云南西畴仙人洞动物化石铀系年代

本文报道晚期智人地点云南西畴仙人洞动物牙化石的铀系测年结果。4个样品的230Th234U年龄范围为47—105ka,测定了其中2个样品的227Th/230Th年龄,结果与230Th/234U法的一致。在没有进一步的地层和年代证据的情况下,将西畴人牙化石的年代暂定为47—105ka或许是合理的。但洞穴地点骨化石铀系年代总体偏年轻,上述年代范围很可能被低估。本文结果与我们已有研究的广西通天岩、前洞等地点一致,是晚期智人在我国出现比原认为的早得多的又一例证。     

吉林桦甸寿山仙人洞旧石器遗址试掘报告

本文记述了吉林烨甸寿山仙人洞遗址试掘所发现的４７件石制品及伴生动物化石１２种．依动物化石和石器特征分析,将其地质时代暂定为晚更新世后段,考古年代为旧石器时代晚期．１９９１年５—６月间．吉林大学考古学系在吉林地区进行旧石器野外考古调查时,在桦甸市榆木桥子镇发现了寿山仙人洞旧石器时代遗址,并进行了试掘,在距洞口７米处开了一个横向１×３米深沟,出土了较丰富的文化遗物：４７件石制品,少量的骨制品,以及大量的哺乳动物化石和一些鸟类化石．     

吉林桦甸仙人洞旧石器遗址1993年发掘报告

1993年5—6月,仙人洞旧石器遗址发掘获得石制品197件,打制骨器18件,磨制骨器1件以及大量的动物骨骼化石。遗址分为上、下两个文化层,时代属旧石器时代早期之末或中期至晚期。石制品具有以小石制品为主的中国北方主工业的特点。     

海城仙人洞遗址出土钻器的实验研究

本文运用实验考古学方法,在模拟制作和使用脉石英钻器的基础上,记述了用脉石英钻器钻孔所产生的使用微痕的特点,并讨论了制作疤与使用微痕的区别,进而对海城仙人洞遗址出土的从形态上鉴定为钻器的标本做微痕观察和分析。结果表明它们中后部分所见使用微痕基本具有钻孔形成的特点。因而这部分石器的功能应该是钻,是名符其实的钻器。     

海城仙人洞遗址装饰品的穿孔技术及有关问题

本文在模拟制作穿孔装饰品的基础上,记述了不同方法穿孔在显微镜下观察到的特点,据此重新研究了海城仙人洞遗址出土装饰品的穿孔技术,修正了原研究者的一些看法。同时对装饰品穿孔方法的鉴定标准、穿孔效率、打磨齿根的目的等相关问题也作了讨论。     

南海北部更新世高分辨率孢粉序列与气候变化

依据南海ODP1144站下段（225.7-501.3m,ca.0.36-1.02Ma)孢粉记录,将1144站下段225.7-501.3m划分19个组合带（11-29）,并分别与氧同位素11-29期（MISs11-29)相对应。冰期时,花粉总沉积率增加,孢粉组合以松粉（Pinus),蕨类植物孢子（Fern)含量降低,草木植物花粉（Herb)含量增加为特征。气候干冷;间冰期时,则相反,间冰期孢粉组合特征反映其气候特征与现代相似,约0.82Ma后孢粉组合中的热带山地针叶类分子叶枝杉（Phyllocladus)的出现,以及草本植物禾本科（Gramineae),莎草科（Cyperaceae)取代耐干冷的蒿属（Artemisia),可能与夏季风增强有关,这一现象可与中国第四纪黄土-古土壤记录进行比较。     

桂林甑皮岩洞穴遗址第四纪孢粉分析

本文对桂林甑皮岩洞穴古人类遗址的文化层堆积物和钙华板系统采样进行孢粉分析研究,分析了当时的植被演替和气候变化、古人类的生活环境以及文化层和钙华板形成的地质时代。     

孢粉分析与环境考古

植物孢粉的产量很大,且具有抗酸,碱,抗高温的能力,可较好地在地层中聚集,保存下来。孢粉分析作为一种有效手段,在研究人类史前文化,探讨古人类活动与自然环境的相互关系的环境考古中起着极为重要的作用。     

华北平原第四纪孢粉的数学地质分析

本文介绍了系统聚类分析,有序聚类分析及有序对应分析方法在第四纪孢粉带划分中的应用,并提出用连续性系数（K）确定有序聚类的分类数,用载值比（D）将对应分析的结果推广于有序样品的分类,采用上述两个系数可以较好地评价孢粉带划分的合理程度,为第四纪的下限及古植被、古气候的演变特征提出证明,华北平原孢粉资料计算的结果表明,依据数量分类确立的孢粉带与古地磁极性世密切相关,与地质综合解释的地层划分基本一致,误识率一般小于5％。     

