两种生态型芦苇叶绿体的光合电子传递和抗氧保护体系

分布于甘肃省河西走廓的两种不同生态型芦苇－水生芦苇（水芦,生长在深约１ｍ的水滩里）和沙丘芦苇（沙芦,生长在高约５ｍ的沙丘上）在其离体叶绿体的光化学活性上表现为前者高于后者。其中,沙芦全链电子传递速率及光系统Ⅱ（ＰＳⅡ）电子传递速率明显低于水芦,而光系统Ⅰ（ＰＳⅠ）电子传递速率却与水芦接近。沙芦叶片和叶绿体中抗氧化酶活性及叶片抗坏血酸含量均高于水芦。综合结果表明,喜水植物芦苇登陆后,在自然选择压力下     

水分胁迫对2种生态型芦苇（Phragmites communis）的可溶性蛋白含量、SOD、POD、CAT活性的影响

研究利用2种抗旱性迥异的芦苇为材料,用PEG6000进行水分胁迫处理,结果表明,抗旱性强的沙丘芦苇（沙芦）的可溶性蛋白含量明显低于沼泽芦苇（水芦）,约为水芦的1／5。但是,在受到20％PEG胁迫时,沙芦的可溶性蛋白含量有所上升,水芦的则稍微下降,在30％PEG胁迫时,水芦的可溶性蛋白含量显著下降,而沙芦则先升后降。沙芦的3种自由基清除酶（SOD、POD、CAT）的活性显著高于水芦。受到水分胁迫后,2种芦苇的SOD、POD、CAT活性或升或降。但是,无论在20％还是30％PEG胁迫条件下,相对水芦而言,沙芦都保持较高的自由其清除酶活性,从而保证其较强的自由基清除能力,减轻自由基对植物细胞生物大分子如DNA、蛋白质、脂肪酸的伤害,维持细胞正常的生命活动,这是沙芦抗旱性强的基础。     

外源多氨基芳香族化合物对高温强光下芦苇离体叶绿体叶绿素降解的缓解作用

以甘肃省河西走廊临泽县境内荒漠地区2种生态型芦苇为主要研究材料,研究了在添加多氨基芳香族化合物(Mr856,PAAC)条件下,不同温度、光照强度处理及处理时间对沙芦和水芦离体叶绿体叶绿素相对含量的影响,以探究PAAC对高温强光条件下离体叶绿体可能的保护机理。结果表明:(1)外源PAAC对水芦和沙芦离体叶绿体叶绿素相对含量的影响因环境光照强度、温度和处理时间的不同而异;(2)光照强度对离体叶绿体叶绿素相对含量的影响与温度有关,且随着处理时间的延长而增强,在光照水平为1 000μmol.m-2.s-1下,沙芦叶绿素相对含量在不同温度下均高于水芦;(3)外源PAAC可明显减缓高温强光胁迫下水芦叶绿素相对含量的降低趋势,尤其对强光胁迫下叶绿素相对含量降低的效应更明显。研究结果说明,PAAC可能作为沙芦叶片中具独特分子结构特征的相容性溶质,可减缓高温强光下离体叶绿体叶绿素的降解,对离体叶绿体有一定的保护作用。     

高温对水稻黄叶突变体剑叶光合特性和叶绿体超微结构的影响

以水稻黄叶突变体为材料,进行高温胁迫处理(9:30～17:30,40℃;其它时间段与自然温度相同),研究高温胁迫对其剑叶光合特性和叶绿体超微结构的影响。结果表明:高温胁迫使水稻黄叶突变体剑叶净光合速率(Pn)、PSⅡ原初光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ光量子效率(фPSⅡ)和非循环光合电子传递速率(ETR)显著降低,初始荧光(F0)显著增加,同时使剑叶叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质含量显著降低,细胞膜透性显著增加,叶片的叶绿体内基粒和基质片层模糊、疏松,结构紊乱。研究发现,40℃高温胁迫致使水稻黄叶突变体剑叶叶绿体超微结构破坏,引起PSⅡ反应中心的光化学效率降低,最终造成叶片光合能力减弱。     

