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1.
Calcium-independent phospholipase A(2) group VIA (iPLA(2)β) releases docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from phospholipids in vitro. Mutations in the iPLA(2)β gene, PLA2G6, are associated with dystonia-parkinsonism and infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy. To understand the role of iPLA(2)β in brain, we applied our in vivo kinetic method using radiolabeled DHA in 4 to 5-month-old wild type (iPLA(2)β(+/+)) and knockout (iPLA(2)β(-/-)) mice, and measured brain DHA kinetics, lipid concentrations, and expression of PLA(2), cyclooxygenase (COX), and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes. Compared to iPLA(2)β(+/+) mice, iPLA(2)β(-/-) mice showed decreased rates of incorporation of unesterified DHA from plasma into brain phospholipids, reduced concentrations of several fatty acids (including DHA) esterified in ethanolamine- and serine-glycerophospholipids, and increased lysophospholipid fatty acid concentrations. DHA turnover in brain phospholipids did not differ between genotypes. In iPLA(2)β(-/-) mice, brain levels of iPLA(2)β mRNA, protein, and activity were decreased, as was the iPLA(2)γ (Group VIB PLA(2)) mRNA level, while levels of secretory sPLA(2)-V mRNA, protein, and activity and cytosolic cPLA(2)-IVA mRNA were increased. Levels of COX-1 protein were decreased in brain, while COX-2 protein and mRNA were increased. Levels of 5-, 12-, and 15-LOX proteins did not differ significantly between genotypes. Thus, a genetic iPLA(2)β deficiency in mice is associated with reduced DHA metabolism, profound changes in lipid-metabolizing enzyme expression (demonstrating lack of redundancy) and of phospholipid fatty acid content of brain (particularly of DHA), which may be relevant to neurologic abnormalities in humans with PLA2G6 mutations.  相似文献   

2.
Activation of phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) leads to the generation of biologically active lipid mediators that can affect numerous cellular events. The Group VIA Ca2+-independent PLA2, designated iPLA2β, is active in the absence of Ca2+, activated by ATP, and inhibited by the bromoenol lactone suicide inhibitor (BEL). Over the past 10–15 years, studies using BEL have demonstrated that iPLA2β participates in various biological processes and the recent availability of mice in which iPLA2β expression levels have been genetically-modified are extending these findings. Work in our laboratory suggests that iPLA2β activates a unique signaling cascade that promotes β-cell apoptosis. This pathway involves iPLA2β dependent induction of neutral sphingomyelinase, production of ceramide, and activation of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. There is a growing body of literature supporting β-cell apoptosis as a major contributor to the loss of β-cell mass associated with the onset and progression of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. This underscores a need to gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying β-cell apoptosis so that improved treatments can be developed to prevent or delay the onset and progression of diabetes mellitus. Herein, we offer a general review of Group VIA Ca2+-independent PLA2 (iPLA2β) followed by a more focused discussion of its participation in β-cell apoptosis. We suggest that iPLA2β-derived products trigger pathways which can lead to β-cell apoptosis during the development of diabetes.  相似文献   

3.
Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2β (iPLA2β) selectively hydrolyzes docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) in vitro from phospholipid. Mutations in the PLA2G6 gene encoding this enzyme occur in patients with idiopathic neurodegeneration plus brain iron accumulation and dystonia-parkinsonism without iron accumulation, whereas mice lacking PLA2G6 show neurological dysfunction and neuropathology after 13 months. We hypothesized that brain DHA metabolism and signaling would be reduced in 4-month-old iPLA2β-deficient mice without overt neuropathology. Saline or the cholinergic muscarinic M1,3,5 receptor agonist arecoline (30 mg/kg) was administered to unanesthetized iPLA2β−/−, iPLA2β+/−, and iPLA2β+/+ mice, and [1-14C]DHA was infused intravenously. DHA incorporation coefficients k* and rates Jin, representing DHA metabolism, were determined using quantitative autoradiography in 81 brain regions. iPLA2β−/− or iPLA2β+/− compared with iPLA2β+/+ mice showed widespread and significant baseline reductions in k* and Jin for DHA. Arecoline increased both parameters in brain regions of iPLA2β+/+ mice but quantitatively less so in iPLA2β−/− and iPLA2β+/− mice. Consistent with iPLA2β’s reported ability to selectively hydrolyze DHA from phospholipid in vitro, iPLA2β deficiency reduces brain DHA metabolism and signaling in vivo at baseline and following M1,3,5 receptor activation. Positron emission tomography might be used to image disturbed brain DHA metabolism in patients with PLA2G6 mutations.  相似文献   

