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1.
尼罗罗非鱼早期发育形态及其在珠江水系的空间分布 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
【背景】罗非鱼作为联合国粮农组织(FAO)向全世界推广养殖的优良品种之一,有多个品系,其养殖范围已遍布85个国家和地区。1956年我国从越南引进莫桑比克罗非鱼,经过养殖及推广,2006年我国罗非鱼产量达到100万t。但是,该外来物种在给我国带来良好经济价值的同时,对土著种类及水环境造成了极大的影响。【方法】对近几年珠江水系渔获物的调查数据进行整理,并观察尼罗罗非鱼早期发育形态,统计尼罗罗非鱼苗对其他鱼苗的最大捕食量及捕食规格,以分析罗非鱼生物学特性及其在珠江水系的入侵现状。【结果】尼罗罗非鱼早期发育快,卵黄营养非常丰富,比珠江水系土著种类更有竞争性;罗非鱼苗呈现很强的攻击性与捕食性;尼罗罗非鱼已经扩散到珠江水系各主要河流,并在部分江段形成优势种群。【结论与意义】尼罗罗非鱼种群快速扩张,对土著种已构成严重威胁,有必要将其列为珠江水系高危入侵种。 相似文献
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【背景】广东省是我国遭受外来生物入侵最严重的地区之一,许多外来水生动物在广东省的河流均有分布,但有关其具体分布和数量缺乏系统研究。【方法】通过野外调查的方式对广东省鉴江、韩江、潭江、西江、北江、东江等水系的外来水生动物的分布和数量进行了初步调查,并对调查到的外来水生动物的生态学特征和入侵机制进行了初步研究。【结果】共调查到13种外来水生动物,包括巴西龟、尼罗罗非鱼、莫桑比克罗非鱼、奥利亚罗非鱼、下口鲶、革胡子鲶、食蚊鱼、麦瑞加拉鲮、露斯塔野鲮、斑点叉尾鮰、大口黑鲈等11种脊椎动物和福寿螺、克氏原螯虾2种无脊椎动物;其中以福寿螺、巴西龟和3种罗非鱼的分布最为广泛。【结论与意义】几种外来水生生物主要通过水产养殖、观赏渔业和生物防治引种入侵;典型的\"R\"策略者、对环境具有较强耐受力的生物、杂食性鱼类更容易成功入侵。 相似文献
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高寒草甸矮蒿草种群繁殖对策的研究 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
繁殖对策是指生物对环境的生殖适应趋势 ,是资源或能量向生存、生长和生殖等活动中最适分配的结果 ,在不同的环境中具有其独特的表现形式。研究植物在不同环境中的繁殖对策可以反映出植物对环境的适应能力和在该生境中的生殖潜能。国内外学者对植物繁殖对策的研究已有不少报道[2 ,4 ,5,6] 。但对高寒草甸矮嵩草 (Kobresiahumilis)种群繁殖对策的研究报道甚少。矮嵩草是青藏高原矮嵩草草甸的建群种 ,它具有草质柔软、营养丰富、热值含量较高等特点 ,是青藏高原重要的可更新草地资源。本研究对矮嵩草的繁殖对策进行了较全面、… 相似文献
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1981-1985年,在海南岛南湾半岛开展了对野生猕猴种群繁殖的研究。猕猴的发情交配期为11月至次年3月,产仔期为4-8月,怀孕期约177天。3年中,有70%的性成熟母猴每年产1胎,其它的产2胎或1胎。在连续两年中产仔间隔294-441天,平均362±16天,自1978年以来,年均繁殖率为53.8-100%,平均77.8±13.85%。雄性成熟年龄为3-4岁;约38%的雌性在3.5岁时开始怀孕,4岁产仔。低等级的雌性生育较少,雄性猴离群,无任何雄性终身在群内称王,这些都可避免种群衰退,利于种群生长和发展的极好生物学对策。 相似文献
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Disturbance to the Oriental White Stork(Ciconia boyciana)Breeding in the Wintering Area 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
2004年和2005年两个繁殖季节,在安庆市望江县漳湖镇,采用全事件采样法和瞬间扫描采样法,对东方白鹳留居种群繁殖特征和繁殖生境内的干扰因素进行了初步研究。东方白鹳在高压电线塔上营巢繁殖,营巢地点距离最近的村庄仅500m远,取食地点主要是水稻田,影响繁殖活动的主要自然因素:强风和高温。巢区和取食生境内的人为干扰强度较大,主要有燃烧秸秆、在巢塔上安装鸟刺、农耕活动和飞机噪音等。农业活动等人为干扰,对东方白鹳的取食、取材等行为造成很大影响,导致产生警戒、逃逸等行为。东方白鹳留居繁殖种群繁殖干扰因素的识别对进一步开展保护工作具有积极意义。 相似文献
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桔小实蝇自然种群蛹和越冬成虫的耐寒性 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:6
本文通过过冷却点和低温耐寒能力的测定,研究了我国桔小实蝇Boctrocera dorsalis (Hendel)不同季节种群和地理种群蛹的耐寒性规律。结果表明:桔小实蝇自然种群蛹的低温存活力有明显的季节规律,冬前种群的耐寒性显著强于夏季种群。如在0℃低温下暴露2天,夏季种群基本全部死亡,而冬前种群存活率仍为61.4%。2005-2006年不同月份桔小实蝇1日龄蛹过冷却点差异明显,以2月份均值最高,为-9.26℃,8月份最低,为-15.20℃;且2月份桔小实蝇蛹个体过冷却点值出现明显的分化现象,分别在-15℃左右和-6℃左右出现两个明显的聚集区。所研究的5个桔小实蝇地理区域种群没有出现明显的耐寒性分化。结合本文结果,文中还就桔小实蝇自然种群耐寒性影响因素进行了讨论。 相似文献
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2004年和2005年两个繁殖季节,在安庆市望江县漳湖镇,采用全事件采样法和瞬间扫描采样法,对东方白鹳留居种群繁殖特征和繁殖生境内的干扰因素进行了初步研究。东方白鹳在高压电线塔上营巢繁殖,营巢地点距离最近的村庄仅500 m远,取食地点主要是水稻田,影响繁殖活动的主要自然因素:强风和高温。巢区和取食生境内的人为干扰强度较大,主要有燃烧秸秆、在巢塔上安装鸟刺、农耕活动和飞机噪音等。农业活动等人为干扰,对东方白鹳的取食、取材等行为造成很大影响,导致产生警戒、逃逸等行为。东方白鹳留居繁殖种群繁殖干扰因素的识别对进一步开展保护工作具有积极意义。 相似文献
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温室效应下的农林害虫 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文论述了温室效应与农林害虫的关系。温室效应对害虫有两方面的影响.一方面是直接影响,另一方面是通过作用于植物种群、天敌种群和人类的耕作来间接影响,其结果将造成昆虫群落演替、分布区改变,以及害虫世代、越冬、繁殖、发育等一系列变化。文中根据这一农林业生产上面临的新问题.对害虫综合控制策略进行了探讨。 相似文献
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紫蓬山区三种鹭种群繁殖成效的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
:作者1996年4~7月在紫蓬山区国家级森林公园,对白鹭、池鹭和夜鹭繁殖种群的数量和繁殖成效进行了研究。结果表明:三块样地中,夜鹭的种群平均密度最大,白鹭的种群平均密度最小;白鹭、池鹭和夜鹭的种群繁殖生产力分别为2374ind/hm2、1441ind/hm2和2012ind/hm2;繁殖成效分别为520%、551%和451%。繁殖成效与巢位高度有关,低位巢卵损失率高,高位巢雏丢失率高。 相似文献
