletal muscle, 43 miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed in human osteosarcomas (fold change ≥2 and p≤0.05). Among these miRNAs, miR-133a and miR-133b expression was decreased by 135 folds and 47 folds respectively and the decreased expression was confirmed in both frozen and paraffin-embedded osteosarcoma samples. The miR-133b precursor expression vector was then transfected into osteosarcoma cell lines U2-OS and MG-63, and the stable transfectants were selected by puromycin. We found that stable over-expression of miR-133b in osteosarcoma cell lines U2-OS and MG-63 inhibited cell proliferation, invasion and migration, and induced apoptosis. Further, over-expression of miR-133b decreased the expression of predicted target genes BCL2L2, MCL-1, IGF1R and MET, as well as the expression of phospho-Akt and FAK. This study provides a new insight into miRNAs dysregulation in osteosarcoma, and indicates that miR-133b may play as a tumor suppressor gene in osteosarcoma.     

New insight into the role of miRNAs in leukemia

Recent studies have shown that microRNAs(miRNAs) play an important role in cell differentiation, growth, and death, including the functional study of miRNAs in tumorigenesis. To date, miRNA expression profiles in many types of cancers have been identified and miRNA expression signatures associated with types and cytogenetics of leukemia have also been reported. Increasing evidence has shown that miRNAs could function as either tumor suppressors or oncogenes in cancers such as leukemia, while other miRNAs might be benefitcial for diagnosis and prognosis, predicted to be newly developed biomarkers. In this review, we summarize the recent progress about miRNAs in leukemia and present a miRNA-mediated network involved in differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis predicted to be the roles of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of leukemia. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30672254 and 30872784), National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2008AA02Z106).     

microRNAs in breast cancer: regulatory roles governing the hallmarks of cancer

A large number of etiological factors and the complexity of breast cancers present challenges for prevention and treatment. Recently, the emergence of microRNAs (miRNAs) as cancer biomarkers has added an extra dimension to the ‘molecular signatures’ of breast cancer. Bioinformatic analyses indicate that each miRNA can regulate hundreds of target genes and could serve functionally as ‘oncogenes’ or ‘tumour suppressor’ genes, and co‐ordinate multiple cellular processes relevant to cancer progression. A number of studies have shown that miRNAs play important roles in breast tumorigenesis, metastasis, proliferation and differentiation of breast cancer cells. This review provides a comprehensive overview of miRNAs with established functional relevance in breast cancer, their established target genes and resulting cellular phenotype. The role and application of circulating miRNAs in breast cancer is also discussed. Furthermore, we summarize the role of miRNAs in the hallmarks of breast cancer, as well as the possibility of using miRNAs as potential biomarkers for detection of breast cancer.     

miR-206在肺癌中的作用及机制研究进展

肺癌是现今全世界死亡率和发病率最高的恶性肿瘤,严重危及人类健康,其中超过85%的患者为非小细胞肺癌,5年预计生存期不超过16%。微小RNA(microRNA,mi RNA)是一类在基因组转录出来后直接在RNA水平上行使生物学功能的非编码RNA,大小约20～25个核苷酸组成,广泛存在于真核生物中。mi RNA可通过对癌基因或抑癌基因进行转录后调控而发挥类似于癌基因或抑癌基因的作用。MicroRNA-206(mi R-206)定位于人类第6号染色体上,最早从骨骼肌中发现,它参与人体中一系列的生物学过程例如细胞增殖,组织器官的生长及肿瘤的发生等。最近大量研究显示mi R-206在肿瘤细胞中表达失调,在肿瘤的生长、增殖、凋亡及侵袭、转移、耐药中发挥重要作用。本文就mi R-206在肺癌中的作用及其机制的研究进展作一综述。