外源钙对干旱胁迫下烤烟幼苗光系统Ⅱ功能的影响

以叶绿素快相荧光动力学曲线(OJIP)为探针,研究了外源钙对干旱胁迫下烤烟幼苗光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)功能的影响.结果表明:干旱胁迫降低了烤烟幼苗PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)和电子传递速率(ETR),抑制了光合作用的原初过程,烤烟幼苗叶片发生了明显的光抑制.叶面喷施10.0 mmol·L-1CaCl2溶液后烤烟叶片的光合电子传递能量比例(ФEo)在干旱胁迫下的降低幅度明显小于对照(喷施清水),电子转运效率(ET0/RC)在干旱胁迫下明显高于对照.叶面喷施CaC12溶液增加了PSⅡ捕获光能用于光合电子传递的比例、剩余有活性反应中心的效率和电子传递链中的能量传递,使烤烟叶片的光系统Ⅱ在干旱胁迫下保持相对较高的活性,从而提高了烤烟幼苗的抗旱能力.     

生长温度对烟草叶片环式电子传递活性的影响

高等植物的光合机构在环境胁迫条件下非常容易产生光抑制,环式电子传递在光合机构的光保护中发挥着重要的作用.但是,生长温度对环式电子传递的影响并不清楚.本研究测定了在24/18℃和32/26℃条件下生长40天的烟草(K326)叶片的气体交换、叶绿素荧光和P700氧化还原态的光响应曲线.结果表明,烟草叶片在两种生长温度下的的光合能力、光化学淬灭、非光化学淬灭和通过光系统Ⅱ的电子传递速率(ETR Ⅱ)均没有差异.但是,在强光条件下,生长在24/18℃的叶片比生长在32/26℃的具有更高的通过光系统Ⅰ的电子传递速率(ETRⅠ)和ETRⅠ/ETR Ⅱ比值.短时间的强光处理后,生长在24/18℃的叶片具有较高的光系统Ⅱ最大量子产额(Fv/Fm),表明环式电子传递活性的上调有助于缓解生长在24/18℃的叶片光系统Ⅱ受到的光损伤.综上所述,环式电子传递活性的增强是植物适应较低生长温度的重要策略.     

水杨酸对高温强光胁迫下小麦叶绿体D1蛋白磷酸化及光系统Ⅱ功能的影响

为了研究水杨酸（SA）对高温强光胁迫下小麦叶片类囊体膜D₁蛋白磷酸化和PSⅡ功能的影响,用0.5 mmol·L^-1 SA溶液预处理灌浆期小麦叶片,以水预处理为对照,然后将预处理植株进行高温强光（35 ℃,1 600 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）处理,测定胁迫处理过程中小麦旗叶光合电子传递速率、净光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数及D₁蛋白的变化.结果表明：SA预处理有效抑制了高温强光下D₁蛋白的净降解,保持了较高的D₁蛋白磷酸化水平、全链电子传递速率和PSⅡ电子传递速率,维持了较高的PSⅡ原初光化学效率（F_v/F_m）、实际光化学效率(Ф_PSⅡ)、光化学淬灭系数（q_P）和净光合速率（P_n）.表明外源SA通过调节小麦叶绿体D₁蛋白的周转,减轻了高温强光胁迫对叶片光合机构的损伤,有利于PSⅡ的正常运转.     

