菹草对湖泊沉积物磷状态的影响

武昌野芷湖湾菹草(PotamogetoncrispusL.)生物量较高位置的沉积物显示明显较高的磷吸附指数,以及据Langmuir方程:C/X=C/Xm+K×1/Xm导出的最大吸附量与吸附强度,这一结果在不同时期与不同采样深度均有体现,故提高沉积物磷的吸附能力应为菹草维持水体较低营养水平的重要机制。铁结合态磷是沉积物磷的主要存在形式,吸附能力的提高可由有机质及其与铁的相互作用部分地得到解释。不同时期菹草生物量较高的沉积物表现明显较低的碱性磷酸酶活性与最大反应速度,降低沉积物有机磷的酶促分解速率应为菹草维持水体低营养水平的另一机制。     

菹草（Potamogeton crispus）对水中氮、磷的吸收及若干影响因素

菹草（Ｐｏｔａｍｏｇｅｔｏｎ ｃｒｉｓｐｕｓ）对水中氮,磷的吸收与ＰＨ,光照,水温,根／茎生物量比及底泥间隙水与上覆水中营养盐浓度比有关。在ＰＨ为８．０－９．５,水温为１９－２８℃的实验条件下,水中ＮＨ４－Ｎ浓度低于０．３５ｍｇ．１＾－１左右时,菹草茎,叶优先吸收ＮＯ３－Ｎ;水中ＮＨ４－Ｎ浓度大于０．３５ｍｇ．１＾－１左右时,菹草测优先吸收ＮＨ４－Ｎ这一选择吸收与ＮＨ４－Ｎ／ＮＯ３－Ｎ比值无关,强     

不同水质条件下菹草的净化作用及其生理反应初步研究

沉水植物在其主要的生活周期中植株沉水生活 ,生理上极端依赖于水环境 ,因而对水质的变化十分敏感[1,2 ] 。同时 ,作为水生态系统中的初级生产者之一 ,沉水植物能调节水生态系统的物质循环速度 ,增加水体生物多样性 ,控制藻类 ,增强水体稳定性 ,从而有效提高水质 [3 ]。菹草 ( Potamageton crispus)是眼子菜科的多年生沉水草本植物 ,秋季发芽 ,越冬生长 ,是特殊的冬春季生活型植物 ,夏季多数植株衰败死亡 ,生殖芽落入水底进入夏季休眠期[4] ,对水域的富营养化有较强的适应能力。COD(化学需氧量 ,即耗氧量 )值是检测水质的重要指标 ,反映了…     

黄河三角洲菹草生长模型及其对水质的影响

通过连续对菹草生长过程的观测 ,用指数方程拟合了菹草从 10月中旬至第 2年 5月底的整个生长过程 (p<0 .0 0 2 ) ,设K=2 .5 kg/ m2时 ,用 L ogistic方程拟合了从 3月到 5月底的生长过程 (p<0 .0 0 0 )。通过 7月底至 8月初、10月、翌年 3月和 5月份对一个菹草型水库和无或有不同规模水草的 5座水库水生生物的周年调查发现 :(1)菹草型水库 TP最高峰的月份比其它水库的推迟 ,其它水库 10月份 TP最高 ,而菹草型水库 3月份最高 ;(2 )菹草型水库浮游植物最高峰的月份比无水草水库的推迟 ,无水草水库出现在夏季 (7～ 8月份 ) ,草型水库的出现在秋季 (10月份 ) ;(3)菹草型水库 3月份浮游植物生物量明显高于其它水库的 ,其硅藻占据更高的优势度 ;(4 )菹草型水库和其它水库之间的总磷和浮游植物数量的年平均值无明显差别 ;(5 )不同水库藻类数量年平均值与 TP年平均值相关极显著 (p<0 .0 0 5 ) ,而 TP又与氯化物 (Cl)相关极显著 (p<0 .0 0 5 ) ;(6 )水草的存在使p H略有提高 ,并使其在不同时间的波动幅度减小     

