桂西北喀斯特地区菜豆树和红背山麻杆旱、雨季光合特性比较

利用Li-6400光合测定系统测定了2009年雨季(6—8月)和旱季(10—12月)桂西北喀斯特地区菜豆树、红背山麻杆叶片气体交换特征,并分析了2种植物光合速率(Pn)与叶氮及叶绿素含量的相互关系。结果表明:2种植物旱、雨季叶片Pn、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)日变化均为单峰曲线,水分利用效率(WUE)日变化规律不明显;旱季叶片Pn、Tr、Gs均低于雨季(P0.01),WUE高于雨季(P0.01),叶氮含量及叶绿素含量旱季低于雨季(P0.05),这与植物通过降低Gs限制蒸腾,提高WUE来适应较为恶劣的环境有关;在同一季节,红背山麻杆Pn、WUE、叶氮及叶绿素含量均高于菜豆树(P0.05),具有更强的光合及水分利用能力,在喀斯特生境中更有竞争优势;2种植物在相同季节及同种植物在不同季节Pn与各环境因子的相关系数不同,光辐射强度(PAR)是影响Pn的主导因素。     

大气O3浓度升高对毛竹光合生理的影响

以毛竹(phyllostachys edulis)为试材,运用开顶式气室(OTCs)模拟了4个大气O3浓度情景,分别为CF(背景大气经活性炭过滤后的处理,22～25 nL·L-1)、NF(直接将背景大气输入气室内,40～45 nL·L-1)、T1(O3平均浓度100 nL·L-1,92～106 nL·L-1)、T2(O3平均浓度150 nL· L-1,142 ～160 nL· L-1),分析大气O3浓度对毛竹叶片光合色素、气体交换参数、光合参数的影响.结果表明:不同浓度O3处理的毛竹叶片Pn和Tr日变化均呈单峰型,随着O3浓度的升高,叶片Gs、Ci、Ls日变化规律趋于简单,WUE变化趋于平缓.与环境背景大气比较,高浓度O3(≥100 nL·L-1)条件下叶片Pn、Ls、WUE日均值和Chl、Chl-a、Chl-b和Car含量均显著降低,Gs、Tr日均值显著提高,但对Ci日均值及叶片光合色素组成影响并不明显.T1、T2处理下,毛竹的Pn、Tr与PPED、VpdL、Tair、Ca和RH环境因子间均呈显著或极显著相关,Gs与PPED无显著相关,而与VpdL、Tair、Ca和RH环境因子间均呈显著或极显著相关.研究表明:O3浓度100、150 nL·L-1时分别会造成毛竹叶片发生气孔、非气孔限制,气孔对环境条件的反应变得不敏感,影响了正常的调节反馈机制,增加了水分蒸散,光合色素降解或合成受阻,对毛竹光合作用产生严重的负面效应,不利于毛竹干物质积累.     

5种常见水土保持树种的气体交换特性研究

为了了解水土保持树种的气体交换特性,对无患子(Sapindus mukorossi)、南酸枣(Choerospondias axillaris)、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、秃瓣杜英(Elaeocarpus glabripetalus)和毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)等常见树种的光合蒸腾特性进行研究。结果表明,香樟、无患子、南酸枣和毛竹的净光合速率(Pn)日变化曲线呈双峰型,有明显的"光合午休"现象;秃瓣杜英的Pn日变化曲线则呈单峰型,未出现"光合午休"现象。5种树种的Pn以香樟毛竹无患子南酸枣秃瓣杜英;蒸腾速率(Tr)以香樟无患子毛竹南酸枣秃瓣杜英;水分利用效率(WUE)以秃瓣杜英毛竹南酸枣无患子香樟。单因素方差分析表明:不同树种间的Tr、气孔导度(Gs)和WUE存在显著差异,而Pn和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)的差异不显著。相关性分析表明,Pn与Tr、Gs和光合有效辐射(PAR)呈正相关关系;Tr与Gs呈正相关关系,与WUE呈负相关关系;Gs与WUE呈负相关关系;Ci与PAR和空气CO2浓度(Ta)呈负相关关系。香樟和无患子的Tr相对较大,而WUE较低,在养护过程应加强浇水及遮阴以降低其水分蒸腾的速率;秃瓣杜英、南酸枣和毛竹的Tr相对较低,而WUE相对较高,能够科学地利用土壤水分,可适应较干燥的外界环境。     

