白暨豚脊髓的解剖学和组织学研究

采用２头白暨豚的脊髓分别做成浸制标本和切片。其脊髓式为Ｃ８－Ｔ１０－Ｌｃ１２。根据Ｒｅｘｅｄ的细胞构筑原则将其灰质分为１０层,并对每层及其相关神经核的关系作了描记。在全髓白质中均发现特殊细胞群,包括侧索中的颈、胸、腰属外侧核,背索中的脊髓背索核,以及腹索中的散在细胞。还发现其软膜内陷到脊髓深部,在白质和灰质中形成腔隙和管道并充满脑脊液,神经细胞浸于脑脊液中。作者认为这些细胞应是接触脑脊液神经元（Ｃ     

中华白海豚的解剖学和C_6、T_8、Lc_2的组织学研究

对１头雌成体中华白海豚的脊髓从宏观到微观研究其形态结构。光镜观察标本取自Ｃ６、Ｔ８和Ｌｃ２,冰切２０～４０μｍ,硫堇及镀银两法染色。脊髓式为Ｃ８Ｔ１２Ｌ１０Ｃａ４（或Ｌｃ１４）。脊髓长占体长的２７４８％,脊髓重占脑重的３８８％。蛛网膜小梁异常发达呈薄丝绵状,软脊膜携血管随沟、裂内陷入脊髓实质。灰、白质具不规则血管周隙,含淋巴细胞及脑脊液。神经细胞与微血管浸于脑脊液中,故神经细胞为ＣＳＦ－ＣＮ。根据Ｒｅｘｅｄ的细胞构筑原则,可将Ｃ６、Ｔ８、Ｌｃ２灰质分为１０层,并对每层及其相关神经核关系作了描述。在上述３节白质侧索、背索和腹索中均发现特殊细胞群,即：颈外侧核、胸外侧核和腰尾外侧核;背索核和腹索中的弥散性细胞。     

大鼠膀胱初级传入纤维向中枢的定位投射──CB－HRP跨神经节追踪研究

本文用大鼠１７只，将ＣＢ－ＨＲＰ注入一例膀胱壁内，ＴＭＢ法反应，明暗视野对照观察。结果：１）标记的初级传入神经元在脊神经节的分布节段为Ｔ１２－Ｓ２节，以注射侧为主。最集中的节段是Ｌ６－Ｓ１，其标记细胞数占标记细胞总数５２．５％，并集中分布在节内的背远侧端，有较明确的局部定位；２）初级传入神经元的中枢突进入脊髓后，其大部分纤维（外侧径束）终于网状核和中间外侧核形成终末区。小部分纤维（内侧径束）进入中央管背外侧区和灰质后连合形成终末区。灰质后连合被一横行的白质带分为背、腹两部，外侧径束分布在腹部并可越过中线，内侧径束分布在背部。     

中华白海豚脊髓的解剖学和C6、T8、Lc2的组织学研究

对1头雌成体中华白海豚的脊髓从宏观到微观研究其形态结构。光镜观察标本取自C₆ 、T₈ 和 Lc₂, 冰切20～40μm, 硫堇及镀银两法染色。脊髓式为 C₈-T₁₂-L₁₀-Ca₄ (或 Lc₁₄)。脊髓长占体长的27.48 %, 脊髓重占脑重的3.88%。蛛网膜小梁异常发达呈薄丝绵状, 软脊膜携血管随沟、裂内陷入脊髓实质。灰、白质具不规则血管周隙, 含淋巴细胞及脑脊液。神经细胞与微血管浸于脑脊液中, 故神经细胞为CSF-CN。根据 Rexed 的细胞构筑原则, 可将C₆、T₈、Lc₂灰质分为10层, 并对每层及其相关神经核关系作了描述。在上述3节白质侧索、背索和腹索中均发现特殊细胞群, 即: 颈外侧核、胸外侧核和腰尾外侧核; 背索核和腹索中的弥散性细胞。
     

