藏山羊与藏绵羊肺组织结构的对比研究

为了探讨藏山羊（Capra hircus）与藏绵羊（Ovis aries）在高原低氧环境中肺组织结构的差异,采用Gomori醛品红染色及H.E染色对藏山羊和藏绵羊肺组织进行对比研究。结果表明,藏山羊与藏绵羊肺被膜厚度无显著差异（P > 0.05）,但肺被膜中弹力纤维藏山羊显著多于藏绵羊（P < 0.05）。肺泡面积藏山羊与藏绵羊无显著差异（P > 0.05）,但肺泡隔宽度和肺泡隔中毛细血管的数量藏山羊显著高于藏绵羊（P < 0.05）。肺细支气管黏膜皱襞厚度藏山羊与藏绵羊无显著差异（P > 0.05）,但细支气管平滑肌厚度藏山羊显著高于藏绵羊,细支气管黏膜上皮1 mm2中杯状细胞数量藏山羊显著高于藏绵羊（P < 0.05）。外径小于100 μm的肺微动脉中,藏山羊血管平滑肌占外径百分比显著高于藏绵羊（P < 0.05）,而当外径大于100 μm时,两者间差异不显著（P > 0.05）。     

藏羚羊和藏系绵羊血液内分泌激素水平的比较研究

为了探讨藏羚羊适应高原环境的内分泌系统的功能特点,我们对藏羚羊(9只)和藏系绵羊(10只)进行了内分泌激素水平的比较。在海拔4300m地区捕获到动物后,随即运至海拔2800m实验基地,次日早晨抽取右侧颈静脉血,采用放射免疫法(radioimmunoassay,RIA)或酶联免疫吸附实验法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)测定下丘脑-腺垂体-外周腺轴20项内分泌激素水平,用导管插入术记录动物心率(heart rate,HR)、收缩压(systolic blood pressure,SBP)、舒张压(diastolic bloodpressure,DBP)和平均肺动脉压(mean pulmonary arterial pressure,mPAP)。使用血细胞分析仪测定血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)含量。结果显示,藏羚羊血液中FT3、FT4、AngⅡ水平显著低于藏系绵羊,而藏羚羊血液中TRH、CRH、F、GHRH、E2、Ald、ACTH、CGRP水平则显著高于藏系绵羊。相对于藏系绵羊,藏羚羊HR、mPAP、SBP、DBP和Hb含量明显较低。藏羚羊和藏系绵羊的H...     

藏绵羊DNA分子遗传标记的研究进展

分析讨论了藏绵羊DNA分子遗传标记在其遗传育种研究中的应用现状和存在的问题,展望了其今后的研究趋势和发展前景。     

高原型藏羊和小尾寒羊睾丸小叶及附睾微动脉的解剖学特征

分别从青海和甘肃采集高原型藏羊(Ovis aries)和小尾寒羊睾丸各20枚,用血管铸型技术和扫描电镜方法,研究两品种绵羊睾丸小叶及附睾微动脉的超微形态特征。结果显示,两品种绵羊的睾丸小叶及附睾微动脉走形呈一定程度的弯曲,其中睾丸小叶内离心动脉、离心小动脉及向心小动脉均呈\"树枝\"状分布。研究发现,与低海拔地区的小尾寒羊相比,高原型藏羊睾丸的绳结状动脉具有更密集的螺旋状排布,小动脉分支也较多,并且向心动脉、绳结状动脉、离心动脉、附睾头微动脉的管径也较粗。此外,高原型藏羊睾丸小叶和附睾头微动脉表面的\"梭形\"压痕较浅,而小尾寒羊的则较深;高原型藏羊睾丸小叶毛细血管前微动脉的表面缢痕较多且密集,而小尾寒羊的则相对少而稀疏。研究认为,高原型藏羊睾丸小叶及附睾微动脉的超微形态特征,有利于血管的收缩、睾丸供血及高原环境下精子的成熟,是睾丸对高原环境的适应性特征。     