平茬措施对天然沙冬青生理特性的影响

沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus(Maxim.)Cheng f.)是我国二级珍稀濒危植物,由于自然条件的不断恶化使这一古老残遗物种种群受到威胁。本文以西鄂尔多斯国家级自然保护区内生长的天然沙冬青为材料,对平茬后经过3年恢复生长的萌蘖灌丛和未平茬的沙冬青灌丛的地上部生物量、叶片相对含水量(RWC)、叶水势(WPB)、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)等指标进行了测定,并对平茬处理的各项生理指标变化进行了研究。结果显示:平茬后的沙冬青萌蘖灌丛经过3年的生长能恢复到平茬前的生物量;平茬与未平茬(对照)沙冬青叶片相对含水量差异不显著(P0.05),但平茬后的沙冬青叶水势日间(7∶00-19∶00)均显著高于对照(P0.05);平茬与未平茬沙冬青日间净光合速率、蒸腾速率均出现两个高峰值,且均有"午休"现象,平茬后的沙冬青萌蘖丛Pn日均值比对照升高了15.73%、Tr日均值比对照升高了15.57%、WUE日均值比对照升高了13.92%(P0.05);Gs日均值比对照也有所上升,且与Pn、Tr的变化趋势基本一致,但Ci的变化趋势与Gs、Pn和Tr相反。说明平茬处理对增加地上部生物量、提高其生理指标均有明显作用,能提高沙冬青潜在的生产力。     

黄刺玫叶片光合生理参数的土壤水分阈值响应及其生产力分级

在半干旱黄土丘陵区,以3年生天然次生灌木黄刺玫为材料,研究了叶片光合生理参数对土壤水分(RWC)的响应特征及光合生产力分级。结果表明:当RWC在33.8%—81.3%时,叶片净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)的变化曲线为明显的双峰曲线;上午阶段(11:00时之前)Pn的下降主要是气孔限制引起的,下午以非气孔限制为主;随着RWC的增加,Pn、Tr第1峰值出现的时间延后;在此水分范围内,Pn日均值一直维持在较高水平,Pn最高值((8.5±1.8)mmol·m-2·s-1)出现在RWC为71.7%时。水分利用效率(WUE)对RWC的响应有所差异,当RWC大于47.1%时,WUE呈不明显的双峰曲线,第1峰值出现在13:00时,并且前后时段WUE变化不大。RWC为47.1%时,WUE维持在最高水平,日均值为(2.72±0.59)μmol/mmol。根据Pn、Tr、WUE和RWC的定量分析,以及从黄土丘陵区生态、经济效益同时考虑,适合黄刺玫生长的RWC在33.8%—71.7%之间。以光合生理参数为指标对黄刺玫土壤水分有效性及生产力进行分级与评价,确定RWC90.4%或RWC33.8%时为"中产中效水";RWC在71.7%—81.3%和47.1%—71.7%时分别为"高产中效水"和"高产高效水",!其中RWC在57.4%左右时为"最优产效水";RWC在18.8%—26.5%时为"低产低效水"。     

春小麦水分利用效率日变化及其生理生态基础的研究

采用光合速率和蒸腾速率之比 (Pn/Tr)表示植物水分利用效率 (WUE) ,发现在两种不同水分处理下春小麦拔节期 .WUE日变化中都有上午高于下午值 ,且 8∶0 0～ 1 0∶0 0为明显峰值的特征 ,这种特征与Pn、Tr日变化存在的上、下午值不对称性和反向性 (Pn为上午高于下午 ,Tr相反 )紧密相关 ,水分胁迫处理中 ,Pn、Tr值均有降低 ,但不同品种的WUE反应不一 .研究表明 ,叶水势 ( ψw)、气孔阻力 (Rs)等生理因素和空气相对湿度 (RH)、光照 (Q)及冠层温度 (Tc)等生态因子 ,通过对Tr和Pn的不同影响而同WUE显著相关 ,40 %RH是WUE变化的一个重要阈值 .     