神经生长因子样免疫反应在鸡胚脊髓发育期的配布

探讨神经生长因子（NGF）对脊髓和背根节（DRG）发育的影响。取Hamburger 30期和40期鸡胚腰段脊髓及DRG。制作20μm厚冰冻切片。用2.5S NGF抗体进行ABC免疫组化染色,观察NGF样免疫阳性反应（NGF－IR）在两时相脊髓和DRG的配布,结果在30期,强NGF－IR呈现在白质,且腹侧较强,灰质未阳生细胞。40期时,除白质显NGF－IR和背侧白质NGF－IR增强外,脊髓灰质和DRG内亦出现了一些NGF阳性细胞,特别是在背角细胞可见强NGF－IR。结果表明NGF与脊髓和DRG的发育有关。     

晚妊人胎脊髓内一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元和阳性纤维的分布及其生物学意义

取７例人胎脊髓标本,用还原型辅酶Ⅱ（β－ＮＡＤＰＨ）组织化学方法对人胎脊髓内一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）阳性神经元和阳性纤维的分布进行了观察。ＮＯＳ阳性神经元在妊娠３２周至３９周胎龄人胎脊髓内的分布和细胞形态无明显差异,主要位于后角深层（Ⅲ、Ⅳ层）、中央管周围灰质和中间带外侧核（ＩＭＬ）;前角内可见少数散在的ＮＯＳ阳性神经元;在脊髓白质内有密集的ＮＯＳ阳性的胶质样细胞分布。ＮＯＳ阳性纤维主要见于后角浅层（Ⅰ、Ⅱ层）和中间带。脊髓内ＮＯＮ阳性神经元和阳性纤维的分布,提示脊髓内ＮＯＳ可能与内脏活动的调节和躯体感觉传入的调制有关;ＮＯＳ阳性的胶质样细胞可能参与白质内神经纤维的髓化过程。     

刺激大鼠大脑脚影响脊髓伤害感受性传递的下行途径

在麻醉大鼠用部分切割脊髓的方法分析了刺激大脑脚影响脊髓背角伤害感受性神经元的下委途径。刺激ＣＰ对背角神经元伤害感受性反应（Ｃ－反应）的影响以抑制为,部分（３０．７％）神经元在抑制作用产生之前先被兴历,抑制作用主要是通过背索或背外侧索实现的,然而在多数神经元是两者共同作用的结果,其中ＤＬＦ的作用似乎更为重要。兴历作用则是通过ＤＦ实现的。由于大鼠的皮质脊髓束位于ＤＦ中,以上结果提示大脑皮层不仅可直接通     

组胺H_2受体激动剂4－甲基组胺及其拮抗剂雷尼替丁对HL－60白血病细胞增殖的作用

在ＨＬ－６０白血病细胞的体外培养中,组胺Ｈ＿２受体激动剂４－甲基组胺（１０￣（－８）－１０￣（－４）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）对ＨＬ－６０细胞的增殖具有轻微的抑制作用,而组胺Ｈ＿２受体拮抗剂雷尼替丁（１０￣（－８）－１０￣（－４）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）对ＨＬ－６０细胞的增殖具有较强的抑制作用。但用１０￣（－６）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的雷尼替丁预处理ＨＬ－６０细胞则可部分地拮抗４－甲基组胺（１０￣（－８）－１０￣（－４）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）对ＨＬ－６０白血病细胞的抑制作用。     

大鼠脊髓胸段平面少突胶质细胞分布和形态学差异的研究

目的：观察大鼠脊髓胸段（T8-T10）平面中少突胶质细胞在白质和灰质中分布和形态学差异。方法：应用免疫荧光组织化学方法,利用少突胶质细胞特异性标志物一抗大鼠Nogo-A分子单克隆抗体,观察大鼠脊髓胸段平面白质和灰质中少突胶质细胞分布和形态学差异。结果：Nogo—A免疫阳性标记主要集中在少突胶质细胞的胞体、突起及其形成的髓鞘。在冠状切面中,白质中的少突胶质细胞广泛分布,而灰质中少突胶质细胞主要分布于神经元的周围;白质中少突胶质细胞胞体较灰质中少突胶质细胞的胞体大,且白质中少突胶质细胞突起及形成的髓鞘结构较灰质中明显。在矢状切面中,白质中少突胶质细胞多成”串珠状”排列,而灰质中少突胶质细胞则紧贴神经元。在脊髓近端背根结结构中,可以观察到少突胶质细胞形成的轴突呈”蜂窝状”结构。结论：应用抗大鼠Nogo—A分子单克隆抗体的免疫荧光组织化学染色方法能够较好展示少突胶质细胞分布特点和形态学差异,与少突胶质细胞类别（束内细胞,卫星细胞）和功能特点相适应,为进一步研究生理和病理条件下,少突胶质细胞的机能奠定基础。     