藏羚羊与藏绵羊心肌、骨骼肌中肌红蛋白含量和乳酸脱氢酶活性的比较

为了探讨藏羚羊(Pantholops hodgsonii对低氧环境的适应机制.以生活在同海拔(4 300 m)的藏绵羊( Tibetan Sheep)为对照,用分光光度法测定2种动物心肌、骨骼肌中肌红蛋白(myoglobin,Mb)含量、乳酸( lactic acid,LD)含量及乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)活力.结果显示,藏羚羊心肌和骨骼肌中Mb含量明显高于藏绵羊(P＜0.05),但心肌和骨骼肌的Mb含量无差别(P＞0.05),而藏绵羊心肌Mb含量明显高于骨骼肌(P＜0.05);藏羚羊心肌和骨骼肌中LD含量及LDH活力明显低于藏绵羊(P＜0.05),且2种动物心肌中的LDH活力均明显低于其骨骼肌(P＜0.01).结果表明,藏羚羊尽管生活在高寒缺氧地区,其心肌和骨骼肌细胞仍然能得到丰富的氧供应,并非处于缺氧状态,这可能是通过增加心肌和骨骼肌中Mb的含量,提高其在低氧环境获取和储存氧的能力,从而提高有氧获能水平.与之相反,藏绵羊尽管也生活在高寒缺氧地区,但其心肌和骨骼肌中Mb含量相对于藏羚羊较低,且LD含量和LDH活力较高,说明其心肌和骨骼肌细胞内氧供不如藏羚羊丰富,提示藏绵羊可能主要以糖酵解获能.我们推测这种差异可能与两种动物不同的运动习性密切相关,且认为藏羚羊较高的Mb含量可能是其适应高原缺氧条件的分子基础之一.     

不同海拔藏绵羊(Ovis aries)睾丸组织新转录本注释及功能解析

藏绵羊(Ovis aries)是目前生活在高原环境中群体数量最大的绵羊品种,在转录水平层面上探究藏绵羊睾丸组织对不同海拔低氧环境适应的遗传机理,完善和优化绵羊基因组注释信息,可为探索其他动物低氧适应机制提供参考。研究选取高海拔藏绵羊和低海拔藏绵羊的睾丸组织为研究对象,提取RNA,构建cDNA文库,进行RNA-seq测序,对测序数据进行组装,并与绵羊参考基因组进行比对分析,优化已注释基因的结构,挖掘新转录本进行功能富集分析。采用实时荧光定量PCR(real time fluorogenic quantitative PCR)对随机选择的10个具有显著差异表达的新转录本进行验证。在高海拔和低海拔藏绵羊的睾丸组织中共挖掘了54 755个新转录本,有2 408个差异新转录本,其中1 186个差异新转录本显著上调,而1 222个则显著下调。通过GO富集分析,结果显示差异表达的新转录本主要富集在398条通路中,且富集数量较多的条目是细胞过程、绑定和细胞内解剖结构等。KEGG功能富集分析发现,差异表达新转录本在FoxO信号通路和RAS信号通路显著富集。睾丸组织新转录本可能通过调控生殖细胞的增殖、分化和凋亡,维持活性氧稳态,调节睾丸内部血管血液循环,进而调控藏绵羊睾丸对高海拔低氧环境的适应性。     

草地藏系绵羊IGF-I基因的克隆及序列分析

采用Trizol法从草地藏系绵羊肝脏中提取总RNA,用反转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)进行cDNA扩增并克隆测序,获得长度为589bp的胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-I)cDNA序列,共编码70个氨基酸的成熟肽。分析显示,草地藏系绵羊与其他绵羊IGF-I的cDNA编码区序列存在1个碱基差异,同源性达99.78%。     

草地藏系绵羊IGF-Ⅰ基因的克隆及序列分析

采用Trizol法从草地藏系绵羊肝脏中提取总RNA,用反转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)进行cDNA扩增并克隆测序,获得长度为589 bp的胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-Ⅰ)cDNA序列,共编码70个氨基酸的成熟肽.分析显示,草地藏系绵羊与其他绵羊IGF-Ⅰ的cDNA编码区序列存在1个碱基差异,同源性达99.78%.     

