自尊研究综述

自尊是一个系统,它不仅涉及了个体的认知层面,还包括个体的情感层面,并且根据个体所处的特定的情景,其表现有时稳定,有时不稳定。自尊的情感模型主要探讨了自尊的组成成分与自尊的起源;自尊的认知模型把自尊看成个体对自己作为人的价值的有意识判断;以恐惧管理理论为代表的自尊的社会学模型又从新的角度解释了自尊的理论模型。罗森伯格的自尊量表开启了自尊测量的先河,我国学者在自尊的测量方面也取得了相应的进展。同时,从社会比较理论与评价性反馈两个角度阐述了自尊的作用。自尊的研究遍布群体从幼儿、青少年到大学生,都有丰富的实证研究。自尊结构的研究领域内出现了一些新进展,主要表现在内隐自尊、具体自尊及集体自尊研究的逐步兴起。     

国外自我能量消耗实验研究综述

20世纪初,弗洛伊德指出自我是一个能量消耗的系统.受行为主义学派支配心理学的影响,与自我相关的研究近半个世纪没有得到发展,随着认知主义思潮的影响,对自我的研究再次掀起热潮.与此同时,自我能量的研究也得到了实验研究的支持.本文介绍了国外关于自我能量消耗理论,自我能量部分保存以及自我能量重建的实验研究,丰富了自我研究的内容,对国内学者是一个启示.     

流程化管理联合自我效能理论护理模式在上消化道出血消化内镜治疗中的应用分析

目的 探讨流程化管理结合自我效能理论护理模式在上消化道出血(UGIB)消化内镜治疗患者中的应用效果。方法 选取2023年1月至2024年3月在我院进行消化内镜治疗的160例上消化道出血患者作为研究对象,随机分为对照组(n=80)和观察组(n=80)。对照组采用常规护理,观察组在对照组的基础上实施流程化管理联合自我效能理论护理模式,比较两组患者的焦虑自评量表(SAS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS)评分,采用自我护理能力量表(ESCA)评价自护意识,采用健康调查简表(SF-36)评估患者健康状态和生活质量,比较两组患者的凝血功能和临床指标改善情况。结果 护理后,观察组的SAS和SDS评分均较护理前明显降低,且低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。观察组的ESCA、 SF-36评分均较护理前及对照组明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。两组患者的凝血功能指标比较,观察组的PT、 APTT均较对照组明显降低,PTA较对照组明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。两组患者的临床指标比较,观察组的血红蛋白恢复>110 g/L时间、上消化道持续出血时间和住院时间均明显短于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论 流程化管理联合自我效能理论的护理模式用于UGIB消化内镜治疗患者的效果显著,可降低患者焦虑抑郁情绪,改善凝血功能指标,提高患者的生活质量,值得临床应用。     

生态旅游及其规划与管理研究综述

生态旅游是新兴的旅游形式和思想,是应用生态学研究的一个领域,为旅游学界、生态学界及其它相咩学科所关注。因此较为系统地讨论了生态旅游的产生、定认、特点与理论基础等基本问题,分别阐述了生态旅游者、生态旅游资源、生态旅游业、生态旅游环境等４个要素的研究概况,重点分析了生态旅游规划与管理的研究现状,还归纳了生态旅游发展中应注意的问题,在以上基础上,总结了生态旅游研究的特点,并对研究方向作了评述。     

基于食品安全的消费者自我保护行为综述

从食品安全定义、食品安全问题及成因、消费者角度检视的食品安全问题等方面对国内外食品安全问题进行综述,从消费者的选购行为、家庭食品处理行为两方面对消费者基于食品安全的自我保护行为现状、定义及影响因素进行分类归纳。     

基于文献计量分析的中国乡村生态学研究综述

我国已全面建成了小康社会,新发展阶段对乡村生态环境保护治理提出更高要求,乡村生态振兴既要提升生态环境质量,又要促进农民农村共同富裕的实现。在时代发展需求中,乡村生态学的研究成果不断丰富,概念内涵不断扩展,有必要对过去20年中国乡村生态学研究进行梳理和总结,为美丽乡村建设、自然资源保护、乡村可持续发展提供理论依据。对中国乡村生态学研究进行文献计量和可视化分析,通过绘制可视化知识图谱,梳理了20年以来中国乡村生态学研究的发展脉络,提出人类感知与社会需求的层级递进是推动乡村生态学研究发展的一个主要驱动力;针对乡村生态热点,提出4个方面的研究趋势,即乡村生态环境精细化治理与预警、乡村建设中的生态环境政策和制度、乡村景观规划与乡村生态文化建设和农村生产生活消费绿色化发展与可持续性;最后,围绕需求层级理论和乡村生态系统服务,构建了乡村生态学学科边界框架,强调在多学科交叉的基础上,针对乡村生态研究的多层次多尺度的特征,重点开展乡村生态系统中社会、经济、生态多要素对乡村生态系统的综合作用及其之间相互影响关系的研究。     