两种高质牧草不同生育期光合生理日变化及光响应特征

于2010年5月25日(拔节、分枝期)、7月6日(抽穗、结荚期)、8月25日(开花期)晴朗天气,采用LI-6400便携式光合作用测定系统对新引1号东方山羊豆和柳枝稷各项光合生理生态指标进行了测定。结果表明:(1)新引1号东方山羊豆净光合速率(Pn)日变化呈双峰曲线,存在"光合午休"现象;分枝期Pn、光能利用效率(LUE)、水分利用效率(WUE)日均值高于结荚期,而结荚期的叶温(Tl)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)日均值高于分枝期。(2)柳枝稷的Pn日变化呈单峰曲线,拔节期Pn、Tr日均值高于抽穗期,开花期最低;WUE与Ci日均值在开花期最高,拔节期次之,抽穗期最小;Tl、LUE日均值在抽穗期最高,拔节期次之,开花期最小。(3)Pn与Tr、Gs、叶片气孔限制值(Ls)、光合有效辐射(PAR)具有极显著正相关关系,与Ci呈极显著负相关;Tr与Gs、叶温下蒸汽压亏缺(Vpdl)、气温(Ta)、Tl、PAR均呈极显著正相关关系,与大气CO2浓度(Ca)呈显著负相关;Tl、Gs与PAR呈极显著正相关。(4)通过光响应曲线的绘制及相关生理指标的计算,结合相关评价标准,得出柳枝稷为阳生植物,而新引1号东方山羊豆为耐荫植物,且柳枝稷比新引1号东方山羊豆对光环境的适应性强。     

不同海拔地区烤烟叶片光合特性的日变化特征

以3个遗传背景不同的烤烟品种(‘K326’、‘云烟87’、‘中烟103')为材料,研究不同海拔(500、900、1 300m)地区烤烟叶片的光合气体交换与叶绿素荧光参数的日变化特征,为烟草种植区划分和区域适宜烤烟品种配置提供理论依据.结果显示:(1)各品种烤烟叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和水分利用率(WUE)的日均值与海拔呈正相关关系,而其胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)的日均值与海拔高度呈负相关关系.(2)各品种叶片Pn、Ci、Gs及Tr的日变化在高海拔(1 300 m)地区呈“单峰”曲线变化,没有明显的光合“午休”现象;而在较低海拔(500 m和900m)地区呈不对称“双峰”曲线变化,在晴天中午时段叶片光合受到明显抑制.(3)3个烤烟品种叶片的PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)和PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/F0)随着海拔的升高而提高.(4)各品种的日光合总量(∑Pn)均呈现随海拔升高而增加的趋势,且‘云烟87'的日光合总量显著高于其他两个品种;各品种的日蒸腾总量(∑Tr)均以海拔900m最高,海拔1 300 m最低.研究表明,海拔因素是影响和制约烤烟叶片光合特性及光合生产能力的关键因素,在品种布局时必须考虑其在不同海拔地区的光合特性.     

不同坡位胡枝子光合特性及其影响因子研究

采用Li-6400光合分析仪,在自然条件下对不同坡位胡枝子叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)及其相关环境因子的日进程进行了观测。结果表明:在5月份晴天条件下,不同坡位胡枝子叶片Pn、Tr日变化均呈单峰曲线,而水分利用效率(WUE)表现出早晚高、中午低的变化趋势。它们的叶片Pn峰值不同坡位均出现在11:00,而且上坡位峰值和日平均值略高于下坡位和平地(P>0.05);Tr峰值上坡位出现在11:00,下坡位和平地均出现在13:00,且上坡位峰值和日平均值显著低于下坡位和平地(P<0.01);上坡和平地WUE均在15:00达到最大值,但下坡位推迟到17:00,而且上坡位峰值和日平均值略高于下坡和平地(P>0.05)。胡枝子叶片Pn与PAR、Ca、RH等生态因子间的拟合方程分别为:Y上pn=-26.148 0.002 3xPAR 0.11xCa-0.84xRH,Y平pn=-19.148 0.001 9xPAR 0.106xCa 0.86xRH,Y下pn=-27.148 0.002xPAR-1.16xRH,其主要生态影响因子及其大小顺序为XPAR>XRH>XCa。研究发现,不同坡位胡枝子叶片主要光合指标日变化趋势相似,但其峰值出现时间和高低有别,其主要生态影响因子为光合有效辐射、大气相对湿度和大气二氧化碳浓度。     