菹草(Potamogeton crispus)的花粉形态与其生态因子

应用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜对安徽大学校内水池中眼子菜科植物菹草的花粉形态进行了观察和研究.结果表明花粉粒球形至近球形,花粉大小为21.0-29.0 μm,平均为24.5 μm.无萌发孔.光学显微镜下,花粉外壁纹饰为网状,外壁厚约4.1μm,两层明显,外层较内层厚.在扫描电镜下花粉表面具粗网状纹饰,网脊窄.在透射电镜下,花粉外壁为三层组成,即覆盖层、柱状层和基层.外壁内层不明显.覆盖层不连续,为半覆盖层;柱状层小柱发达;基层较厚.同时研究了菹草花粉的地理分布及其与生态因子的关系.根据菹草植物赖以生存的生态因子,得出菹草花粉分布区的主要生态因子,包括地理位置、海拔高度、年降水量、年积温及生境,为利用地层中眼子菜科化石花粉重建古气候、古环境及气候变迁提供了现代孢粉学资料和依据.     

高山嵩草种群在放牧干扰下遗传多样性的变化

利用SRAP (Sequence-related amplified polymorphism)分子标记, 对放牧干扰下的高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)种群进行了遗传多样性研究, 获得了下述结果: 1) 20对SRAP引物组合共检测出448条清晰条带, 其中376条条带具有多态性, 多态位点百分率为83.93%, 随着放牧强度的增加, 高山嵩草种群多态位点百分数、Nei’s遗传多样性指数、Shannon信息指数均下降。2)高山嵩草种群具有较高的遗传多样性和较低的遗传分化(总的遗传多样性H_t为0.276 6, 种群内遗传多样性H_s为0.243 6, 遗传分化系数G_st为0.119 4, 基于G_st估计的基因流N_m^*为1.843 4), 但随着放牧强度的增加, G_st增加, N_m^*降低, 说明放牧限制了种群间的基因交流, 使种群发生遗传分化。3)不同放牧梯度的高山嵩草种群间的遗传距离很小, 但是随着放牧强度的增加, 种群间的遗传距离逐渐增加, 遗传一致度降低。根据遗传距离所构建的UPGMA聚类图中高山嵩草4个种群随着牧压的增加, 逐级聚在一起。     

Cd、Cr(VI)单一及复合污染对菹草叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶系统的影响

主要研究了 Cd、Cr( VI)单一及复合污染对菹草叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶系统的影响 ,研究结果表明 :随 Cd、Cr( VI)胁迫浓度的增加 ,菹草总叶绿素含量下降 ,单一 Cd处理 SOD活性下降 ,POD和 CAT活性表现出先升后降的趋势 ,Cd、Cr( VI)复合污染的效应明显大于单一污染的效应。     

西湖引水工程絮凝剂余铝对菹草生长及水质的影响

为分析杭州西湖引水工程絮凝剂残余铝盐对水质和沉水植物的影响,研究采用室外模拟试验,考察了连续投加不同浓度梯度的明矾(KAlSO412H2O)絮凝剂对菹草(Potamogeton crispus)的生理影响和对水质的影响。试验设置了4个处理: 对照组、低剂量组(35050) g/L、中剂量组(65070) g/L、高剂量组(1100150) g/L。结果表明: (1)低、中剂量投加对水中铝盐含量无显著影响,高剂量投加导致水中铝盐含量显著上升; (2)水中铝盐含量呈先升高后降低的趋势,pH随铝盐含量升高而降低,总磷(TP)随之有所下降,各处理组水中总氮(TN)、浮游植物密度、浊度均明显下降; (3)3个剂量组菹草各生化指标较对照组几乎无显著变化,试验浓度的铝盐投加对菹草的生长没有造成明显损害,在菹草耐受范围内,建议在西湖引水工程入水口附近[水中铝盐含量约(25050) g/L]可选用菹草进行植被恢复。     

Zn诱导的菹草叶抗氧化酶活性的变化和超微结构损伤

本文以培养在不同浓度梯度Zn 溶液中的菹草为材料, 研究Zn 对植物的影响。培养第5天, 测定叶内抗氧化酶系统活性等指标的变化, 并用透射电镜观察对细胞超微结构的损伤。结果表明:低浓度(<20mg/L)在短期内(5d)未对菹草产生影响, 各生理指标呈上升趋势。当培养浓度为50mg/L 时SOD 和CAT 活性达到峰值, 而其他指标则下降:其中POD 活性和叶绿素含量高于对照, 而可溶性蛋白含量则比对照低。100mg/L 培养浓度各指标均明显降低。同时电镜观察发现过量Zn 损伤了细胞的超微结构。当培养浓度大于50mg/L 时, 叶绿体被膜断裂, 叶绿体解体。线粒体脊突膨大, 线粒体空泡化。细胞核核膜断裂, 核仁散开。这说明过量Zn 削弱了细胞抗氧化酶的活性, 同时对细胞超微结构产生致死性损伤, 从而导致细胞死亡。     

