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1.
Abstract Three experiments were conducted to verify if an increase in environmental stress level would affect the interactions between two species of nurse shrubs and seedlings of Aspidosperma quebracho‐blanco. This is a mesic species with a generalist distribution over an extensive environments gradient. The relationship between Larrea divaricata and seedlings of A. quebracho‐blanco was studied in two contrasting soils, a silty loam soil with higher surface clay content and a sandy loam soil. The effect of seasonal variability of rainfall on the initial establishment of seedlings under the shade of L. divaricata was evaluated in three consecutive years. The effect of nurse plant shade was tested comparing two shrub species with different types of leaf life span (sclerophyllous‐evergreen and leguminous‐deciduous). The natural establishment of A. quebracho‐blanco depended on shaded microsites, but not on the type of shade provided by different nurse shrubs. Emergence and initial establishment depended on interactions of soil type and seasonal rainfall variation with nurse plants. The importance of facilitation increased with clay soil (CS). Sandy soil was ‘less humid’ than CS under shrub shade. However, establishment success depends on opportune even rainfall distribution in interaction with nurse plant presence. 相似文献
2.
Abstract Aspidosperma quebracho‐blanco is found throughout the Chaco (17°?33°S) in Argentina, and it is the dominant tree species in the arid Chaco. Under the hypothesis that morpho‐physiological features of A. quebracho‐blanco change as a function of its geographical position on a water deficit gradient, it was predicted that with increasing water stress, leaf angles (specifically horizontal) would be greater and mean values of the leaf mass per area would increase. These leaf characteristics were compared at three points on a water deficit gradient extending from the humid Chaco through semi‐arid Chaco to the arid Chaco of Argentina (south‐west to north‐east rainfall gradient, from 350 to 1200 mm annual mean precipitation). Twig and leaf positions were modified and water potentials were measured at the highest heating hour of the day at a site of the arid Chaco. Daily and seasonal water potential variations of untreated twigs were also observed. Leaf angle modification towards horizontal produced more negative twig water potentials with respect to those of leaves in non‐horizontal positions. The comparison of the three sites along the gradient showed contrasting patterns of leaf‐angle frequency distribution of adults. In Chancaní (mean annual temperature: 18–24°C, mean annual precipitation: 450 mm, arid) there was a higher frequency of angles near 90° for non‐pendulous and about 270° for pendulous trees. Leaf angles in Copo (semi‐arid) and Chaco National Park (mean annual temperature: 20–23°C, mean annual precipitation: 1300 mm humid) were widely distributed with higher frequency towards the angles near 0° and 180°. This sclerophyllous tree species showed plasticity in its leaf traits along the precipitation gradient. Plasticity in leaf mass per area and leaf position enables plants to develop efficiently in contrasting environmental conditions of humidity and aridity. 相似文献
3.
于江西九连山国家自然保护区设置4 hm2亚热带常绿阔叶林固定监测样地,用样方法对亚热带常绿阔叶林进行调查分析。应用点格局方法分析生境异质性是否影响树木分布并分析优势种红钩栲(Castanopsis lamontii)、米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)、罗浮柿(Diospyros morrisiana)和细枝柃(Eurya loquaiana)分布格局,对比存在生境异质性和排除生境异质性两种情况下优势树种不同生长阶段(幼树、小树、成年树)的空间分布格局以及不同生长阶段之间的空间关联性,探讨生境异质性之外的其它种群分布影响因子。结果表明:1)生境异质性效应显著影响九连山树木分布,4个优势树种在大尺度上存在明显的生境偏好;2)用完全随机零模型不排除生境异质性时,4个优势种总体及其不同生长阶段在0—30 m所有尺度上主要呈现聚集分布;3)用异质性随机零模型排除生境异质性后,4个优势种及其不同生长阶段的聚集程度显著下降,只在小尺度上(0—5 m)呈现聚集分布;4)4个优势种的幼树与小树均表现显著的正相关。红钩栲的成年树与幼树及成年树与小树总体表现不相关。米槠的成年树与幼树总体以无相关为主;成年树与小树之间总体呈正相关。小乔木罗浮柿的成年树与幼树之间在小尺度上(0—5 m)表现负相关或无相关,在较大尺度范围上总体表现正相关关系;小树与成年树在研究尺度上表现出正相关。灌木细枝柃的成年树与幼树,成年树与小树及小树与幼树之间在研究尺度范围内均呈现正相关关系;5)研究发现九连山优势乔木物种通过密度制约和Janzen-Connell效应释放空间,为其他物种共存提供条件,而优势灌木物种细枝柃没有表现出这两个效应。 相似文献
4.