乙酰胆碱对大鼠体外抗体生成的影响

目的：观察不同浓度乙酰胆碱（ＡＣｈ,１０－１０～１０－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）对大鼠体外抗体生成的影响,并初步探讨其作用机制,从细胞水平了解乙酰胆碱与免疫功能之间的关系。方法：用体外抗体生成的检测方法,用绵羊红细胞（ＳＲＢＣ）刺激大鼠肠系膜淋巴结Ｂ细胞转化成抗体形成细胞（ＡＦＣ）,然后检测其抗体生成量。结果：①１０－１０～１０－７ｍｏｌ／ＬＡＣｈ能显著抑制体外抗体生成,其中１０－８和１０－７ｍｏｌ／ＬＡＣｈ的作用较强,而１０－６和１０－５ｍｏｌ／ＬＡＣｈ无明显的抑制作用;②Ｍ型胆碱能受体激动剂毛果芸香碱（１０－８和１０－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）能明显减弱体外抗体生成,而Ｎ型受体激动剂烟碱（１０－８和１０－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）没有显著的减弱作用,Ｍ型受体拮抗剂阿托品（１０－７和１０－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）可完全阻断ＡＣｈ抑制体外抗体生成的作用;③ＡＣｈ分别在Ｂ细胞用ＳＲＢＣ刺激后３～４８ｈ中的６个不同时间与淋巴细胞作用,其抗体生成仍然是减少的。结论：ＡＣｈ可非浓度依赖性地抑制大鼠的体外抗体生成;此作用可能由Ｂ细胞上的Ｍ型胆碱能受体介导;且ＡＣｈ可能主要影响Ｂ细胞转化的后期过程。     

江豚脊髓的研究

本文研究了江豚脊髓的形态和内部构造,首次报道鲸类脊髓灰质分层和神经核的对应关系,并发现在胸段8—13节 、腰尾段1一6节等白质的侧索中有特殊细胞群,以多极或小三角形细胞为多,也有少数棱形细胞,呈串珠状排列或散在分布,分别与背角I- Ⅴ层相联系,它们显示出与感觉传导系有关,作者认为应分别称之为胸外侧核和腰尾外倒核。     

Ascending and descending projections of the lateral vestibular nucleus in the rat

The tracer neurobiotin was injected into the lateral vestibular nucleus in rat and the efferent fiber connections of the nucleus were studied. The labeled fibers reached the diencephalon rostrally and the sacral segments of the spinal cord caudally. In the diencephalon, the ventral posteromedial and the gustatory nuclei received the most numerous labeled fibers. In the mesencephalon, the inferior colliculus, the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, the nucleus of Darkschewitch, the periaqueductal gray matter and the red nucleus received large numbers of labeled fibers. In the rhombencephalon, commissural and internuclear connections originated from the lateral vestibular nucleus to all other vestibular nuclei. The medioventral (motor) part of the reticular formation was richly supplied, whereas fewer fibers were seen in the lateral (vegetative) part. In the spinal cord, the descending fibers were densely packed in the anterior funiculus and in the ventral part of the lateral funiculus. Collaterals invaded the entire gray matter from lamina IX up to lamina III; the fibers and terminals were most numerous in laminae VII and VIII. Collateral projections were rich in the cervical and lumbosacral segments, whereas they were relatively poor in the thoracic segments of the spinal cord. It was concluded that the fiber projection in the rostral direction was primarily aimed at sensory-motor centers; in the rhombencephalon and spinal cord, fibers projected onto structures subserving various motor functions.     