伊乐藻、苦草和菹草对磷急性胁迫的响应

水生植被,特别是沉水植被的衰退和消失是水体富营养化过程中的普遍现象[1,2],其原因是多方面的,但较高的水柱氮、磷浓度显然是重要原因之一.     

An in vitro propagation protocol of two submerged macrophytes for lake revegetation in east China

Thirty-six programs have been set up to revegetate the degraded lake wetlands in east China since 2002. Most projects however faced deficiency of submerged macrophyte propagules. To solve the problem, alternative seedling sources must be found besides traditional field collection. This paper deals with an in vitro propagation protocol for two popularly used submerged macrophytes, Myriophyllum spicatum L. and Potamogeton crispus L. Full strength Murashige and Skoog-based liquid media (MS) plus 3% sucrose in addition to 0–2.0 mg l⁻¹ 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and 0–1.0 mg l⁻¹ indoleacetic acid (IAA) were tried for shoot regeneration. Meanwhile, full, half or quarter strength MS in addition to 0, 0.1 or 0.2 mg l⁻¹ naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) were tested for root induction, respectively. Results indicated that both species had the ability of regeneration from stem fragments in MS without further regulators. However, the addition of 2.0 mg l⁻¹ BA with 0.2 or 1.0 mg l⁻¹ IAA in MS drastically stimulated the regeneration efficiency of M. spicatum, while the addition of 2.0 mg l⁻¹ BA with 0.2 or 0.5 mg l⁻¹ IAA in MS significantly stimulated that of P. crispus. For root induction, full strength MS in combination with 0.1or 0.2 mg l⁻¹ NAA was preferred by M. spicatum, and the same MS without or with 0.1 mg l⁻¹ NAA was preferred by P. crispus. Seedlings of each species produced from tissue culture room had a 100% survival rate on clay, sandy loam or their mixture (1:1) in an artificial pond, and phenotypic plasticity was exhibited when the nutrient levels varied among the three types of sediments. This acclimation of seedlings helped develop the shoot and root systems, which ensured seedling quality and facilitated the transplantation. Our study has established an effective protocol to produce high quality seedlings for lake revegetation programs at a larger scale. Since the two species we tested represent different regeneration performances in nature but shared similar in vitro propagation conditions, this study has indicated a potentially wide use of the common media for preparing seedlings of other submerged macrophytes.     

菹草附着物对营养盐浓度的响应及其与菹草衰亡的关系

在菹草衰亡阶段对5个静水水体中菹草叶片表面附着物进行野外调查,并将其与水体营养盐浓度、沉水植物衰亡程度进行相关性分析。附着物共调查Chl.a含量、干重、有机质含量和藻类数量4个指标,沉水植物衰亡程度用单位面积叶片Chl.a含量表示,水体营养盐含量测量了TP、TN和N/P 3个指标。结果显示：附着物生物量与水体营养盐状况存在一定的正相关;各个点的附着物生物量与菹草衰亡状况存在一定相关性但相关性趋势与水体污染程度有关。在污染程度较高的水体中附着物生物量与菹草衰亡程度呈正相关,在污染程度较低的水体中附着物生物量与菹草衰亡程度呈负相关。结论为富营养化湖泊中营养盐含量的增加会导致附着物生物量的增加,但附着物只在污染程度较高的水体中促进植物衰亡。     