水肥耦合对汉源花椒幼苗叶片光合作用的影响

以汉源花椒幼苗为试验材料,通过盆栽试验研究了不同水肥耦合处理对汉源花椒叶片气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)和叶面饱和水汽压亏缺(Vpdl)日变化的影响,并探讨了汉源花椒光合特性与土壤田间持水量(FWC)、施肥量(包括施全量NPK、1/2NPK和不施肥,其中全量NPK含尿素150 kg N/hm~2、过磷酸钙60kg P_2O_5/hm~2和硫酸钾150 kg K_2O/hm~2)和环境因子间的关系。结果表明:各处理汉源花椒叶片Gs、Pn、Tr和Vpdl日变化均呈"单峰"型曲线,其峰值分别出现在10:00—12:00、10:00—12:00、14:00和14:00左右,没有出现光合"午休"现象;Ci最低值出现在10:00—12:00左右;WUE日变化呈"双峰"型曲线,峰值分别出现在10:00和16:00左右,但第2个峰值明显低于第1个峰值。NPK+50%FWC和1/2NPK+50%FWC两处理叶片Pn日变化峰值出现在12:00左右,而其他处理均出现在10:00左右。叶片Gs、Pn、Tr和WUE平均值均随施肥量的增加而增加,而Ci和V_(pdl)平均值随施肥量的增加而降低。叶片Gs、Pn和Tr平均值随土壤水分含量的增加总体上呈先增加后降低的趋势变化;Ci平均值总体上随土壤水分含量的增加而增加;WUE平均值随土壤水分含量的增加而降低;V_(pdl)平均值随土壤水分含量的增加呈先降低后增加的趋势变化。叶片Pn与地径(D)、苗高(H)、D~2H、叶绿素含量和chla/chlb比值呈显著正相关。为了促进植株生长和获得较高的叶片Pn和WUE,土壤水分应控制在35.9%—46.7%FWC。叶片Gs、Pn和Tr与光合有效辐射强度(PAR)呈显著正相关,Tr与气温的相关系数高于它与其他环境因子的相关系数,提高叶片Pn的最佳PAR为1263.6μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)。说明适宜的土壤水分含量和肥料施用量能延长汉源花椒叶片Pn达到峰值的时间,对提高叶片Pn和WUE及促进植株生长具有重要作用;PAR是影响叶片Gs和Pn的主要环境因子,气温是影响叶片Tr的首要环境因子。     

Importance of the gradient in photosynthetically active radiation in a vegetation stand for leaf nitrogen allocation in two monocotyledons

Carex acutiformis and Brachypodium pinnatum were grown with a uniform distribution of photosynthetic photon flux density (PFD) with height, and in a vertical PFD gradient similar to the PFD gradient in a leaf canopy. Distribution of organic leaf N and light-saturated rates of photosynthesis were determined. These parameters were also determined on plants growing in a natural vegetation stand. The effect of a PFD gradient was compared with the effect of a leaf canopy. In Brachypodium, plants growing in a vegetation stand had increasing leaf N with plant height. However, distribution of leaf N was not influenced by the PFD gradient treatment. The gradient of leaf N in plants growing in a leaf canopy was not due to differences within the long, mostly erect, leaves but to differences between leaves. In Carex, however, the PFD gradient caused a clear increase of leaf N with height in individual leaves and thus also in plants. The leaf N gradient was similar to that of plants growing in a leaf canopy. Leaf N distribution was not affected by nutrient availability in Carex. In most cases, photosynthesis was positively related to leaf N. Hence, lightsaturated rates of photosynthesis increased towards the top of the plants growing in leaf canopies in both species and, in Carex, also in the PFD gradient, thus contributing to increased N use efficiency for photosynthesis of the whole plant. It is concluded that in Carex the PFD gradient is the main environmental signal for leaf N allocation in response to shading in a leaf canopy, but one or more other signals must be involved in Brachypodium.     