藏绵羊12个SSR位点的遗传多样性分析

本研究旨在以分子生物学技术研究青海省高原型藏绵羊的遗传变异情况。实验采集了高原型藏绵羊4个地理群体共计380份样本,使用微卫星多态性评估高原型藏绵羊不同地理群体的遗传多样性。数据分析结果表明:(1)各微卫星座位具有较高的平均等位基因数,其中,TJJ群体(天峻九社群体)的平均等位基因数为11个,TJS群体(天峻十一社群体)为11个,ZD (治多群体)群体为10个,MQ群体(玛沁群体)的平均等位基因数为7个。(2)高原型藏绵羊4个群体MQ、ZD、TJJ、TJS的期望杂合度(HE),观测杂合度(Ho)以及多态信息含量(PIC)的平均值分别为:0.64、0.68、0.69、0.71;0.66、0.61、0.65、0.67;0.60、0.66、0.66、0.68。表明青海省高原型藏绵羊的遗传多样性较高,本研究可为保护和利用青海省高原型藏绵羊提供理论依据。     

成年与幼年高原型藏绵羊性腺动脉血管构筑比较

本实验旨在制作成年和幼年高原型藏绵羊(Ovis aries)的性腺动脉构筑标本,并比较其解剖学特征。分别从10只成年羊(雌雄各半)及10只3月龄幼年羊(雌雄各半)采集睾丸及卵巢样本,用8%~10%ABS铸型剂通过睾丸动脉或卵巢动脉灌注,再用浓盐酸腐蚀,获得动脉血管立体构筑标本,通过标本观察、图片采集、数据测定后进行分析。结果显示,绵羊精索内睾丸螺旋动脉呈椎体分布,直段动脉从睾丸中部分支,迂曲动脉构筑呈网兜状;卵巢动脉的卵巢支呈紧密螺旋状线圈分布,卵巢门动脉亦呈高度盘曲折叠状,其末端形成卵泡和黄体微动脉。研究发现,成年高原型藏绵羊睾丸和卵巢动脉血管的基本分布与普通牛(Bos taurus)的类似,成年羊与3月龄幼年羊的睾丸和卵巢动脉在管径大小、盘曲程度、微动脉多寡等方面存在显著差异,特别是成年羊的睾丸向心小动脉、卵巢门螺旋动脉更发达。     

Using reproductive value to estimate key parameters in density-independent age-structured populations

The dynamics of reproductive value are used to provide a simple derivation of Tuljapurkar's approximation for the long-run growth rate and environmental variance of lnN, in a density-independent age-structured population in a random environment. With no environmental autocorrelation, the dynamics of total population size, N, generally shows time lags and autocorrelation caused by life history, which may strongly bias estimates of environmental variance obtained by ignoring age structure. In contrast, the total reproductive value, V, is Markovian and obeys a first-order autoregressive process. This suggests a simple method for estimating the environmental variance, and avoiding potentially large bias due to age-structure fluctuations, by converting a multivariate time series of age structure to a univariate time series of lnV. We illustrate the method by estimating the long-run growth rate and the environmental variance in an exponentially growing population of Bighorn Sheep.     

Reproductive performance of Farafra ewes in the subtropics

The present study was carried out to assess the reproductive performance of Farafra ewes—a breed with potential economic importance in the subtropics. A total of 262 ewes were categorized according to age, parity, and postpartum interval. Ewes were introduced for breeding in fall, winter and late spring seasons. Fertility, prolificacy, lamb birth weight, and ultrasonic fetal parameters were recorded. Results obtained showed that litter size was increased with age and parity. Lamb birth weight was affected by season. None of the parameters studied had a clear-cut effect on fertility. However, an interaction between season and parity was detected. Measurement of fetal size in the first half of gestation did not predict birth weight. The obtained data represents the first record of the reproductive performance of Farafra ewes in the subtropics, which could be used to anticipate their performance in different seasons.     

BMP-15基因外显子Ⅰ在三种绵羊中的多态性及与繁殖力相关性分析

为研究绵羊繁殖力与绵羊BMP-15 (bone morphogenetic protein 15)基因的多态位点关系,并寻找调控绵羊繁殖力的分子标记,以甘肃高山细毛羊、蒙古羊、小尾寒羊三种绵羊为研究对象,采用PCR-SSCP技术与DNA碱基测序相结合的方法,检测该基因第一外显子67、92两个位点在上述三个不同品种绵羊中是否存在FecX^H (Q23→Ter)和FecX^I (V31→D)突变,同时根据检测结果与其繁殖力做相关性分析。结果表明,在三种绵羊中既未检测出与Inverdale绵羊相同的FecX^I突变,也未检测出与Romney绵羊相同的FecX^H突变,因此推测BMP-15基因中影响Romney与Inverdale绵羊高繁殖力的突变位点对以上三种绵羊均无显著影响。     

植物非叶绿色器官光合贡献研究进展

植物光合作用是生物界赖以生存的基础.长期以来,叶片被认为是植物进行光合作用的重要器官.然而在逆境条件下,植物非叶绿色器官的光合贡献也具有巨大的潜力.近年来,为了探究植物增产的新途径,科研工作者纷纷把目光投向了植物非叶绿色器官.本文简述了植物非叶绿色器官中能够进行光合作用的器官类型、非叶绿色器官光合贡献率及其光合贡献率的...     