对峨眉山常绿落叶阔叶混交林的群落结构﹑组成﹑生物多样性及植物区系等几方面进行了研究分析。结果显示峨眉山阔叶混交林由226种维管束植物组成,其中被子植物73科137属207种, 占总种数的91.6%,是峨眉山阔叶混交林的重要组成部分;群落分层现象明显,为乔木层﹑灌木层﹑草本层和层外植物4层,其中草本层发育情况差;科分布型是以热带—亚热带﹑热带—温带为主,各占22.7%, 在属的水平上则以温带分布占绝对优势(52.9%),揭示了峨眉山阔叶混交林的区系性质是以温带为主的亚热带类型;生物多样性指数处于较低的水平,在经过人为干扰后,群落处于稳定的恢复阶段。 相似文献
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Vertical CO 2 profiles (between 0.02 and 14.0 m) were studied in forest canopies of Pinus contorta, Populus tremuloides, and in a riparian forest with Acer negundo and Acer grandidentatum during two consecutive growing seasons. Profiles, measured continuously during 1- to 13-day periods in four to five stands differing in overstorey canopy area index (CAI < 4.5; including leaves, branches and stems), were well stratified, with highest [CO 2] just above the forest floor. Canopy [CO 2] profiles were influenced by stand structure (CAI, presence of understorey vegetation), and were highly dependent on vegetation type (deciduous and evergreen). A doubling of CAI in Acer spp. and P. tremuloides stands did not show an effect on upper canopy [CO 2], when turbulent mixing was high. However, increasing understorey biomass in Acer spp. stands had a profound effect on lower canopy [CO 2]. In open stands with a vigorous understorey layer, higher soil respiration rates were offset by increased understorey gas exchange, resulting in [CO 2] below those of the convective boundary layer (CBL). Midday depletions up to 20 ppmv below CBL values could be frequently observed in deciduous canopies. In evergreen canopies, [CO 2] stayed generally above the CBL background values, [CO 2] profiles were more uniform, and gradients were smaller than in deciduous stands with similar CAI. Seasonal changes of canopy [CO 2] reflected changes in soil respiration rates as well as plant phenology and gas exchange of both dominant tree and understorey vegetation. Seasonal patterns were less pronounced in evergreen than in deciduous forests. 相似文献
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种群的空间分布格局及其关联性反映了种群演替方式和对环境因子的适应策略,对植被的恢复与重建、生物多样性保护等具有重要的意义和价值.为了解桂林岩溶石山檵木种群的空间分布格局及其关联性,在对其进行群落调查的基础上,采用点格局方法,以Ripley K函数为基础,运用其衍生的成对相关函数和Ripley L函数对檵木种群的空间分布格局以及不同径级之间关联性进行分析.结果表明:檵木种群的径级结构呈倒“J”型分布,小径级个体占较大比例,种群自然更新状况良好,属增长型种群;檵木种群3个径级的个体在小尺度上呈聚集分布,但随着空间尺度的增大,聚集强度逐渐减弱,趋向随机分布;檵木种群3个不同径级的个体间在小尺度下均呈现无关联,随着尺度增大,不同径级个体的空间关联性呈现正关联或负关联;檵木种群个体间径级差异越大,它们的空间关联性越弱,甚至可能逐渐转变为负关联.本研究结果有助于了解桂林岩溶石山檵木种群在生长发育过程中的生态策略和物种共存的尺度依赖性特征及其形成机制,从而为岩溶石山森林植被的恢复与重建、保护和经营管理提供参考. 相似文献