Photosynthesis of individual field-grown cotton leaves during ontogeny

Photosynthetic characteristics of field-grown cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaves were determined at several insertion levels within the canopy during the growing season. Single-leaf measurements of net photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance to CO₂ (g_s·CO₂), substomatal CO₂, leaf area expansion, leaf nitrogen, and light intensity (PPFD) were recorded for undisturbed leaves within the crop canopy at 3–4 day intervals during the development of all leaves at main-stem nodes 8, 10, and 12. Patterns of Pn during leaf ontogeny exhibited three distinct phases; a rapid increase to maximum at 16–20 days after leaf unfolding, a relatively short plateau, and a period of linear decline to negligible Pn at 60–65 days. Analysis of the parameters which contributed to the rise and fall pattern of Pn with leaf age indicated the primary involvement of leaf area expansion, leaf nitrogen, PPFD, and g_s·CO₂ in this process. The response of Pn and g_s·CO₂ to incident PPFD conditions during canopy development was highly age dependent. For leaves less than 16 days old, the patterns of Pn and g_s·CO₂ were largely controlled by non-PPFD factors, while for older leaves Pn and g_s·CO₂ were more closely coupled to PPFD-mediated processes. Maximum values of Pn were not significantly different for any of the leaves monitored in this study, however, those leaves at main-stem node 8 did possess a significantly diminished photosynthetic capacity with age compared to upper canopy leaves. This accelerated decline in Pn could not be explained by age-related variations in g_s·CO₂ since all leaves showed similar changes in g_s·CO₂ with leaf age.Abbreviations g_s·CO₂ stomatal conductance to CO₂ - Pn net photosynthesis - PPFD photosynthetic photon flux density     

Feedback regulation of constant leaf standing crop in Sasa tsuboiana grasslands

The standing crop of current leaves of Sasa tsuboiana was measured on the upper slopes of Mount Horai, Shiga prefecture, central Japan. Upper one-year-old branches in the canopy produced greater mass of current leaves than lower ones. Furthermore, culms in artificially thinned plots produced larger leaf mass per culm than those in control plots. These results reveal that leaf production is positively correlated with light intensity. Therefore, when the leaf standing crop in a given year is somewhat smaller than usual, it may increase in the following year because the branches will receive stronger light. This feedback regulation causes uniformity in the horizontal distribution of the leaf standing crop. The constancy of the leaf standing crop throughout dense stands of different heights indicates that a common equilibrium value of the leaf standing crop exists. This uniform distribution leads to an almost-uniform weak light intensity under the canopy of S. tsuboiana, and can consequently exclude other plant species.     

Monitoring leaf photosynthesis with canopy spectral reflectance in rice

Non-destructive and rapid method for assessment of leaf photosynthetic characteristics is needed to support photosynthesis modelling and growth monitoring in crop plants. We determined the quantitative relationships between leaf photosynthetic characteristics and canopy spectral reflectance under different water supply and nitrogen application rates. The responses of reflectance at red radiation (wavelength 680 nm) to different water contents and nitrogen rates were parallel to those of leaf net photosynthetic rate (P _N). The relationships of reflectance at 680 nm and ratio index of R(810,680) (near infrared/red, NIR/R) to P _N of different leaf positions and leaf layers in rice indicated that the top two full leaves were the best leaf positions for quantitative monitoring of leaf P _N with remote sensing technique, and the ratio index R(810,680) was the best ratio index for evaluating leaf photosynthetic characteristics in rice. Testing of the models with independent data sets indicated that R(810,680) could well estimate P _N of top two leaves and canopy leaf photosynthetic potential in rice, with the root mean square error of 0.25, 0.16, and 4.38, respectively. Hence R(810,680) can be used to monitor leaf photosynthetic characteristics at different growth stages of rice under diverse growing conditions.     