综述与专论：肿瘤干细胞与免疫微环境调控

肿瘤干细胞是肿瘤中一小群具有自我更新和分化能力的细胞,是肿瘤发生、转移、治疗抵抗和复发的关键。肿瘤干细胞处于特定微环境中,其数量维持、自我更新和分化均受到微环境的精细调控,其中免疫微环境是肿瘤干细胞最关键的微环境之一。近年来肿瘤免疫疗法取得了较大成功,但是免疫治疗后耐药和复发频现,肿瘤干细胞与普通肿瘤细胞相比,具有更强的免疫逃逸能力,其在肿瘤免疫逃逸中的作用受到越来越多的关注。本文论述了肿瘤干细胞的发现历史和谱系来源,重点描述了肿瘤干细胞微环境中的免疫细胞类型,例如肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞、肿瘤相关巨噬细胞和肿瘤相关树突状细胞等,剖析了肿瘤干细胞-免疫细胞相互作用机制,并阐述了靶向肿瘤干细胞及其免疫微环境的干预策略。随着肿瘤干细胞-免疫细胞共培养、单细胞测序和谱系示踪等先进技术的发展和应用,通过靶向肿瘤干细胞与免疫细胞的相互作用或逆转免疫抑制性微环境,抑制肿瘤干细胞的免疫逃逸,有望为肿瘤免疫治疗的耐药和复发难题提供潜在解决方案。     

工作月报制在现代医疗管理中的应用与探索

“痕迹管理”是现代医院管理工作客观要求,北京大学第一医院建立了医疗管理工作月度报告制度,以《医疗管理工作日度报告》为载体,加强医疗管理处室内部组织以及医疗管理团队间的协作,提升了医院医疗管理水平。     

非人灵长类的自我觉察能力综述

自我觉察是动物个体通过线索觉察到镜像与自己的联系,并利用线索来验证镜像与自身关联的能力。近三十年来,随着各学科的研究范式和方法的发展,关于非人灵长类的自我觉察研究不断深入,并涌现出大量新的研究成果。这方面的相关研究不仅能够为探索更深层、复杂的认知能力提供解释基础,而且能为人类互动行为和认知研究提供参照。目前,国外相关研究较为广泛,而国内却依然十分薄弱。本文重在介绍非人灵长类自我觉察研究的镜子实验这一基本范式,以及根据这一范式所得出的检验自我觉察能力的行为指标、相关推理过程、理论及研究;同时也回顾了自我觉察在猴类方面的研究进展以及其在人类与黑猩猩的物种间发展性比较研究;总结了录像法、脸部识别的认知神经科学范式等较新近的自我觉察研究方法和范式特点和优势、最新进展;最后对于自我觉察研究提出了完善概念界定、整合研究工具与实验范式、结合多学科多物种研究策略的展望,旨在拓展国内的相关研究领域,为其他物种的相关研究提供范例。     

自尊对大学生职业探索行为的影响研究

目的：探讨自尊对职业探索行为的影响。方法：采用职业探索量表和自尊量表对489名大学生进行测试。采用SPSS11.5统计软件对数据进行统计分析。结果：①男大学生在职业探索行为上的得分高于女生;②大四的学生在职业探索行为明显多于大一学生;③自尊对自我探索和目标聚焦有显著地正向预测作用。结论：在排除了人口统计学变量对职业探索行为的影响作用后,发现自尊程度越高,自我探索和目标聚焦的行为就会越多。因此,提高学生的自尊水平有利于大学生的自我探索和目标聚焦行为。     

Does Human–Animal Similarity Lower the Need to Affirm Humans’ Superiority Relative to Animals? A Social Psychological Viewpoint

This research integrates different social psychological theories to test whether human–animal similarity promotes affiliation with animals and lowers the need to affirm humans’ superiority relative to animals. On the basis of theories of intergroup relations, terror management theory, and work conducted in the field of human–animal relations, we expected that higher human–animal similarity would decrease the need to affirm humans’ superiority relative to animals, by triggering a greater sense of shared social identity. Two correlational studies (ns = 187 and 191) tested a mediation model whereby perceived human–animal similarity was expected to predict a lower need to differentiate the perceived status of humans from animals through a process of social identification with animals. Mediated regressions provided support for these associations. A repeated-measures experiment (n = 176) replicated these findings by systematically comparing objectively (phylogenetically) more vs. less similar animals and assessing perceived status and identification. Results are discussed in light of theories of intergroup relations, terror management theory, as well as recent advances in the field of social psychology and self and identity processes.     