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物种多样性的空间分布格局及其与尺度的关系研究对于了解群落物种多样性形成机制具有重要意义。为了探讨喀斯特地区物种多样性空间分布格局的尺度效应,以喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林25 hm~2样地的(胸径DBH≥1)木本植物为研究对象,分析了6个空间尺度(5 m×5 m,10 m×10 m,20 m×20 m,50 m×50 m,100 m×100 m,250 m×250 m)上的多度、物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数以及Pielou均匀度指数的变化规律。结果表明:物种多样性指数的空间分布均表现出较高的空间异质性;物种多样性指数的方差随取样尺度增加呈现单峰分布特征,并且在100 m×100 m尺度上达到最大值;物种多样性指数的变异系数随尺度的增加呈线性下降趋势,其中,Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数以及Pielou均匀度指数均在5 m×5 m至20 m×20 m尺度上明显减小;在大于50 m×50 m的尺度上,物种丰富度与多度的正相关性不显著(P0.05)。喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林物种多样性的空间分布格局与不同空间尺度密切相关,深入解析物种多样性随空间尺度的变化模式,需要在类似的森林生态系统做更多的研究。 相似文献
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对塔里木河下游断流河道2004年7个地下水监测断面和19个植被样地的实测监测资料分析得出灌木生物量在空间分布的变化特征。在分析中分别选取了3个指标:灌木总生物量、多枝柽柳和刚毛柽柳的生物量。研究发现在纵向和横向上3项指标均呈现先增加后减小的单峰形式变化。在纵向上分别对3项指标在距离河道0~200m和200—400m范围内的分布情况进行比较,发现灌木在距离河道200~400m样地内分布占到总量近70%;横向上灌木生物量的最大值出现在距离河道450m的样地内。总体来看,对于两个优势物种,由于两个物种生理生态特性的差异对于异质性环境的适应能力也不同,导致分布状况也各异。多枝柽柳有较广的生态适应性,因此广泛分布于塔里木河下游的各个环境梯度上,而刚毛柽柳对水盐条件的要求较高,仅分布在其中个别断面。影响灌木生物量变化的主要因子是地下水埋深,当地下水埋深小于5m时,柽柳处于良好生长状态;当地下水埋深大于6m后,柽柳的生长受到抑制,开始朝衰败方向发展。浅层土壤含水对于植物吸收利用水分而言意义不大,同时由于优势种柽柳具有独特的抗盐和适盐机制,该区的盐分对柽柳的生长也不构成威胁。本文旨在通过分析塔里木河下游灌木生物量变化特征及其影响因子,为干旱、半干旱地区植被的恢复和保护提供了理论依据。 相似文献
9.
菌子山喀斯特森林区位于云南东部师宗县, 在植被区划上属滇中、滇东高原半湿润常绿阔叶林与云南松( Pinus yunnanensis)林区。该片森林以次生林为主, 是这一植被区东部边缘残留森林的典型代表。为揭示菌子山喀斯特森林类型组成及其群落特征, 该研究对该森林区开展了系统的样方调查, 记录了群落的物种组成、数量特征、生境信息等。通过对29个样方的调查数据的分析, 基于群落学-生态学分类原则和最新的中国植被分类系统修订方案, 该喀斯特森林可划分为4个植被型, 16个群系和27个群丛。该研究对每个群丛的特征进行了描述, 提供了所有样方的原始数据。 相似文献
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基于广西环江木论国家级自然保护区喀斯特典型峰丛洼地常绿落叶阔叶混交林2 hm2动态监测样地,选择4个多样性和5个群落结构属性变量,运用地统计学和分形几何学理论方法,分析植被的空间异质性、分形特征和分布格局,以探讨其维持机制。结果表明:(1)样地树木种类和除平均高度外的4个结构属性变量均值适中,变异系数较高(48.37%~71.01%),植物多样性丰富且稳定性强,Shannon指数、Simpson指数和均匀度指数变异系数仅在5.49%~22.64%之间。(2)除均匀度的Moran’s I系数接近0且无规律外,其他8个属性变量均有不同程度的空间自相关性,分别用球状、指数和高斯模型拟合的决定系数(R2)高达0.900~0.982,C/(C0+C)值和分维数D值分别在0.582~0.827和1.738~1.871之间,具有中等以上的空间依赖性。(3)密度、平均冠幅和高度的自相关范围和变程小于其他指标,其分布和形成过程决定了整个森林植被的空间格局。(4)森林植被的Kriging等值线图充分表征了人为干扰、地形、土壤质量的综合差异。(5)自相关、半方差模型的变程和Kriging等值线图综合分析表明,喀斯特峰丛洼地常绿落叶阔叶混交林空间异质性研究的采样间隔10 m左右较适宜,但采样范围应大于10hm2,这对确定该区域动态监测样地的面积具有一定的指导意义。 相似文献