4.
Cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α, Group IVA phospholipase A2) is a central mediator of arachidonate release from cellular phospholipids for the biosynthesis of eicosanoids. cPLA2α translocates to intracellular membranes including the Golgi in response to a rise in intracellular calcium level. The enzyme’s calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding C2 domain provides the targeting specificity for cPLA2α translocation to the Golgi. However, other features of cPLA2α regulation are incompletely understood such as the role of phosphorylation of serine residues in the catalytic domain and the function of basic residues in the cPLA2α C2 and catalytic domains that are proposed to interact with anionic phospholipids in the membrane to which cPLA2α is targeted. Increasing evidence strongly suggests that cPLA2α plays a role in regulating Golgi structure, tubule formation and intra-Golgi transport. For example, recent data suggests that cPLA2α regulates the transport of tight junction and adherens junction proteins through the Golgi to cell–cell contacts in confluent endothelial cells. However, there are now examples where data based on knockdown using siRNA or pharmacological inhibition of enzymatic activity of cPLA2α affects fundamental cellular processes yet these phenotypes are not observed in cells from cPLA2α deficient mice. These results suggest that in some cases there may be compensation for the lack of cPLA2α. Thus, there is continued need for studies employing highly specific cPLA2α antagonists in addition to genetic deletion of cPLA2α in mice.  相似文献   

5.
Over the past decade, important roles for the 84–88 kDa Group VIA Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2β) in various organs have been described. We demonstrated that iPLA2β participates in insulin secretion, insulinoma cells and native pancreatic islets express full-length and truncated isoforms of iPLA2β, and certain stimuli promote perinuclear localization of iPLA2β. To gain a better understanding of its mobilization, iPLA2β was expressed in INS-1 cells as a fusion protein with EGFP, enabling detection of subcellular localization of iPLA2β by monitoring EGFP fluorescence. Cells stably-transfected with fusion protein expressed nearly 5-fold higher catalytic iPLA2β activity than control cells transfected with EGFP cDNA alone, indicating that co-expression of EGFP does not interfere with manifestation of iPLA2β activity. Dual fluorescence monitoring of EGFP and organelle Trackers combined with immunoblotting analyses revealed expression of truncated iPLA2β isoforms in separate subcellular organelles. Exposure to secretagogues and induction of ER stress are known to activate iPLA2β in β-cells and we find here that these stimuli promote differential localization of iPLA2β in subcellular organelles. Further, mass spectrometric analyses identified iPLA2β variants from which N-terminal residues were removed. Collectively, these findings provide evidence for endogenous proteolytic processing of iPLA2β and redistribution of iPLA2β variants in subcellular compartments. It might be proposed that in vivo processing of iPLA2β facilitates its participation in multiple biological processes.  相似文献   