菹草茎叶微界面O2时空动态

采用高分辨率光纤氧微电极测定了富营养化水体中沉水植物菹草(Potamogeton crispus)茎叶微界面(0—2.0 mm)氧(O_2)。菹草叶微界面O_2浓度梯度具明显的时空变化。时间上,菹草叶微界面O_2浓度具有明显的生长阶段变化和昼夜变化。幼苗期和快速生长期微界面O_2浓度增加幅度较小,稳定期叶表O_2浓度梯度增加幅度最大,衰亡期叶微界面O_2浓度受附着物影响具明显的空间梯度。菹草叶微界面O_2表现为昼高夜低的单峰变化模式,主要受光照和温度的影响。空间上,越接近茎叶表面,O_2浓度越高。顶部幼叶微界面O_2浓度梯度增加较平缓,中部成熟叶微界面O_2浓度梯度变化最陡,波动幅度最大,中部茎和基部衰老叶微界面O_2浓度梯度由于受密集附着物的影响,在附着物表面达到最大值,进入附着层后略有下降。结果表明,菹草茎叶微界面O_2时空变化主要受附着物和植物光合放氧能力的影响。光纤微电极是一种分析植物叶微界面氧时空分布的理想工具,对深入研究植物微界面在富营养化水体中养分的迁移转化具有重要意义,可为水生植物生理生态研究提供有力工具。     

ent-Labdane glycosides from the aquatic plant Potamogeton lucens and analytical evaluation of the lipophilic extract constituents of various Potamogeton species

Two new ent-labdane glycosides, one known furano-ent-labdane and a new hydroxylated fatty acid were isolated from the dichloromethane extract of the freshwater aquatic plant Potamogeton lucens. The new compounds were assigned the structures of beta-d-glucopyranosyl-8(17),13-ent-labdadien-16,15-olid-18-oate, 18-beta-d-glucopyranosyloxy-8(17),13-ent-labdadien-16,15-olide and 13(R)-hydroxy-octadeca-(9Z,11E,15Z)-trien-oic acid by spectroscopic means. The algicidal activity of these compounds was tested against Raphidocelis subcapitata. Based on our previous study of Potamogeton pectinatus, other constituents were identified in P. lucens by LC-UV-MS, LC-NMR and GC-MS. The lipophilic extract profiles of both species are presented. Two other species, Potamogeton perfoliatus and P. crispus, were also investigated by analytical comparison of their non-polar extracts. The distribution of ent-labdanes characterized in Potamogeton is summarized.     

Identification of the polar constituents of Potamogeton species by HPLC-UV with post-column derivatization, HPLC-MSn and HPLC-NMR, and isolation of a new ent-labdane diglycoside

The polar extracts of Potamogeton pectinatus, P. lucens, P. perfoliatus and P. crispus (Potamogetonaceae) were analyzed by HPLC-UV-MS and their chromatographic profiles were very similar. The polar constituents of P. pectinatus were more exhaustively investigated by HPLC-UV with post-column derivatization, HPLC-MS(n) and HPLC-NMR, which allowed the on-line identification of various known flavones (dereplication). One of these compounds, luteolin 3'-O-glucoside, has never been characterized in the Potamogeton genus. The HPLC-UV-MS and HPLC-NMR analyses revealed also the presence of ent-labdane diterpene glycosides in the polar extracts of P. pectinatus and P. lucens and led to the isolation of a new ent-labdane diglycoside from P. pectinatus, beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-15,16-epoxy-12-oxo-8(17),13(16),14-ent-labdatrien-19-oate.     

Nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences data support the origin of Potamogeton intortusifolius J.B. He in China as a hybrid between P. perfoliatus Linn. and P. wrightii Morong

Internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and chloroplast rbcL gene sequence data were used to test the hypothesis that natural populations of Potamogeton intortusifolius J.B. He in China originated from hybridization between P. perfoliatus Linn. and P. wrightii Morong. Based on ITS sequences data, P. intortusifolius possessed heterozygous rDNA genotypes which confirmed the hybrid origin of P. intortusifolius. Chloroplast rbcL gene sequences of P. intortusifolius from Yichang population revealed the same chloroplast haplotype as P. perfoliatus and the samples of P. intortusifolius from Weinan population had the same chloroplast haplotype as P. wrightii, which indicated that both putative parental species had been the maternal parent and that the two populations of P. intortusifolius had independent origins. This study confirms P. intortusifolius as a reciprocal hybrid. Because P. × intortusifolius in China has the same hybrid origin as P. × anguillanus Koidz. in Japan, it is suggested that P. × intortusifolius should be a synonym of P. × anguillanus.     