紫耳箭竹克隆形态可塑性对典型冠层结构及光环境的响应

在重庆金佛山国家自然保护内,选择了3种典型群落类型(落叶阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林和常绿阔叶林),使用Hemiview数字植物冠层分析系统量化群落冠层结构和光环境特征,并对林下紫耳箭竹(Fargesia decurvata)的形态可塑性特征进行调查,分析冠层结构和光环境特征改变下紫耳箭竹形态可塑性的差异,并探讨它们之间的相互关系。结果表明:(1)随着落叶阔叶林"常绿落叶阔叶混交林"常绿阔叶林演替的进行,群落的冠层开度降低,叶面积指数增加,平均叶倾角变小,趋于水平化,冠层对光的截获能力提高,林下光照的强度降低(P0.05)。(2)随着光照强度的降低,紫耳箭竹分株矮小化,叶片变窄,生物量积累降低,但通过增大比茎长、叶面积率和比叶面积提高对光的利用效率,并增大分枝角度和比隔长有效适应弱光环境。(3)在光照条件差的常绿阔叶林下,紫耳箭竹降低对地下茎的投资,将较多的生物量用于秆的增高增长和叶片的生长;而在光照条件好的落叶阔叶林环境下,紫耳箭竹降低对枝、叶生物量的分配,则加大对地下茎的投资,可认为是克隆植物对水分资源所表现的一种觅食行为。研究表明,紫耳箭竹种群随着冠层结构的改变发生了明显的可塑性变化,这些可塑性变化是种群对冠层结构和光环境差异的适应性反应的结果,有利于增强种群对异质生境中光资源的获取和利用;群落内部可以通过调控冠层结构的改变协调和控制小径竹种群的发展。     

Vertical canopy gradients in δ13C correspond with leaf nitrogen content in a mixed-species conifer forest

Stable carbon isotope composition varies markedly between sun and shade leaves, with sun leaves being invariably more enriched (i.e., they contain more¹³C). Several hypotheses have emerged to explain this pattern, but controversy remains as to which mechanism is most general. We measured vertical gradients in stable carbon isotope composition (δ¹³C) in more than 200 trees of nine conifer species growing in mixed-species forests in the Northern Rocky Mountains, USA. For all species except western larch, δ¹³C decreased from top to bottom of the canopy. We found that δ¹³C was strongly correlated with nitrogen per unit leaf area (N _area), which is a measure of photosynthetic capacity. Usually weaker correlations were found between δ¹³C and leaf mass per area, nitrogen per unit leaf mass, height from the ground, or depth in the canopy, and these correlations were more variable between trees than for N _area. Gradients of δ¹³C (per meter canopy depth) were steeper in small trees than in tall trees, indicating that a recent explanation of δ¹³C gradients in terms of drought stress of upper canopy leaves is unlikely to apply in our study area. The strong relationship between N _area and δ¹³C here reported is consistent with the general finding that leaves or species with higher photosynthetic capacity tend to maintain lower CO₂ concentrations inside leaves. We conclude that photosynthetic capacity is a strong determinant of δ¹³C in vertical canopy profiles, and must be accounted for when interpreting δ¹³C values in conifer forests.     

A new life table of leaves ofPhaseolus vulgris L. in relation to their position within the canopy and plant density

In order to demonstrate in detail the relationship between the longevity and productivity of leaves within a canopy, a new life table approach, the ‘bioeconomic life table’, was applied to the leaves of kidney bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in relation to planting density and their position within the canopy. The net photosynthetic rate for upper leaves under full daylight tended to decline gradually due to leaf senescence from about 20 days after leaf emergence, and for the lower leaves the decrease was very rapid due to both shading and senescence about 10 days after emergence. Analysis of the survivorship curves and daily surplus production of leaves suggested that the lower and middle leaves, especially the latter, survived without surplus production of dry matter after they had reached mean longevity, and while the upper leaves at high density had a much shorter mean longevity, they had very large values of daily surplus production throughout the survival period. For the total foliage, the summed value of accumulated surplus production during the survival period was about five times as large as the summed value of the dry weight of the dead leaves, regardless of planting density. The daily rate of canopy leaf respiration was almost proportional to that of canopy gross photosynthesis for the various leaf area indices of the canopy, so that there was no optimum leaf area index that maximized canopy daily surplus production.     