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The spatial intraspecific and interspecific distribution of Tephrocactus aoracanthus (Lem.) Lem. was studied using univariate and bivariate point pattern analysis, at landscape scale in four different physiographic units and at microscale in terms of the shrubs found in those units. The influence of shrubs on photosynthetically active radiation and on soil temperature under their canopies was analysed. Results show a high environmental variability in light and temperature under shrubs that generally has no influence on the distribution of T. aoracanthus. Apparently, this cactus has great ability to adapt to different conditions of both photosynthetically active radiation and temperature. However, intraspecific distribution was highly clustered in all physiographic units, independently of bushes. Possibly, the mode of seed dispersal and the rooting of cladodes at small scale are the main processes that determine the strong intraspecific clustering of T. aoracanthus. 相似文献
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在木论国家级自然保护区内喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林内建立500 m×500 m长期监测样地,采用经典统计学和地统计学方法研究喀斯特森林土壤磷钾养分含量及其空间变异特征。结果表明:研究区土壤全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)、速效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)含量分别为(1.60±0.76)g/kg、(5.42±2.74)g/kg、(5.74±3.63)mg/kg、(5.20±2.96)mg/kg;磷钾养分含量均为中等变异,变异强度为APAKTKTP。研究区土壤TP、TK、AP、AK变异函数值的最佳拟合模型均为指数模型,决定系数均很高(0.671-0.995),TP、AP呈中等强度空间自相关,TK、AK呈弱空间自相关。TP、AP的变程较长,分别为336.00 m和373.50 m,空间连续性较好,TK、AK变程较短(33.30 m、64.50 m),空间依赖性较强。土壤TP表现为坡下(含洼地)含量高,坡上含量较低;AK表现为坡中含量高于洼地含量;AP、TK呈斑块破碎化分布。海拔、坡度和地面凹凸度是土壤磷钾养分空间异质性的主要影响因素。喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林土壤磷钾养分存在不同空间异质性和空间关联性,这为小流域尺度上土壤养分管理、可持续利用策略、喀斯特退化生态系统生态恢复提供理论依据。 相似文献
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基于24 hm 2古田山中亚热带常绿阔叶林长期监测样地调查资料, 采用Ripley的 K函数点格局分析等方法, 具体分析了古田山常绿阔叶林优势树种甜槠( Castanopsis eyrei)与木荷( Schima superba)不同年龄阶段的空间分布格局以及它们之间的空间关联性。结果表明: 两种优势物种在总体上及不同年龄阶段主要呈聚集分布, 且随年龄阶段的增加, 聚集程度有降低的趋势。两物种在大尺度直观上有明显的生境偏好。两种优势物种的幼树、小树与大树和老树主要呈空间负相关或无空间关联性, 与中树呈空间正相关。甜槠中树与大树、大树与老树主要呈空间正相关, 而甜槠的中树与老树呈空间负相关。木荷中树与大树和老树、大树与老树均呈现空间负相关或无关联。我们发现古田山优势物种通过密度制约和Janzen-Connell效应释放空间, 为其他物种共存提供了条件, 密度制约和Janzen-Connell效应可能是古田山样地甜槠和木荷空间格局形成的重要原因。 相似文献
15.