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We study the role of interactions between habitats in rotifer dynamics. We use a simple discrete-time model to simulate the interactions between neighboring habitats with different intrinsic dynamics. Being uncoupled, one habitat shows periodical oscillations of the rotifer biomass while the other one demonstrates chaotic oscillations. As a result of the exchange of rotifer biomass, chaos replaces regular oscillations. As a result, the rotifer dynamics becomes chaotic in both habitats. We show that the invasion of chaos is followed by the synchronization of the chaotic regimes of both habitats, and this synchronization increases as coupling between the habitats is increased. We also demonstrate that the biological invasion of the rotifer species, which show chaotic dynamics, to a neighboring habitat with intrinsically regular plankton dynamics leads to the invasion of chaos and the synchronization of chaotic oscillations of the plankton biomass in both the habitats. 相似文献
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Conidia are believed to be the main source of primary inoculum for pear scab, caused by Venturia nashicola, in northern China. Experiments were conducted to investigate the development and potential role of V. nashicola ascospores in northern China. Leaves with pear scab lesions were collected from commercial orchards in November 2003 and 2004 to monitor pseudothecia formation under various environments. Pseudothecium production was shown to occur readily in northern China. The key requirement for pseudothecium production is the occurrence of rain during the winter and early spring, although the exact timing of these rain events appeared not to affect their development. Excess water may lead to the accelerated leaf decay and hence lead to production of fewer pseudothecia. More than 80% scabbed leaves, placed in a pear orchard, produced pseudothecia. Leaves with only non‐sporulating scab lesions in autumn were also able to produce a large number of pseudothecia. Both airborne ascospores and conidia of V. nashicola were caught in a pear orchard. Most ascospores were released by late‐May, a month after pear blossom. These results suggest that ascospores may play an important role in the early stage of pear scab epidemics in spring in northern China. 相似文献
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天敌瓢虫常在农业生产的生物防治中被广泛引进和使用。这种使用过程往往会导致天敌瓢虫在遗传水平的改变,并最终影响到其生物防治的使用效果和本地生态多样性。对天敌瓢虫种群遗传学的研究,有助于我们认识甚至预测这种遗传改变的规律和生态机制,从而为生物防治计划的优化提供理论基础。本文介绍了种群遗传学的研究方法,分析在生物防治中促进天敌瓢虫遗传改变的因素,以及几种常见的天敌瓢虫种群演变情况,并讨论种群遗传学在天敌瓢虫研究的未来方向。 相似文献
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1. Since its recent arrival in Britain, the planthopper Prokelisia marginata has spread widely around saltmarshes on the east and south coast of England and south Wales, feeding on Common Cordgrass, Spartina anglica, itself an invasive non-native species. 2. Results suggest that P. marginata populations in Britain benefit from a degree of natural enemy release. No evidence of parasitism was found in over 71 000 eggs, nymphs, and adults inspected. The only potential natural enemy control was suggested by a positive correlation between the densities of planthoppers and generalist spiders. 3. Experimental exposure under both glasshouse and field conditions to typical field densities of planthoppers resulted in significant negative effects on a number of host plant performance metrics. 4. Spartina anglica is important for stabilising estuarine sediments and has been deliberately planted for this purpose in the past. Its weakening as a result of heavy planthopper herbivory could have serious consequences for the long-term stability of Britain's vulnerable saltmarsh habitats. 相似文献