6.
Understanding the molecular regulatory mechanisms controlling for myocardial lipid metabolism is of critical importance for the development of new therapeutic strategies for heart diseases. The role of PPARγ and thiazolidinediones in regulation of myocardial lipid metabolism is controversial. The aim of our study was to assess the role of PPARγ on myocardial lipid metabolism and function and differentiate local/from systemic actions of PPARs agonists using cardiomyocyte-specific PPARγ -knockout (CM-PGKO) mice. To this aim, the effect of PPARγ, PPARγ/PPARα and PPARα agonists on cardiac function, intra-myocyte lipid accumulation and myocardial expression profile of genes and proteins, affecting lipid oxidation, uptake, synthesis, and storage (CD36, CPT1MIIA, AOX, FAS, SREBP1-c and ADPR) was evaluated in cardiomyocyte-specific PPARγ-knockout (CM-PGKO) and littermate control mice undergoing standard and high fat diet (HFD). At baseline, protein levels and mRNA expression of genes involved in lipid uptake, oxidation, synthesis, and accumulation of CM-PGKO mice were not significantly different from those of their littermate controls. At baseline, no difference in myocardial lipid content was found between CM-PGKO and littermate controls. In standard condition, pioglitazone and rosiglitazone do not affect myocardial metabolism while, fenofibrate treatment significantly increased CD36 and CPT1MIIA gene expression. In both CM-PGKO and control mice submitted to HFD, six weeks of treatment with rosiglitazone, fenofibrate and pioglitazone lowered myocardial lipid accumulation shifting myocardial substrate utilization towards greater contribution of glucose. In conclusion, at baseline, PPARγ does not play a crucial role in regulating cardiac metabolism in mice, probably due to its low myocardial expression. PPARs agonists, indirectly protect myocardium from lipotoxic damage likely reducing fatty acids delivery to the heart through the actions on adipose tissue. Nevertheless a direct non-PPARγ mediated mechanism of PPARγ agonist could not be ruled out.  相似文献   

7.
The assembly of lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is a two-step process which involves the interaction of kringle-4 (K-IV) domains in apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)) with Lys groups in apoB-100. Lys analogues such as tranexamic acid (TXA) or δ-aminovaleric acid (δ-AVA) proved to prevent the Lp(a) assembly in vitro. In order to study the in vivo effect of Lys analogues, transgenic apo(a) or Lp(a) mice were treated with TXA or δ-AVA and plasma levels of free and low density lipoprotein bound apo(a) were measured. In parallel experiments, McA-RH 7777 cells, stably transfected with apo(a), were also treated with these substances and apo(a) secretion was followed. Treatment of transgenic mice with Lys analogues caused a doubling of plasma Lp(a) levels, while the ratio of free:apoB-100 bound apo(a) remained unchanged. In transgenic apo(a) mice a 1.5-fold increase in plasma apo(a) levels was noticed. TXA significantly increased Lp(a) half-life from 6 h to 8 h. Incubation of McA-RH 7777 cells with Lys analogues resulted in an up to 1.4-fold increase in apo(a) in the medium. The amount of intracellular low molecular weight apo(a) precursor remained unchanged. We hypothesize that Lys analogues increase plasma Lp(a) levels by increasing the dissociation of cell bound apo(a) in combination with reducing Lp(a) catabolism.  相似文献   

8.
The activities of (±)-gibberellin A15 ((±)-GA15) and (±)-gibberellin A15-isolactone ((±)-iso-GA15) which were obtained by stereocontrolled total synthesis and gibberellin A15 (E-GA15) synthesized by interconversion of enmein were assayed by the rice seedling test. As expected, (±)-GA15 showed half the activity of natural gibberellin A15 (GA15). E-GA15 which has a natural configuration showed the same activity as natural gibberellin A15 while (±)-iso-GA15 was almost inactive. These samples were also submitted to the cucumber hypocotyl assay. Contrary to what has already been reported, they were almost inactive.  相似文献   

9.
Oligomeric amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is known to induce cytotoxic effects and to damage cell functions in Alzheimer's disease. However, mechanisms underlying the effects of Aβ on cell membranes have yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, Aβ 1-42 (Aβ42) was shown to cause a temporal biphasic change in membranes of astrocytic DITNC cells using fluorescence microscopy of Laurdan. Aβ42 made astrocyte membranes became more molecularly-disordered within the first 30 min to 1 h, but gradually changed to more molecularly-ordered after 3 h. However, Aβ42 caused artificial membranes of vesicles made of rat whole brain lipid extract to become more disordered only. The trend for more molecularly-ordered membranes in astrocytes induced by Aβ42 was abrogated by either an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, or an inhibitor of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), but not by an inhibitor of calcium-independent PLA2 (iPLA2). Apocynin also suppressed the increased production of superoxide anions (O2) and phosphorylation of cPLA2 induced by Aβ42. In addition, hydrolyzed products of cPLA2, arachidonic acid (AA), but not lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) caused astrocyte membranes to become more molecularly-ordered. These results suggest (1) a direct interaction of Aβ42 with cell membranes making them more molecularly-disordered, and (2) Aβ42 also indirectly makes membranes become more molecularly-ordered by triggering the signaling pathway involving NADPH oxidase and cPLA2 in astrocytes.  相似文献   