A head above the rest: Height and adolescent psychological well-being

Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we examine the effect of adolescent height on mental health as measured by Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scores and Rosenberg Self-Esteem (RSE) scores. We find evidence that height is associated with fewer symptoms of depression among females 17–19 years of age, and among males 12–19 years of age. The negative relationship between height and depression among males persists after controlling for body mass index (BMI), differences in pubertal timing, and individual fixed effects, but does not explain the effect of height on educational attainment. We conclude that there is a small psychological benefit for males to being taller as an adolescent.     

SUBJECTIVE PERCEPTIONS OF THE EFFECTS OF SUSTAINED PERFORMANCE UNDER SLEEP-DEPRIVATION CONDITIONS

In today's society, numerous situations arise in which sleep deprivation is a common occurrence. Subjective perceptions are a vital component to understanding the effects of sustained performance during sleep deprivation, as they may be the first indication of the effects of sustained performance or sleep deprivation on the individual. Using the theoretical framework of the Controlled Attention Model, this study examined the effects of 16?h of sustained performance under 28?h of acute sleep deprivation on perceived effort, motivation, and stress of 24 participants while completing a complex cognitive and a simple vigilance task. Perceived effort increased for both tasks, with higher effort reported on the cognitive than the vigilance task at the beginning of the experimental period, but with higher effort reported on the vigilance than the cognitive task at the end. Subjective motivation decreased for both tasks, with significantly higher levels of motivation on the cognitive than the vigilance task. Perceived stress did not change for either task. Results suggest that functioning under sustained performance and sleep-deprivation conditions affects subjective perceptions differently for cognitive versus vigilance tasks. The controlled attention model offers one means of understanding how different tasks could affect a person's subjective perceptions and ability to perform, in that different levels of controlled attention are required for the two tasks. (Author correspondence: hodle@gettysburg.edu)     

Giving the silent majority a stronger voice? Initiatives to empower Muslim women as part of the UK's ‘War on Terror’

Abstract

This article provides a gendered analysis of the ‘War on Terror’ in the UK context. Specifically it looks at initiatives to empower Muslim women, which were part of New Labour's Preventing Violent Extremism (PVE) agenda, the impetus for which stemmed from the idea that, as ‘the silent majority’, women need to be given a ‘stronger voice’. Based on analysis of qualitative interviews, this article situates these initiatives within a broader policy landscape of debates on multiculturalism, community cohesion and Britishness. It explores interviewees' understandings of Muslim women's silence in relation to those suggested by policy discourse, considering the ways in which the state's attempt to ‘give voice’ worked in practice. I argue that the operation of such initiatives continued to constrain Muslim women's voices, restricting ‘voice’ to a narrow range of speakers speaking about a narrow range of issues.     

Indirect vegetation–soil moisture feedback with application to Holocene North Africa climate1

Using a fully coupled climate–terrestrial ecosystem model, we demonstrate explicitly that an initial perturbation on vegetation induces not only a direct positive vegetation feedback, but also a significant indirect vegetation–soil moisture feedback. The indirect feedback is generated through either fractional cover change or soil moisture depletion. Both indirect feedback mechanisms are triggered by a vegetation perturbation, but involve subsequent effects of soil moisture and evaporation, indirectly. An increase in vegetation tends to reduce bare‐ground evaporation through either the area reduction in bare ground or the depletion of soil moisture; the reduced evaporation may then counter the initial plant transpiration, favoring a negative net vegetation feedback. Furthermore, grasses are more effective in inducing the indirect vegetation–soil feedbacks, because of their limited plant evapotranspiration and shallower roots that tend to change surface soil moisture, and, in turn, evaporation, effectively. In comparison, trees favor a direct positive vegetation feedback due to their strong plant transpiration on subsurface soil moisture as well as a lower albedo.     

从肠道菌群探讨高血压脾胃论治机理

高血压已成为严重威胁人类健康的疾病之一,其发病是遗传、环境因素及生活方式相互作用的结果。大量研究表明,肠道菌群在高血压的发生发展过程中起着重要的作用,其机制主要涉及促进能量吸收、激活炎症反应、调节肠道通透性等多个方面,因此调节肠道菌群可以有效调节血压。中医认为高血压的根本在于脾胃功能失调,临床从脾胃论治行之有效,脾主运化水谷,肠道菌群影响消化吸收,二者生理功能相似,肠道菌群的研究为中医从脾胃论治高血压提供了新思路,故从肠道菌群入手阐述中医从脾胃论治高血压的机理。