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Julien Foucaud Jérôme Orivel Anne Loiseau Jacques H. C. Delabie Hervé Jourdan Djoël Konghouleux Merav Vonshak Maurice Tindo Jean-Luc Mercier Dominique Fresneau Jean-Bruno Mikissa Terry McGlynn Alexander S. Mikheyev Jan Oettler Arnaud Estoup 《Evolutionary Applications》2010,3(4):363-374
Biological invasions are generally thought to occur after human aided migration to a new range. However, human activities prior to migration may also play a role. We studied here the evolutionary genetics of introduced populations of the invasive ant Wasmannia auropunctata at a worldwide scale. Using microsatellite markers, we reconstructed the main routes of introduction of the species. We found three main routes of introduction, each of them strongly associated to human history and trading routes. We also demonstrate the overwhelming occurrence of male and female clonality in introduced populations of W. auropunctata, and suggest that this particular reproduction system is under selection in human-modified habitats. Together with previous researches focused on native populations, our results suggest that invasive clonal populations may have evolved within human modified habitats in the native range, and spread further from there. The evolutionarily most parsimonious scenario for the emergence of invasive populations of the little fire ant might thus be a two-step process. The W. auropunctata case illustrates the central role of humans in biological change, not only due to changes in migration patterns, but also in selective pressures over species. 相似文献
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The ascidian Microcosmus squamiger is native to Australia and has recently spread worldwide. It has become a pest in some littoral communities within its introduced range. An enriched genomic library of M. squamiger resulted in a total of eight polymorphic loci that were genotyped in 20 individuals from a population within its introduced range, and 20 individuals more from a native population. The mean number of alleles per locus was 5.33 and mean observed heterozygosity was 0.432. No significant linkage disequilibrium was found among loci pairs. Significant genetic differentiation was observed between populations. 相似文献
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The 'invasiveness' of an alien species depends partly on its ability to become abundant and widespread in its new environment. While competitiveness may be an important component of this ability, so too is the abundance of resource or habitat. First, the local carrying capacity will depend on the local favourability of the habitat, hence the global density will depend on how widespread the habitat is. Second, and more subtly, the local density will also be affected by the global extent of favourable habitat, because of losses occasioned by dispersal when the population redistributes; these losses should be fewer the greater the contiguous area of favourable habitat or the more patches of such habitat across the landscape. Here we describe a model which demonstrates how habitat availability affects an invading speciesèquilibrium abundance, hence its invasiveness. The model shows that local density is likely to be an increasing function of global habitat abundance, and global density to be a non-linear, concave-up function of global habitat abundance. Examples are given to support the model's predictions, taken largely from alien species in New Zealand. 相似文献