孢粉分析与栽培植物和古代农业的起源

在地球发展的历史长河中,离人类最近的第四纪时期,是地球演变和发展过程中,最新、最壮丽的一幕。我们的先人,在极端艰难、漫长的历程中,通过劳动,经过直立人——早期智人——晚期智人的发展阶段,演变为现在地球的主宰者。通过第四纪地层沉积中孢粉分析的大量资料,可以研究和探讨这一时期的植被演替、气候变迁、冰川     

Responses of tree populations to climatic change

The influence of climate on the population dynamics of trees must be inferred from indirect sources of information because the long lifespans of trees preclude direct observation of population growth and decline. Important insights about these processes come from 1) observations of the life histories and ecologies of trees in contemporary forests, 2) evidence of recent treeline movements in remote areas unaffected by human disturbance, and 3) results of experiments performed on forest simulation models. Each line of evidence indicates that tree population responses are influenced by many factors: including lifespans, seed productivity and dispersibility, phenotypic plasticity, genetic variability, competition, and disturbance. Some population characteristics should allow rapid changes in population sizes, while others should confer stability in times of environmental fluctuation. Interactions between controlling factors should result in a wide array of possible responses to climatic change. Interpretations of late-Quaternary forest dynamics must be based on an understanding of the biological processes involved in population responses to environmental variations.     

Climate change and vegetation response

This study, as many other current investigations in palaeoecology is focused on the long-term dynamics of vegetation and the extent to which they are controlled by climate change. Climate and classes of climate change are defined and reviewed, and examples cited of vegetation response. The concepts of vegetation, plant community and equilibrium are examined, with particular emphasis on theories on short term dynamics developed by ecologists working with temperate and boreal forests. Vegetation response to climate change can be modified by anthropogenic factors, topographic diversity and soils, life-cycle characteristics and hysteresis.I am grateful for comments on an earlier version of this paper by Keith Bennett, Les Cwynar and Glen MacDonald, and I particularly appreciate the useful remarks by Colin Prentice.I am grateful for comments on an earlier version of this paper by Keith Bennett, Les Cwynar and Glen MacDonald, and I particularly appreciate the useful remarks by Colin Prentice.     

Lags in adjustment of vegetation to climate caused by the pace of soil development. Evidence from Britain

In areas such as parts of Britain where many closely spaced sites have been investigated, between-site diversites prevent any simple correlation between vegetation response and climatic variables. These diversities reveal the influence of other factors in modulating this response. Analysis of profiles of allochthonous lake sediments has provided evidence for the importance of soil factors. The otherwise inexplicable spatial variation in the response of trees, in Britain and neighbouring parts of the European mainland, to the climatic warming (inferred from faunal evidence) at the most recent glacial termination, can be explained by the postulated spatial differentiation of raw skeletal soils. Differences in particle-size, composition and drainage, consistent with the spatial differentiation of pre-arboreal vegetation, would affect the water-retaining capacity of immature late-glacial soils and hence the reproductive success of tree birches. The lag in response of these to climatic amelioration appears to have varied from 500 to 1500 yr, and it seems likely that a similar lag may have characterised the early warming period of each interglacial. The coclusion must be that in this situation the degree of success of trees measured by pollen values is not a reliable indicator of palaeotem-peratures. Secondly, it appears from evidence in northern Scotland that at an ecotone between forest types, the relation between vegetation and climate is likely to be obscured except in regions of uniform soils. In areas of differentiated bedrock, the vegetation pattern is likely to have been influenced most by the effects of soil maturation processes in developing a soil mosaic.     

树木年轮宽度与气候变化关系研究进展

 树木的生长和立地环境密切相关并受多种气候因子的影响。树木年轮宽度的增加与温度、降水、太阳辐射、CO2浓度等气候因子有着复杂的相关关系。在干旱或半干旱地区,温度是限制树木生长的重要气候因子。生长季开始时最低温度的升高有利于延长生长季,与年轮宽度正相关;但是当生长季温度过高时,即使降水非常充裕,当年也只能形成窄年轮。生长季的温度过高则会加快土壤蒸发失水量并提高蒸汽压差,使土壤水分不足而不利于树木生长,因而生长季的高温多表现为与年轮宽度的负相关。生长期内降水量与树木的径向生长也成正相关,但当生长季的降水量充足或过多时,降水对树木径向生长不相关或负相关。受温度和降水共同调控的土壤湿度是树木径向生长的主要限制因子,良好的水分状况对树木生长起决定性作用。某一地区的太阳辐射能量高常会导致高温少雨,故高强度的太阳辐射使表土的湿度降低而不利于树木的径向生长。而在受季风影响的地区,树木年轮宽度的增加与当年雨季的气候变化关系不大。当年季风到来之前的气候（温度和降水）是树木生长的主要限制因子。有关CO2浓度的升高对树木生长的影响,研究的结果很不一致。一些温室实验及田间控制实验证明,CO2浓度的升高能对短命的一年生草本植物和植物幼苗产生“施肥效应”,并有利于其生长;还有些研究证明CO2浓度的升高能使高海拔地带的树木年轮宽度增加;但也有些研究认为CO2浓度的升高对生长在自然条件下的自然植被影响不大。近年来,有关树木径向生长和气候变化的研究越来越引起人们的关注,相关研究也取得了较大的进展。这些研究在帮助人们了解和研究古气候变化对森林植被的影响,以及预测未来全球变化对陆地生态系统的影响等方面有重要的理论和现实意义。综述了气候变化对树木年轮宽度影响的研究进展和应用,并概述了研究方法和发展前景,希望能加快和拓宽这一领域的发展。     