10.
Macrophages are a major source of lipid mediators in the human lung. Expression and contribution of cytosolic (cPLA2) and secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2) to the generation of lipid mediators in human macrophages are unclear. We investigated the expression and role of different PLA2s in the production of lipid mediators in primary human lung macrophages. Macrophages express the alpha, but not the zeta isoform of group IV and group VIA cPLA2 (iPLA2). Two structurally-divergent inhibitors of group IV cPLA2 completely block arachidonic acid release by macrophages in response to non-physiological (Ca2+ ionophores and phorbol esters) and physiological agonists (lipopolysaccharide and Mycobacterium protein derivative). These inhibitors also reduce by 70% the synthesis of platelet-activating factor by activated macrophages. Among the full set of human sPLA2s, macrophages express group IIA, IID, IIE, IIF, V, X and XIIA, but not group IB and III enzymes. Me-Indoxam, a potent and cell impermeable inhibitor of several sPLA2s, has no effect on arachidonate release or platelet-activating factor production. Agonist-induced exocytosis is not influenced by cPLA2 inhibitors at concentrations that block arachidonic acid release. Our results indicate that human macrophages express cPLA2-alpha, iPLA2 and several sPLA2s. Cytosolic PLA2-alpha is the major enzyme responsible for lipid mediator production in human macrophages.  相似文献   

11.
Constitutive phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT) is a common feature of cancer caused by genetic alteration in the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene and is associated with poor prognosis. This study determined the role of cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) in AKT, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and androgen receptor (AR) signaling in PTEN-null/mutated prostate cancer cells. Doxycycline (Dox)-induced expression of cPLA2α led to an increase in pAKT, pGSK3β and cyclin D1 levels in LNCaP cells that possess a PTEN frame-shift mutation. In contrast, silencing cPLA2α expression with siRNA decreased pAKT, pGSK3β and cyclin D1 levels in both PC-3 (PTEN deletion) and LNCaP cells. Silencing of cPLA2α decreased pERK and AR protein levels. The inhibitory effect of cPLA2α siRNA on pAKT and AR protein levels was reduced by the addition of arachidonic acid (AA), whereas the stimulatory effect of AA on pAKT, pERK and AR levels was decreased by an inhibitor of 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid production. Pharmacological blockade of cPLA2α with Efipladib reduced pAKT and AR levels with a concomitant inhibition of PC-3 and LNCaP cell proliferation. These results demonstrate an important role for cPLA2α in sustaining AKT, ERK and AR signaling in PTEN-null/mutated prostate cancer cells and provide a potential molecular target for treating prostate cancer.  相似文献   

12.
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolase exhibits a Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 activity and degrades PAF as well as oxidized phospholipids (oxPL). Such phospholipids are accumulated in the artery wall and may play key roles in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. PAF-acetylhydrolase in plasma is complexed to lipoproteins; thus it is also referred to as lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2). Lp-PLA2 is primarily associated with low-density lipoprotein (LDL), whereas a small proportion of circulating enzyme activity is also associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Τhe majority of the LDL-associated Lp-PLA2 (LDL-Lp-PLA2) activity is bound to atherogenic small-dense LDL particles and it is a potential marker of these particles in plasma. The distribution of Lp-PLA2 between LDL and HDL is altered in various types of dyslipidemias. It can be also influenced by the presence of lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] when plasma levels of this lipoprotein exceed 30 mg/dl. Several lines of evidence suggest that the role of plasma Lp-PLA2 in atherosclerosis may depend on the type of lipoprotein particle with which this enzyme is associated. In this regard, data from large Caucasian population studies have shown an independent association between the plasma Lp-PLA2 levels (which are mainly influenced by the levels of LDL-Lp-PLA2) and the risk of future cardiovascular events. On the contrary, several lines of evidence suggest that HDL-associated Lp-PLA2 may substantially contribute to the HDL antiatherogenic activities. Recent studies have provided evidence that oxPL are preferentially sequestered on Lp(a) thus subjected to degradation by the Lp(a)-associated Lp-PLA2. These data suggest that Lp(a) may be a potential scavenger of oxPL and provide new insights into the functional role of Lp(a) and the Lp(a)-associated Lp-PLA2 in normal physiology as well as in inflammation and atherosclerosis. The present review is focused on recent advances concerning the Lp-PLA2 structural characteristics, the molecular basis of the enzyme association with distinct lipoprotein subspecies, as well as the potential role of Lp-PLA2 associated with different lipoprotein classes in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.  相似文献   