Effects of PMSG and ram contact on the reproductive performance of progestagen-treated ewes during breeding and anestrous seasons

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of combinations of PMSG treatment and ram contact on the reproductive performance of progestagen-treated ewes during three different times of the year, Febraury (early anestrus), July (late anestrus) and October (breeding season). A total of 109 multiparous Dorset ewes was used. Ewes were treated with intravaginal progestagen pessaries for 12 days, injected with 500 IU PMSG at pessary removal and either isolated from rams prior to mating (n = 12, February; n = 12, July; n = 8, October) or exposed to rams during pessary treatment (n = 17, February; n = 12, July; n = 8, October). A third treatment group (n = 18, February; n = 6, July; n = 8, October) received pessaries and ram exposure but no PMSG. An additional treatment of progestagen pessaries alone was included in October (n = 8). There were no differences among treatments in their ability to induce estrus at different times of the year, but incidence of estrus tended (P < 0.10) to be lower for PMSG treatment during the July breeding. During February, the use of pessaries with PMSG treatment increased (P < 0.05) conception and lambing rates, whereas ram contact was without any beneficial effects. The trend was reversed during July breeding, when ram contact increased (P < 0.05) fertility of progestagen-treated ewes compared with other treatment combinations. Pessaries alone were sufficient to attain acceptable levels of fertility and fecundity in October.     

Selection for reproductive rate in Rambouillet sheep: Estimated genetic change in reproductive rate

Rambouillet sheep were selected for high or low reproductive rate based on an index of reproductive rate, reproductive INDEX = dam's total lifetime lambs born/(age in years-1). Selected ewes were first born in 1969. A random bred control line was established from the remaining foundation ewes with the first ewes born in 1973. Genetic variances were estimated with REML procedures for reproductive index and number of lambs born or weaned either per ewe exposed for breeding or per ewe lambing. Heritability of reproductive index was 0.26. Heritability for number of lambs born were 0.11 and 0.12 and for number of lambs weaned were 0.04 and 0.04 per ewe exposed for breeding and per ewe lambing, respectively. Breeding values for the reproductive index were estimated using the full animal model (BLUP) with the complete numerator relationship matrix on reproductive index, with fixed effect of year of birth of ewe and breeding values for number of lambs born or weaned either per ewe exposed for breeding or per ewe lambing, estimated with the fixed effects of year of birth of ewe and age of ewe and the random effect of permanent environmental effect among repeated lambing records. Genetic change was estimated as the regression of breeding value for reproductive index and number of lambs born or weaned either per ewe exposed for breeding or per ewe lambing on year of birth of the ewe. High and low lines both responded to selection for reproductive index as compared to the control line (P<0.01). The high line increased at a rate of b = 0.0134 ± 0.0006 reproductive index units and the low line decreased at a rate of b = − 0.0098 ± 0.0005 reproductive index units per year. Response to selection for reproductive index resulted in b = − 0.0074 ± 0.0007 and b = 0.0163 ± 0.0006 lambs per ewe exposed for breeding, and b = − 0.0041 ± 0.0002 and b = 0.0075 ± 0.0002 lambs weaned per ewe exposed for breeding in the low and high lines, respectively. There was a greater response to selection in the high line compared to the low line. These results indicated that the reproductive index did respond to selection.     

Monoclonal antibodies against spermatozoa of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Summary Eleven monoclonal antibodies that recognize membrane determinants on spermatozoa of the carp Cyprinus carpio L. have been produced. Indirect immunofluorescence revealed that these determinants are uniformly distributed on the surface of head and midpiece. Most of them are also present on the outer membrane of precursor sperm cells. Although none of the monoclonal antibodies reacted with carp somatic tissue, five monoclonal antibodies were positive for surface membrane determinants of oogonia and early prophase oocytes in carp ovary. Preliminary analysis of the testis and ovary of three other species of fish showed that some carp determinants are shared with germ cells from Barbus conchonius, Clarias lazera, or Salmo gairdneri.Abbreviation WCS Wageningen Carp Sperm antibody