禾谷缢管蚜的发生与小麦生育期关系的研究

通过5年的系统研究和调查发现:小麦的高生育阶段最有利于禾谷缢管蚜的发生、繁育。该蚜若蚜期随小麦生育阶段的提高而缩短;成蚜生殖量、无翅蚜比例、蚜体大小均随小麦生育阶段的提高而增大;麦田始终只有穗期蚜量高峰。     

麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜对小麦挥发物的触角电位反应

采用活体蚜虫测定法,利用EAG技术比较分析了麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi有翅及无翅成蚜对小麦挥发物及麦蚜取食诱导挥发物组分的嗅觉反应,揭示了两种麦蚜的嗅觉变异特点。结果表明：麦长管蚜对水杨酸甲酯、反-2-己烯醛、反-2-己烯醇、-6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮和-6-甲基-5-庚烯-2醇的反应较强,禾谷缢管蚜对水杨酸甲酯、反-3-己烯乙酸酯、-6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮和-6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-醇的反应较强,并得到了剂量反应曲线。麦长管蚜的有翅和无翅成蚜对6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、反-2-己烯醇和水杨酸甲酯的反应差异显著;禾谷缢管蚜的有翅和无翅成蚜对反-2-己烯醇、辛醛、里那醇、水杨酸甲酯和反-3-己烯乙酸酯的EAG反应差异显著,其原因与禾谷缢管蚜迁移及转主为害的生物学特性有关。     

四川小麦主栽品种对禾谷缢管蚜的抗性

【目的】评价四川小麦主栽品种对禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi Linnaeus的抗性,比较以蚜量比值为标准划分的抗性等级与千粒重损失率的一致性。【方法】选择2000年以来四川省审定的34个小麦主栽品种,遮雨棚内盆栽种植,在孕穗期进行罩网接蚜,利用蚜量比值方法划分抗蚜等级,在小麦成熟后测定千粒重损失率。【结果】34个品种的抗性等级分布为中抗~高感,没有抗或高抗品种,中抗、低抗、低感、中感、感、高感等级的品种数分别为2、6、11、5、6和4个,中抗品种为川麦42和绵麦45。中抗至高感等级品种的平均千粒重损失率依次为43.6%、58.1%、60.3%、68.1%、73.5%和77.1%,川麦42(中抗)和内麦836(高感)的千粒重损失率分别为41.8%和80.7%。蚜量比值与千粒重损失率之间呈极显著的正相关,部分品种抗性等级与其千粒重损失率表现不一致,低抗品种川农16千粒重损失率为70.0%,而低感品种川麦107的千粒重损失率为52.8%。【结论】本试验条件下,参试的四川小麦品种在中抗至高感禾谷缢管蚜等级内均有分布,且主要集中在低感范围内,具有外源遗传背景的川麦42比近源品种的整体抗性稍强。蚜量比值结合千粒重损失率进行小麦抗性等级划分的结果更加可靠。     

麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜对吡虫啉敏感性的比较研究

采用麦穗浸渍法在室内测定了麦长管蚜Macrosiphumavenae(Fabricius)和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphumpadi(L .)对吡虫啉可湿性粉剂和乳油的敏感度。结果表明 ,禾谷缢管蚜对吡虫啉的敏感度是麦长管蚜的 3～ 4倍 (基于LC50 的比较 )。在北京、河南、江苏、湖北、四川等地同浓度的吡虫啉对禾谷缢管蚜的防治效果要好于麦长管蚜 (特别是在低浓度时尤为明显 )。依据我国不同省份小麦穗蚜的优势种不同 ,建议用吡虫啉防治小麦穗蚜时 ,在南方麦区 ,禾谷缢管蚜为优势种的麦田 ,吡虫啉用药量为 15～ 3 0g(a.i) hm2 ;北方麦区 ,以麦长管蚜为优势种的麦田 ,吡虫啉的用药量应大于 3 0g(a.i) hm2 。     

禾谷缢管蚜蜜露的分泌节律与小麦品种、生育期关系的研究

<正> 小麦是我国的主要粮食作物之一,而禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi(L.)是小麦上的重要害虫,一般发生年份损失产量5～10％,大发生年份可超过30％。1984年全国农作物病     

影响禾谷缢管蚜种群密度的因子分析

运用回归分析、通径分析和网络理论探讨了小麦植株体内氨基酸、蔗糖、水分和温度、光照等因子对禾谷缢管蚜种群量及其胚胎数的单个影响和综合作用。结果表明,单个因子对麦蚜的作用符合二次多项式ｙ２＝ａ＋ｂ１ｘ＋ｂ２ｘ＾２或三次多项式ｙ３＝ａ＋ｂ１ｘ＋ｂ２ｘ＾２＋ｂ３ｘ＾３关系,５个因子的共同作用以多元非线性回归模型ｙ＝ａ＋ΣΣ（ｂｉｊｘｉ＾ｊ）＋ΣΣ（ｂｉｊｘｉ＇ｊ＇ｘｉ＾ｊｘｉ＇＾ｊ＇）拟合比较合理。计算结     