在石羊河上游高寒退化草地,应用点格局分析方法,按狼毒个体分枝数设置Ⅰ级株丛(1—10枝)、Ⅱ级株丛(11—20枝)、Ⅲ级株丛(21—30枝)、Ⅳ级株丛(30以上)4个株级,研究了不同海拔高度各株级狼毒的空间分布格局及关联性,并统计了狼毒种群的大小组成。结果表明:随海拔升高Ⅰ、Ⅱ级狼毒株丛个体数减少,Ⅲ、Ⅳ级狼毒株丛个体数增多;Ⅲ、Ⅳ级狼毒株丛在各海拔梯度上主要以随机分布为主,Ⅰ、Ⅱ级狼毒株丛在低海拔地区小尺度上表现为聚集分布,随海拔升高聚集强度增强,聚集尺度减小,在较大尺度上表现为随机分布;Ⅰ级狼毒株丛与Ⅲ、Ⅳ级狼毒株丛、Ⅱ级狼毒株丛与Ⅳ级狼毒株丛小尺度上表现为正关联关系,随海拔升高正关联关系发生的尺度减小。狼毒种群对环境变化具有明显的响应机制,可通过相互之间的庇护作用、减少繁殖、减弱种内竞争以及提高聚集强度实现生存繁殖。 相似文献
16.
研究青海云杉( Picea crassifolia)种群不同发育阶段的空间分布格局及其关联性, 能揭示其种群的发展规律, 推断其潜在的生态学过程或影响机制, 进而为该种群的配置、种植和森林的经营与管理等提供指导。该研究基于祁连山大野口流域10.2 hm 2青海云杉动态监测样地调查资料, 分析了青海云杉群落的物种组成和径级结构, 并采用点格局方法, 通过单变量成对相关函数和双变量成对相关函数对不同年龄阶段青海云杉种群的空间分布格局及其空间关联性进行分析。结果表明: (1)青海云杉种群的径级结构呈倒“J”型分布, 属增长型种群, 种群自然更新状况良好。(2)青海云杉种群4个径级的个体在小尺度上呈聚集分布, 但随着空间尺度的增大, 聚集强度逐渐减弱, 趋向随机分布; 较小径级的个体常呈聚集分布, 而随着径级增大, 也趋向于随机分布。(3)青海云杉大树个体在小尺度(<4 m)范围内与其他径级个体都呈负关联, 随着尺度的增加, 大树与幼树表现出正关联且关联性随尺度的增加而减弱, 而与小树、中树则表现为无关联或者微弱的负关联; 径级相近的个体空间关联性为正关联或无关联, 随着个体径级间差距增大, 空间关联性转变为无关联或负关联。研究表明, 祁连山大野口流域青海云杉种群的分布格局及其关联性随空间尺度和发育阶段而变化, 这是由种群自身的生物生态学特性、种内种间关系以及环境条件共同作用的结果。 相似文献
17.
为探究锐齿槲栎种群的空间分布特征及关联性,本研究以秦岭皇冠暖温性落叶阔叶林25 hm 2森林样地内优势树种锐齿槲栎为对象,采用成对相关函数 g( r)对其空间格局及其种内关联性进行了研究。结果表明: 锐齿槲栎径级结构呈“双峰”型,幼树(1 cm≤胸径DBH<5 cm)个体数较多,种群呈增长型结构,更新良好;中树(15 cm≤DBH<25 cm)比大树(25 cm≤DBH<35 cm)、老树(DBH≥35 cm)的个体数略多,但远少于幼树和小树(5 cm≤DBH<15 cm)。锐齿槲栎空间分布具有明显的海拔依赖性,主要分布在中高海拔地区。完全空间随机零模型分析表明,各径级个体在<60 m的大尺度范围聚集分布。使用异质泊松模型剔除生境异质性分析表明,各径级的个体转变为大尺度的随机分布,表明树种的分布明显受到生境变化的影响。在<40 m的小尺度范围内,径级差距小的个体间的空间关联性为正关联,径级差距大的个体间的空间关联性转变为负关联和无关联;在>40 m的大尺度范围内,大径级个体间的空间关联性为正关联,而幼树和其他径级个体间的空间关联性为负关联或无关联。锐齿槲栎自身生物学特性和环境异质性是种群空间格局形成的重要原因。 相似文献
18.