透射电子显微镜(TEM)技术在大孢子化石超微结构研究中的应用

透射电子显微镜(TEM)具有优异的纳米尺度显微成像性能,因此被广泛应用于材料科学、物理学和生物学等学科的超微结构研究领域。文中根据应用TEM技术研究大孢子化石壁超微结构的实践体会,系统归纳和总结了大孢子化石TEM样品制备的前处理过程,主要步骤包括:材料选取、梯度脱水、包埋剂配比、梯度渗透、包埋、聚合、超薄切片和染色。运用上述TEM实验技术,文中以云南省曲靖市沾益区龙华山剖面中泥盆统吉维特阶上双河组分散拟网龙华山大孢(Longhuashanispora reticuloides Lu and Ouyang, 1978)的壁层超微结构为研究案例,揭示了这类孢子壁主要由三层薄壁组成,包括内部基底层、中部疏松层和外部致密层,其射线唇基底层下部具有近平行排列的多细纹带结构。此类大孢子的多细纹带结构与从加拿大新不伦瑞克省下泥盆统埃姆斯阶Campbellton组同孢植物化石Leclercqia complexa Banks et al., 1972中发现的原位小孢子射线唇基底层下部的多细纹带结构特征非常相似。此外,两者都具有相似的完全弓形脊和远极表面刺瘤状二型纹饰。因此综合外壁超微结构和纹饰形态特征...     

Reconstruction of climate change during the Holocene in western and central Europe based on pollen records of indicator species

On the basis of distribution maps showing the first pollen occurrences in the Holocene of the well-known climate indicators Hedera, Ilex and Viscum as well as data for Corylus, a series of maps have been prepared that show summer and winter isotherms at various time intervals during the Holocene. From these maps climate curves for Amsterdam, the Netherlands have been set out. These were compared with curves for the Eemian at the same site. In both of these warm periods there is evidence for increased seasonality in the early phases which were relatively continental. Changes in insolation could account for such differences. Summer optima occurred earlier than winter optima. Changes in land-sea distribution are important, especially with regard to the patterns in winter climate. During the latter half of the Eemian, the climate was distinctly more oceanic than in the Holocene. Early in the Holocene, an influx of warm ocean water resulted in higher winter temperatures in the Gulf of Biscay, the Irish Sea, and areas east of Skagerrak-Kattegat. Temperature decline after the climatic optimum was greatest in the north, i.e. at 60°N, where a depression in the order of 2°C in summer and 2–3°C in winter occurred. Temperature decline was less farther south, i.e. at ca. 50°N, where a distinct west-east gradient in temperature change can be observed.     

Climatic impacts on the vegetation of eastern North America during the past 2000 years

Pollen diagrams from seven lakes with annually laminated sediments sampled at 40-year intervals are analyzed to isolate the climatic effects from other effects on the long-term dynamics of vegetation during the past 1000–2000 years along a transect from Maine to Minnesota. Principal components analysis is used to reduce the dimensionality of the pollen data. The pollen records from all lakes show long-term trends, medium frequency oscillations, and higher frequency fluctuations. The long-term trend is associated with the neoglacial expansion of the boreal forest. The mechanism causing this replacement is a change in frequency of air masses in the area. The medium-frequency oscillations are also associated with climate changes, the most recent of which is the ‘Little Ice Age’. The climate-related mechanism causing the medium-frequency changes may be changes in disturbance frequency. The higher frequency fluctuations may also be related to disturbance. This analysis of pollen diagrams into time scales of variation has enabled the separation of climate from other factors affecting vegetation dynamics. By comparing the principal components across a transect of sites it proved possible to interpret the climatic effects on vegetation at most sites and not only at range boundaries and ‘sensitive’ sites.