Unique requirement for Rb/E2F3 in neuronal migration: evidence for cell cycle-independent functions

The cell cycle regulatory retinoblastoma (Rb) protein is a key regulator of neural precursor proliferation; however, its role has been expanded to include a novel cell-autonomous role in mediating neuronal migration. We sought to determine the Rb-interacting factors that mediate both the cell cycle and migration defects. E2F1 and E2F3 are likely Rb-interacting candidates that we have shown to be deregulated in the absence of Rb. Using mice with compound null mutations of Rb and E2F1 or E2F3, we asked to what extent either E2F1 or E2F3 interacts with Rb in neurogenesis. Here, we report that E2F1 and E2F3 are both functionally relevant targets in neural precursor proliferation, cell cycle exit, and laminar patterning. Each also partially mediates the Rb requirement for neuronal survival. Neuronal migration, however, is specifically mediated through E2F3, beyond its role in cell cycle regulation. This study not only outlines overlapping and distinct functions for E2Fs in neurogenesis but also is the first to establish a physiologically relevant role for the Rb/E2F pathway beyond cell cycle regulation in vivo.     

非典型E2F转录因子对细胞周期的调控及其功能

E2F家族转录因子是细胞周期调控网络中的重要环节之一,对细胞的增殖、分化和凋亡进行调节,并参与多种生理和病理过程。近年来,关于哺乳动物中E2F转录因子的生物学作用研究取得了很大进展,并鉴定出两个非典型的E2F家族成员：E2F7和E2F8。与典型的E2F转录因子相比,非典型E2F蛋白结构中含有两个相同的DNA结合域,对靶基因转录的调控不依赖于二聚化蛋白。非典型E2F蛋白进入细胞核后,通过与经典的E2F靶基因启动子结合,发挥转录抑制作用并调节细胞周期的进程,从而对细胞的大小、多倍化、增殖、分化和凋亡进行调控。随着基因敲除模型的建立和完善,使得进一步研究非典型E2F转录因子在不同组织或器官中的生物学作用成为可能。非典型E2F在胚胎发育、血管发生及造血系统中均发挥重要作用。另外,肿瘤细胞中典型E2F和非典型E2F的表达比例发生改变,说明非典型E2F成员还参与肿瘤的发生发展。该文综述了近年来关于非典型E2F转录因子的表达、调节及其生理病理作用的研究进展。     

E2F-associated chromatin modifiers and cell cycle control

The E2F family of proteins was identified on the basis of its role in promoting the G0 to S phase transition. Research over the past several years has unveiled considerable complexity within the family, with numerous studies pointing to delegation of function for distinct family members. More recent studies highlighted in this review have expanded this picture, suggesting ways in which E2F target gene expression is refined during cell cycle progression by facilitating the acquisition of promoter-specific histone modifications. E2F associated co-activators promote activating histone marks while recruitment of co-repressors associated with E2Fs and the pRB family leads to accretion of inhibitory histone modifications that provoke chromatin compaction.