We analysed the main plant strategies to conserve nitrogen in the Patagonian Monte. We hypothesized that the two main plant functional groups (xerophytic evergreen shrubs and mesophytic perennial grasses) display different mechanisms of nitrogen conservation related to their structural and functional characteristics. Evergreen shrubs are deep-rooted species, which develop vegetative and reproductive growth from spring to late summer coupled with high temperatures, independently from water inputs. In contrast, perennial grasses are shallow-rooted species with high leaf turnover, which display vegetative growth from autumn to spring and reproductive activity from mid-spring to early-summer, coupled with precipitation inputs. We selected three evergreen shrubs ( Larrea divaricata Cav., Atriplex lampa Gill. ex Moq. and Junellia seriphioides (Gilles and Hook.) Moldenke) and three perennial grasses ( Stipa tenuis Phil., S. speciosa Trin. and Rupr. and Poa ligularis Nees ex Steud.), characteristic of undisturbed and disturbed areas of the Patagonian Monte. N concentration in expanded green and senesced leaves was estimated in December 1997 (late spring) and June 1998 (late autumn). Deep-rooted evergreen shrubs displayed small differences in N concentration between green and senesced leaves (low N-resorption efficiency), having high N concentration in senesced leaves (low N-resorption proficiency). Shallow-rooted perennial grasses, conversely, showed high N-resorption efficiency and high N-resorption proficiency (large differences in N concentration between green and senesced leaves and very low N concentration in senesced leaves, respectively). The lack of a strong mechanism of N resorption in evergreen shrubs apparently does not agree with their ability to colonize N-poor soils. These results, however, may be explained by lower N requirements in evergreen shrubs resulting from lower growth rates, lower N concentrations in green leaves, and lower leaf turnover as compared with perennial grasses. Long-lasting N-poor green tissues may, therefore, be considered an efficient mechanism to conserve N in evergreen shrubs in contrast with the mechanism of strong N resorption from transient N-rich tissues displayed by perennial grasses. Evergreen shrubs with low N-resorption efficiency provide a more N-rich substrate, with probably higher capability of N mineralization than that of perennial grasses, which may eventually enhance N fertility and N availability in N-poor soils. 相似文献
19.
在辽东山区次生林建立4 hm^2样地(200 m×200 m),研究0~50 m尺度范围内乔木幼苗分布格局及种间空间关联性.结果表明:在完全随机零模型下,0~20 m尺度上,95%的树种呈现聚集分布格局;0~16 m尺度上,19个树种呈现聚集分布;随着尺度的增加,聚集分布树种的比例逐渐减少,50 m尺度上,随机分布成为树种分布的主要形式;在异质性泊松过程零模型下,0~24 m尺度上,5%的树种呈现聚集分布,26~50 m尺度上,42%和58%的树种呈现随机和均匀分布.在完全随机零模型下,正相关树种对比例最高,且在50 m尺度下呈现正相关、负相关、无相关3种相关性的树种对比例相同;在异质性泊松过程零模型下,树种对主要呈现负相关,且随尺度增大,负相关的树种对比例逐渐升高.种子扩散限制和生境异质性在某种程度上解释了乔木幼苗的聚集分布格局,乔木幼苗强烈的聚集分布又促使种间空间关联性密切,更新群落稳定性较差. 相似文献
20.
Background: The occurrence of shrub patches, alternating with either bare soil or low herbaceous cover, is a common feature in arid and semi-arid shrublands throughout the world. This patchy pattern of vegetation may result from water limitation, modulated by plant interactions; grazing (offtake and tramping) by livestock may cause further patchiness vegetation structure. Aims: We hypothesised that vegetation patchiness in the semi-arid shrublands of north-eastern Patagonia would be increased by livestock grazing, but not by positive interactions between adult plants of shrubs and grasses. Methods: We compared vegetation cover and pattern at three grazing intensities (exclosure, light and heavy grazing) and measured the growth of a representative shrub and grass in the presence and absence of the other to quantify the role of plant-to-plant interactions and its interaction with grazing for vegetation structure. Results: In the grazing exclosure and in moderately grazed areas, vegetation cover among shrub patches was larger, whereas the top cover of shrubs was lower than in the heavily grazed areas. We did not find any evidence of positive interactions between shrub and grass life forms. Conclusions: Our results were consistent with the hypothesis that livestock grazing increased the formation of patchy vegetation cover in arid and semi-arid shrublands. 相似文献
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