13.
Phosphatidic acid (PA) is interactive with Gαq-linked agonists to stimulate GPCR signaling via phospholipase C-β1 (PLC-β1). Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) increases cellular levels of PA and phospholipase D activity (PLD). This study evaluated whether PMA can stimulate PLC-β1 activity via PA, independent of GPCR input in transfected COS 7 cells. PMA alone had little effect on PLC activity in cells co-transfected with PLC-β1 and Gαq. Activated Gαq, induced by co-transfecting muscarinic cholinergic receptor (m1R), was necessary for stimulation of PLC-β1 activity by PMA. Stimulation by PMA was dependent on the PA-regulatory motif of PLC-β1 implicating PA in this mechanism. PLD1 knockdown by antisense decreased responsiveness of PLC-β1 to both PMA and carbachol. PA alone thus has little effect on PLC-β1 activity, but PA and PLD1 synergize with activated Gαq to stimulate PLC-β1 signaling. Coordinate interaction with activated Gαq may serve as an important mechanism to fine tune response to ligands while preventing spurious initiation of PLC-β signaling by PA in cells.  相似文献   

14.
Ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P), produced by ceramide kinase (CERK), is implicated in the regulation of many biological functions including cell growth and inflammation. C1P is a direct activator of group IVA cytosolic phospholipsase A2 (PLA2G4A or cPLA2α). Although activation of the CERK–C1P pathway causes mitogenic and cytoprotective responses in many cells, the pathway shows cytotoxicity in several cells and the precise mechanism has not been elucidated. In the present study, we examined the effect of human CERK (hCERK) expression on cytotoxicity in two cell lines. Expression of hCERK in CHO cells caused cell rounding and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, and co-addition of ceramide enhanced these responses. Expression of hCERK enhanced C1P formation and release of arachidonic acid in Ca2+ ionophore-stimulated cells. Treatment with 20 μM C2-C1P for 24 h caused cell rounding, and the response was significantly decreased by an inhibitor of cPLA2α. In L929 cells, expression of hCERK with and without ceramide caused cell rounding and LDH leakage, respectively, and the responses were significantly less in a stable clone of L929 cells lacking cPLA2α. These findings suggest the involvement of cPLA2α in CERK–C1P pathway-induced cytotoxicity.  相似文献   

15.
Whether group VIA phospholipase A(2) (iPLA(2)β) is involved in vascular inflammation and neointima formation is largely unknown. Here, we report that iPLA(2)β expression increases in the vascular tunica media upon carotid artery ligation and that neointima formation is suppressed by genetic deletion of iPLA(2)β or by inhibiting its activity or expression via perivascular delivery of bromoenol lactone or of antisense oligonucleotides, respectively. To investigate whether smooth muscle-specific iPLA(2)β is involved in neointima formation, we generated transgenic mice in which iPLA(2)β is expressed specifically in smooth muscle cells and demonstrate that smooth muscle-specific expression of iPLA(2)β exacerbates ligation-induced neointima formation and enhanced both production of proinflammatory cytokines and vascular infiltration by macrophages. With cultured vascular smooth muscle cell, angiotensin II, arachidonic acid, and TNF-α markedly induce increased expression of IL-6 and TNF-α mRNAs, all of which were suppressed by inhibiting iPLA(2)β activity or expression with bromoenol lactone, antisense oligonucleotides, and genetic deletion, respectively. Similar suppression also results from genetic deletion of 12/15-lipoxygenase or inhibiting its activity with nordihydroguaiaretic acid or luteolin. Expression of iPLA(2)β protein in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells was found to depend on the phenotypic state and to rise upon incubation with TNF-α. Our studies thus illustrate that smooth muscle cell-specific iPLA(2)β participates in the initiation and early progression of vascular inflammation and neointima formation and suggest that iPLA(2)β may represent a novel therapeutic target for preventing cardiovascular diseases.  相似文献   