环境变化对兴安落叶松氮磷化学计量特征的影响

兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)为我国北方人工林优势树种,采集地理和气候差异明显的6个种源种子,在分布区南界的均一立地条件下进行播种,形成了32a林分。采集新老枝、新老叶和不同径级的根样品,测定其氮(N)和磷(P)浓度,比较种源间差异以及其随月份的变化和各器官NP元素之间的相关性。结果表明:老枝叶(P0.05)、1—2 mm根(P0.01)和2—5 mm根(P0.05)N浓度在种源间差异显著,变化范围分别为21.1—24.2 mg/g、5.9—7.8 mg/g和4.7—6.5 mg/g。P浓度在老枝叶(P0.05)和新枝叶(P0.05)中都表现出种源间的差异显著,变化范围分别为4.5—5.8 mg/g和4.5—6.5 mg/g。根系和枝叶的N/P皆存在种源间显著性差异(P0.05)。叶片和根系的NP浓度的月份变化呈现先减小再增加的趋势,而新枝则呈现增加-减小-增加的不同趋势。新老枝、新老叶和根系的N和P浓度之间显著相关;新老枝、新老叶和根系之间的N浓度显著相关。不同种源兴安落叶松因对不同环境的长期适应而产生NP化学计量特征的遗传差异。     

Subtidal-intertidal trophic links: American lobsters [Homarus americanus (Milne-Edwards)] forage in the intertidal zone on nocturnal high tides

Homarus americanus (Milne-Edwards), the American lobster, is a predator in New England subtidal communities, feeding on ecologically important grazers (sea urchins), mesopredators (crabs), and basal species (mussels). In this study, we provide the first report of adult American lobsters foraging in rocky intertidal habitats during nocturnal high tides. Censuses by SCUBA divers in the low intertidal (Chondrus crispus Stackhouse) zone showed mean densities of 2.2 lobsters/20 m² on nocturnal high tides, with contrasting low densities of 0.18/20 m² during diurnal high tides. Nocturnal high-tide intertidal densities were 62% of those reported in a previous study of lobsters in nearby subtidal rocky areas (Novak, 2004). The average carapace length of lobsters in the intertidal at night was > 50 mm. These lobsters were actively foraging in the intertidal with collected individuals having a mean stomach fullness of 67%. Prey found in the stomach contents primarily consisted of crabs, mussels and snails. Field experiments showed that lobsters rarely fed on medium to large size individuals of the common intertidal snail, Littorina littorea (L.). In contrast, experiments with local crab species demonstrated that lobsters actively and readily prey on Cancer irroratus (Say) and Carcinus maenas (L.), but were significantly less likely to consume Cancer borealis (Stimpson). The abundance of Carcinus maenas and blue mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) in the intertidal zone may explain the upshore movement of lobsters. Since nocturnal migration of Homarus americanus into the intertidal zone has not been documented before, our understanding of the dynamics of New England intertidal communities needs to be expanded to include this predator.     

The effect of temperature, water level and burial depth on seed germination of Myriophyllum spicatum and Potamogeton malaianus

The effects of temperature, water level and burial depth on seed germination of two submerged species, Myriophyllum spicatum and Potamogeton malaianus, were investigated under controlled laboratory conditions. There was no significant difference in final germination of M. spicatum among water level treatments, but P. malaianus germinations at 1 cm and 12 cm water levels were better than at 0 cm water level at temperatures of 20 °C and 30 °C. Little to no germination was observed for either species at the temperature of 10 °C. At 15 °C, however, germination increased significantly to 66.3-70.6% for M. spicatum and to 29.4-48.1% for P. malaianus under all three water level treatments. Increased temperature from 15 °C to 30 °C had no significant effect on the final germination of M. spicatum except at the 1 cm water level, but enhanced significantly the germination of P. malaianus. Analysis of the mean time to germination revealed that M. spicatum was a faster germinator relative to P. malaianus. The two species’ germination differed markedly in response to burial depth. Germination percentage of M. spicatum was 71.3% at 0 cm burial depth, but decreased to 5.0% and to 2.5% at depths of 1 cm and 2 cm, respectively; whereas germination percentages of P. malaianus were 40.0%, 23.8%, 12.5%, 7.5% and 1.3% at depths of 0 cm, 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm and 5 cm, respectively. We concluded that the two species respond differently to germination strategies. The findings provided further insight into how germination strategy contributes to the seed bank formation and species invasion.