Sources of cortical,hypothalamic and spinal serotonergic projections: Topical organization in the dorsal raphe nucleus

A study was made of retrograde axon transport of luminescent stains (primulin, fluoro-gold, fast blue, and nuclear yellow) from the spinal cord, the frontal cortex and lateral hypothalamus to various neuron groups of the periventricular gray matter of the midbrain and the dorsal tegmentum of the pons Varolii. Two large groups of serotonergic neurons are localized in the dorsomedial area of the dorsal raphe nucleus where projections to the thoracic segments of the spinal cord originate. Some of these neurons form divergent axon collaterals to the frontal cortex. Our data indicate that the antinociceptive effect of stimulating the "purely analgesic zone" of the midbrain periventricular gray matter may be due to direct involvement of the dorsal raphe nucleus in the descending control of impulsation induced by nociceptive stimulation at the spinal cord level. The neurotransmitter and neuromodulator role of separate cortical and hypothalamic projections of serotonin-containing neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus is discussed.A. M. Gorky Medical Institute, Donetsk. A. A. Bogomolets Institute of Physiology, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Kiev. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 87–96, January–February, 1992.     

Chromatographic identification of Met- and Leu-enkephalin in the human fetal spinal cord

Using the indirect immunofluorescence method, enkephalin-like immunoreactivity was visualized on human fetus spinal cord sections (gestational age from 17 to 25 weeks). Immunolabeled varicose fibers and terminal-like structures were seen through the whole length fetal spinal cord principally in the dorsal gray, in the intermediate gray and in the lateral funiculus. A few enkephalin-like immunoreactive cells were sometimes detected in the intermediate gray. Finally, some immunolabeled fibers were also visible in the ventral spinal cord especially proximate to the motor nuclei areas at the sacral level. Fetal spinal cord tissue extracts from the cervical thoracic and lumbosacral region were chromatographically analyzed using high pressure liquid chromatography in combination with the radioimmunoassay. This biochemical analysis indicates that authentic pentapeptides Met- and Leu-enkephalin may account for a large part (more than 90%) of the enkephalin-like immunoreactivity detected in the fetal spinal cord investigated. Taken together our results suggest that the biosynthetic processing of Met- and Leu-enkephalin in this tissue might be functional early before birth.     

New data on the immunocytochemical localization of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the rat central nervous system

An antiserum raised against the synthetic tripeptide pyroglutamyl-histidyl-proline (free acid) was used to localize thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in the rat central nervous system (CNS) by immunocytochemistry. The distribution of TRH-immunoreactive structures was similar to that reported earlier; i.e., most of the TRH-containing perikarya were located in the parvicellular part of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, the suprachiasmatic portion of the preoptic nucleus, the dorsomedial nucleus, the lateral basal hypothalamus, and the raphe nuclei. Several new locations for TRH-immunoreactive neurons were also observed, including the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb, the anterior olfactory nuclei, the diagonal band of Broca, the septal nuclei, the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area, the reticular thalamic nucleus, the lateral reticular nucleus of the medulla oblongata, and the central gray matter of the mesencephalon. Immunoreactive fibers were seen in the median eminence, the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, the lateral septal nucleus, the medial habenula, the dorsal and ventral parabrachial nuclei, the nucleus of the solitary tract, around the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves, the dorsal vagal complex, and in the reticular formation of the brainstem. In the spinal cord, no immunoreactive perikarya were observed. Immunoreactive processes were present in the lateral funiculus of the white matter and in laminae V-X in the gray matter. Dense terminal-like structures were seen around spinal motor neurons. The distribution of TRH-immunoreactive structures in the CNS suggests that TRH functions both as a neuroendocrine regulator in the hypothalamus and as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator throughout the CNS.     