16.
17.
Reactions of [Pt2(μ-S)2(PPh3)4] with the diarylthallium(III) bromides Ar2TlBr [Ar = Ph and p-ClC6H4] in methanol gave good yields of the thallium(III) adducts [Pt2(μ-S)2(PPh3)4TlAr2]+, isolated as their salts. The corresponding selenide complex [Pt2(μ-Se)2(PPh3)4TlPh2]BPh4 was similarly synthesised from [Pt2(μ-Se)2(PPh3)4], Ph2TlBr and NaBPh4. The reaction of [Pt2(μ-S)2(PPh3)4] with PhTlBr2 gave [Pt2(μ-S)2(PPh3)4TlBrPh]+, while reaction with TlBr3 gave the dibromothallium(III) adduct [Pt2(μ-S)2(PPh3)4TlBr2]+[TlBr4]. The latter complex is a rare example of a thallium(III) dihalide complex stabilised solely by sulfur donor ligands. X-ray crystal structure determinations on the complexes [Pt2(μ-S)2(PPh3)4TlPh2]BPh4, [Pt2(μ-S)2(PPh3)4TlBrPh]BPh4 and [Pt2(μ-S)2(PPh3)4TlBr2][TlBr4] reveal a greater interaction between the thallium(III) centre and the two sulfide ligands on stepwise replacement of Ph by Br, as indicated by shorter Tl-S and Pt?Tl distances, and an increasing S-Tl-S bond angle. Investigations of the ESI MS fragmentation behaviour of the thallium(III) complexes are reported.  相似文献   

18.
Phospholipase A(2) plays a role in cholesterol gallstone formation by hydrolyzing bile phospholipids into lysolecithin and free fatty acids. This study investigated its effects on cholesterol crystallization in model bile systems. Supersaturated model bile solutions with different cholesterol saturation indexes (1.2, 1.4, and 1.6) were prepared using cholesterol, taurocholate, and egg yolk phosphatidylcholine, soybean phosphatidylcholine, palmitoyl-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine, or palmitoyl-linoleoyl phosphatidylcholine. Then the effect of digestion of phosphatidylcholine by phospholipase A(2) on bile metastability was assessed by spectrophotometry and video-enhanced differential contrast microscopy. Addition of phospholipase A(2) caused the release of free fatty acids in a time-dependent manner. Cholesterol crystallization was enhanced by an increased crystal growth rate in model bile containing hydrophilic species such as soybean or palmitoyl-linoleoyl phosphatidylcholine, consisting predominantly of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Because phospholipase A(2) enhanced cholesterol crystallization in bile containing hydrophilic phosphatidylcholine species, but not hydrophobic phosphatidylcholine species, release of polyunsaturated fatty acids by hydrolysis may be responsible for such enhancement. Therefore, the role of phospholipase A(2) in cholesterol gallstone formation depends on the phospholipid species present in bile, so that phospholipid species selection during hepatic excretion is, in part, crucial to the cholesterol stone formation.  相似文献   

19.
20.
The reaction of [Ti(cp)2(BTMSA)] (1) (cp = η5-C5Me5, BTMSA = bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene) with malonic acids ((HOOC)2CR2, R = H, Me) and N,N-dimethylglycine resulted in the formation of titanium(IV) dicarboxylato complexes [Ti(cp)2{(OOC)2CR2}] (R = H, 2; R = Me, 3) and an α-amino acid titanium(III) complex [Ti(cp)2(OOCCH2NMe2)] (4). The identities of complexes 2-4 were confirmed by microanalysis, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy (2, 3), ESI-MS and CID experiments (2, 3) as well as by ESR and magnetic measurements (μeff = 1.81, 298 K) for 4. Single X-ray diffraction analyses of 2 and 4 exhibited monomolecular complexes in which the titanium atom is distorted tetrahedrally coordinated by two η5-C5Me5 rings and by the chelating bound malonato-κ2O,O′ (2) and N,N-dimethylglycinato-κ2O,O′ ligand (4).  相似文献   

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