Canopy structure and vertical patterns of photosynthesis and related leaf traits in a deciduous forest

Canopy structure and light interception were measured in an 18-m tall, closed canopy deciduous forest of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) in southwestern Wisconsin, USA, and related to leaf structural characteristics, N content, and leaf photosynthetic capacity. Light attenuation in the forest occurred primarily in the upper and middle portions of the canopy. Forest stand leaf area index (LAI) and its distribution with respect to canopy height were estimated from canopy transmittance values independently verified with a combined leaf litterfall and point-intersect method. Leaf mass, N and A _max per unit area (LMA, N/area and A _max/area, respectively) all decreased continuously by over two-fold from the upper to lower canopy, and these traits were strongly correlated with cumulative leaf area above the leaf position in the canopy. In contrast, neither N concentration nor A _max per unit mass varied significantly in relation to the vertical canopy gradient. Since leaf N concentration showed no consistent pattern with respect to canopy position, the observed vertical pattern in N/area is a direct consequence of vertical variation of LMA. N/area and LMA were strongly correlated with A _max/area among different canopy positions (r²=0.81 and r²=0.66, respectively), indicating that vertical variation in area-based photosynthetic capacity can also be attributed to variation in LMA. A model of whole-canopy photosynthesis was used to show that observed or hypothetical canopy mass distributions toward higher LMA (and hence higher N/area) in the upper portions of the canopy tended to increase integrated daily canopy photosynthesis over other LMA distribution patterns. Empirical relationships between leaf and canopy-level characteristics may help resolve problems associated with scaling gas exchange measurements made at the leaf level to the individual tree crown and forest canopy-level.     

苦竹-杉木混交林界面区克隆分株秆形和地上生物量分配的适应策略

苦竹(Pleioblastus amarus)是优质笋材兼用竹种,分布广。为探究界面区苦竹分株秆形及地上构件生物量分配格局的变化特征,解析苦竹对异质生境适应机制,该研究选取了相邻的苦竹林和苦竹-杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)混交林两种林分类型,分别测定了苦竹林和混交林中心区及界面区不同龄级立竹秆形和秆、枝、叶的生物量,分析立竹秆形及地上构件生物量积累、分配、异速生长关系的差异。结果表明:(1)界面区1 a立竹生物量积累及分配差异增大,其中苦竹林界面区各构件相对生物量和叶生物量分配比例提高,而混交林界面区各构件相对生物量和叶生物量分配比例降低; 2 a立竹生物量积累及分配比例的差异缩小,界面区两边2 a立竹各构件相对生物量和生物量分配比例均无明显差异。(2)界面区立竹秆形特征及1 a立竹各构件生物量异速生长关系均无明显变化,而苦竹林界面区2 a立竹秆的增长速率提高,枝、叶的增长速率降低。综上认为,苦竹通过权衡资源分配关系,明显改变界面区立竹秆形及生物量分配格局,以提高克隆分株对异质环境的适合度。     

Effects of Long-Term Fertilization on Leaf Photosynthetic Characteristics and Grain Yield in Winter Wheat

Based on a 20-year fertilization experiment with wheat-maize double cropping system, the effects of different long-term fertilization treatments on leaf photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield in different winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars were studied in the growing seasons of 2000–2001 and 2001–2002. A total of nine fertilization treatments were implemented, i.e. no fertilizer (CK), N fertilizer (N), N and P fertilizers (NP), N and K fertilizers (NK), N, P, and K fertilizers (NPK), only organic manure (M), organic manure and N fertilizer (MN), organic manure and N and P fertilizers (MNP), and organic manure and N, P, and K fertilizers (MNPK). With the treatments of combined organic manure and inorganic fertilizers (TMI), net photosynthetic rate (P _N), maximal activity of photosystem 2, PS2 (F_v/F_m), and chlorophyll content (SPAD value) of flag leaves and leaf area index (LAI) were much higher at the mid grain filling stage (20 or 23 d post anthesis, DPA), and exhibited slower declines at the late grain filling stage (30 DPA), compared with the treatments of only inorganic fertilizers (TI). The maximal canopy photosynthetic traits expressed as P _N×LAI and SPAD×LAI at the mid grain filling stage were also higher in TMI than those in TI, which resulted in different grain yields in TMI and TI. Among the treatments of TMI or among the treatments of TI, both flag leaf and canopy photosynthetic abilities and yield levels increased with the supplement of inorganic nutrients (N, P, and K fertilizers), except for the treatment of NK. Under NK, soil contents of N and K increased while that of P decreased. Hence the unbalanced nutrients in soil from the improper input of nutrients in NK treatment were probably responsible for the reduced flag leaf and canopy photosynthetic characteristics and LAI, and for the fast declining of flag leaf photosynthetic traits during grain filling, resulting in the reduced yield of NK similar to the level of CK.