PKCγ免疫反应定位小鼠皮质脊髓束的实验研究

目的探讨显示皮质脊髓束在成年小鼠脑和脊髓中定位分布的简便有效方法。方法运用蛋白激酶Cγ（PKCγ）免疫组织化学染色法,观察成年ICR小鼠脑和脊髓中皮质脊髓束的定位和分布情况。结果PKCγ免疫阳性产物分布于大脑运动皮层第V层锥体细胞胞体和轴突中,锥体细胞的阳性纤维经内囊、中脑大脑脚底、脑桥基底部、下行至延髓锥体中。在延髓下段,PKCγ阳性纤维经锥体交叉后进入对侧脊髓灰质后联合背侧,形成背侧皮质脊髓束,在脊髓白质的后索腹侧深层下行,至骶髓3-4节段以下逐渐消失。在整个脊髓前索和外侧索中未见有PKCγ阳性纤维。结论PKCγ特异地表达于脊髓后索皮质脊髓束中,提示PKCγ免疫组织化学法是一种显示和观察皮质脊髓束精确定位的有效方法。     

Experimental morphological study of endings of propriospinal fibers of the lateral funiculus in the cat cervical spinal cord

The distribution and ultrastructure of terminals of the propriospinal fibers of the lateral funiculus in the cervical segments of the cat spinal cord were studied by the experimental degeneration method. A preliminary lateral hemisection of the spinal cord was carried out 5–6 months earlier at the level of segments C2 or C3 to destroy all the long descending pathways; the lateral funiculus was then divided at the level of C4 or C5. It was shown by the method of Fink and Heimer that terminals of descending and ascending propriospinal pathways damaged by the second division are distributed in the gray matter ipsilaterally in the lateral zones of Rexed's laminase V–VII and also in the dorsolateral motor nuclei. An electron-microscopic study showed that the synapses of the degenerating terminals are mainly axo-dendritic in type and account for 14.5% of the total number of terminals counted. Residual synaptic vesicles in these terminals were spherical in shape. The mean diameter of the degenerating myelinated propriospinal fibers in the lateral funiculus was 10±3 µ. The results of this investigation were compared with those of electrophysiological investigations of the function of propriospinal neurons.     

Laminar distribution of sources of ascending spinocerebral fiber systems in the cat spinal cord

The location of labeled neurons that are sources of ascending crossed and uncrossed supraspinal fiber systems was studied in the laminae of gray matter of the spinal cord in 18 cats by the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase method. Neurons in the lateral zones of the dorsal horn were shown to make direct, and cells in neighboring regions indirect (through relay nuclei of the dorsal columns) connections with the contralateral thalamus. In the lower segments of the spinal cord sources of crossed spinoreticular and spinothalamic fiber systems are located in the medial regions of the ventral horn and lateral zones of the lateral basilar region. Some large neurons in the motor nuclei were shown to send their axons into the lateral reticular nucleus of the medulla. On the basis of the results a scheme of the laminar organization of sources of ascending fiber systems in the cat spinal cord is constructed.A. A. Bogomolets Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Kiev. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 11, No. 5, pp. 451–459, September–October, 1979.     

The Glutamatergic Neurons in the Spinal Cord of the Sea Lamprey: An In Situ Hybridization and Immunohistochemical Study

Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter involved in spinal cord circuits in vertebrates, but in most groups the distribution of glutamatergic spinal neurons is still unknown. Lampreys have been extensively used as a model to investigate the neuronal circuits underlying locomotion. Glutamatergic circuits have been characterized on the basis of the excitatory responses elicited in postsynaptic neurons. However, the presence of glutamatergic neurochemical markers in spinal neurons has not been investigated. In this study, we report for the first time the expression of a vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) in the spinal cord of the sea lamprey. We also study the distribution of glutamate in perikarya and fibers. The largest glutamatergic neurons found were the dorsal cells and caudal giant cells. Two additional VGLUT-positive gray matter populations, one dorsomedial consisting of small cells and another one lateral consisting of small and large cells were observed. Some cerebrospinal fluid-contacting cells also expressed VGLUT. In the white matter, some edge cells and some cells associated with giant axons (Müller and Mauthner axons) and the dorsolateral funiculus expressed VGLUT. Large lateral cells and the cells associated with reticulospinal axons are in a key position to receive descending inputs involved in the control of locomotion. We also compared the distribution of glutamate immunoreactivity with that of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine. Colocalization of glutamate and GABA or glycine was observed in some small spinal cells. These results confirm the glutamatergic nature of various neuronal populations, and reveal new small-celled glutamatergic populations, predicting that some glutamatergic neurons would exert complex actions on postsynaptic neurons.