外源Ca2+对高温强光胁迫下小麦叶绿体D1蛋白磷酸化及光系统Ⅱ功能的影响

用10 mmol·L^-1 CaCl₂溶液预处理灌浆期小麦叶片,以水预处理为对照,然后将预处理植株进行高温强光（35 ℃,1600 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）胁迫,测定胁迫处理过程中小麦旗叶光合电子传递速率、净光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数及D₁蛋白的变化,以研究外源Ca²⁺对高温强光胁迫下小麦叶片类囊体膜D₁蛋白磷酸化和PSⅡ功能的影响.结果表明：CaCl₂溶液预处理使小麦叶片在高温强光逆境下PSⅡ反应中心发生可逆失活,有效抑制了高温强光下D₁蛋白的净降解,保持了较高的D₁蛋白磷酸化水平,暗恢复后PSⅡ反应中心活性迅速恢复,全链电子传递速率和PSⅡ电子传递速率恢复至对照水平,维持了较高的PSⅡ原初光化学效率（F_v/F_m）、实际光化学效率(Ф_PSⅡ)、光化学猝灭系数（q_P）和净光合速率（P_n）.表明外源Ca²⁺通过调节小麦叶绿体D₁蛋白的周转,促进了PSⅡ的正常运转,减轻了高温强光胁迫对叶片光合机构的损伤.     

干旱胁迫对沙冬青叶片防御光破坏机制的影响

沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus (Maxim.) Cheng f.)是生长在沙漠及干旱荒漠地区的常绿灌木.在夏季,其叶片经常遭受中午强光(超过1 500 μmol*m-2*s-1) 胁迫,出现明显的光抑制现象.我们利用便携式光合测定系统(CIRAS-1)和脉冲调制荧光仪(MFMS-2)测定了自然形成的干旱胁迫条件下沙冬青光合和荧光参数的日变化,主要探讨了干旱胁迫对沙冬青叶片防御强光破坏机制的影响.结果表明,正常水分和干旱胁迫下,沙冬青叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、 PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和PSⅡ非环式电子传递效率(ΦPSⅡ)在中午都明显降低;相对正常水分条件而言,干旱胁迫下初始荧光(Fo)先下降后上升,荧光的非光化学淬灭(NPQ)上升较快并在一定水平上维持不变.由此推断晴天中午沙冬青叶片在正常水分条件下主要采取依赖叶黄素循环的热耗散机制;而在干旱胁迫条件下主要采取了依赖叶黄素循环的热耗散和PSⅡ反应中心可逆失活两种保护机制.     

五节芒不同种群对Cd污染胁迫的光合生理响应

通过盆栽模拟试验,以分别来自粤北大宝山矿区和惠州博罗非矿区的两个五节芒种群为试验材料,比较研究了两个种群在Cd胁迫下的气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光特性、光合色素含量和叶绿体超微结构变化的差异。结果表明:(1)Cd胁迫下五节芒两种群叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(E)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、叶绿素含量(Chl)都有不同幅度的下降;叶绿体超微结构遭到破坏。矿区种群随Cd胁迫程度的加深,净光合速率下降较慢,叶绿体的外形及基粒结构受到的影响较小。(2)轻度Cd胁迫下气孔限制是五节芒非矿区种群Pn降低的主要因素,中度和重度Cd胁迫下非气孔限制是Pn降低的主要因素。(3)Cd胁迫下五节芒两种群PSⅡ反应中心最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、PSⅡ有效光化学效率Fv′/Fm′均有所下降。总体上矿区种群降幅较小,PSⅡ利用光能的能力及PSⅡ的潜在活性均较强。PSⅡ光化学猝灭系数(qP)、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)的变化表现为Cd胁迫下两种群qP值降低、NPQ值升高,总体上抗性强的矿区种群qP降低的幅度低且NPQ升高幅度大。随着Cd胁迫浓度增加,矿区种群实际光化学反应效率(ΦPSⅡ)和电子传递速率(ETR)变化幅度不大,而非矿区种群显著下降,表明矿区种群PSⅡ反应中心电子传递活性受到的影响小,光合机构的损伤程度低。研究表明,五节芒矿区种群对重金属Cd有较强的耐受能力,适合作为金属矿区植被恢复建设的禾本科先锋物种。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.