小麦抗禾缢管蚜的生化研究

通过福林法、葸酮法、滴定法等分别测定了不同抗蚜性小麦品种植株中酚、糖含量及酸度。结果表明：小麦对禾缢管蚜尺Rhopalosiphum padi(Linnaeus)的抗性与小麦体内酚含量有关,抗性强的小麦其体内含酚量相对高,反之低。同时小麦抗性的强弱与体内糖含量,酸度亦有相关性。另外还测走了在不同抗性小麦品种上生长的蚜虫体内淀粉酶及羧酸酯酶的活性,结果表明在抗性强的小麦品种上生长的蚜虫体内淀粉酶,羧酸酯酶活性强,反之弱。     

禾谷缢管蚜发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

在 5种恒定温度下观察了禾谷缢管蚜的生长发育速率 ,分别确定了其有翅蚜和无翅蚜各龄若蚜及全若期的发育起点温度和有效积温     

高粱蚜发生程度的预测研究

通过１８年的田间调查和研究,得知高粱蚜的发生程度与麦蚜的发生程度呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．８９９８）,因此即可用麦蚜发生程度预测后期高粱蚜的发生程度,预测回归式为ｙ＝５．９０１１－０．９８７４ｘ。该预报方法较常规测报法在时间上提早了１个月。经多年检验,预报准确率颇高。     

Development and mapping of 2240 new SSR markers for rice (Oryza sativa L.).

A total of 2414 new di-, tri- and tetra-nucleotide non-redundant SSR primer pairs, representing 2240 unique marker loci, have been developed and experimentally validated for rice (Oryza sativa L.). Duplicate primer pairs are reported for 7% (174) of the loci. The majority (92%) of primer pairs were developed in regions flanking perfect repeats > or = 24 bp in length. Using electronic PCR (e-PCR) to align primer pairs against 3284 publicly sequenced rice BAC and PAC clones (representing about 83% of the total rice genome), 65% of the SSR markers hit a BAC or PAC clone containing at least one genetically mapped marker and could be mapped by proxy. Additional information based on genetic mapping and "nearest marker" information provided the basis for locating a total of 1825 (81%) of the newly designed markers along rice chromosomes. Fifty-six SSR markers (2.8%) hit BAC clones on two or more different chromosomes and appeared to be multiple copy. The largest proportion of SSRs in this data set correspond to poly(GA) motifs (36%), followed by poly(AT) (15%) and poly(CCG) (8%) motifs. AT-rich microsatellites had the longest average repeat tracts, while GC-rich motifs were the shortest. In combination with the pool of 500 previously mapped SSR markers, this release makes available a total of 2740 experimentally confirmed SSR markers for rice, or approximately one SSR every 157 kb.     

Effect of iron plaque outside roots on nutrient uptake by rice (Oryza sativa L.). Zinc uptake by Fe-deficient rice

This solution culture study examined the effect of the deposition of iron plaque on zinc uptake by Fe-deficient rice plants. Different amounts of iron plaque were induced by adding Fe(OH)₃ at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 50 mg Fe/L in the nutrient solution. After 24 h of growth, the amount of iron plaque was correlated positively with the Fe(OH)₃ addition to the nutrient solution. Increasing iron plaque up to 12.1 g/kg root dry weight increased zinc concentration in shoots by 42% compared to that at 0.16 g/kg root dry weight. Increasing the amount of iron plaque further decreased zinc concentration. When the amounts of iron plaque reached 24.9 g/kg root dry weight, zinc concentration in shoots was lower than that in shoots without iron plaque, implying that the plaque became a barrier for zinc uptake. While rice plants were pre-cultured in –Fe and +Fe nutrient solution in order to produce the Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient plants and then Fe(OH)₃ was added at 20, 30, and 50 mg Fe/L in nutrient solution, zinc concentrations in shoots of Fe-deficient plants were 54, 48, and 43 mg/kg, respectively, in contrast to 32, 35, and 40 mg/kg zinc in shoots of Fe-sufficient rice plants. Furthermore, Fe(OH)₃ addition at 20 mg Fe/L and increasing zinc concentration from 0.065 to 0.65 mg Zn/L in nutrient solution increased zinc uptake more in Fe-deficient plants than in Fe-sufficient plant. The results suggested that root exudates of Fe-deficient plants, especially phytosiderophores, could enhance zinc uptake by rice plants with iron plaque up to a particular amount of Fe.     

小麦穗期麦长管蚜发生程度的预测模型研究

应用逐步判别分析方法,对山东省金乡县1982—1989年共8年小麦穗期麦长管蚜发生程度的历史观测资料进行了数量分析,建立了判别方程（预测模型）。将历史资料进行回检,符合率为100％,把1990年的观察资料作为独立样本进行试报,结果与实际相吻合。为害虫种群动态的预测预报提供了一种新的研究方法。     

龙眼鸡Fulgora candelaria(L.)生物学特性的初步研究

龙眼鸡 F ulgora candelaria(L.)分布于东南亚 ,是中国南方龙眼树的一种重要害虫 ,年生一代 ,以成虫越冬。本文是作者等自七十年代末迄八十年代在福州金山以及福建南部的漳州、莆田等地 ,对这种害虫生物学特性进行初步研究的小结 ,并对分布、寄主以及天敌龙眼鸡寄蛾 Fulgoraecia bowringii Newman等有关问题进行了讨论     

小菜蛾对几种常用药剂的敏感性测定

采用叶片浸溃法,在2001年10月和2002年10月分别测定了福州上街蔬菜基地的小菜蛾,对10种杀虫剂的敏感性。结果表明,上街菜区小菜蛾对灭多威、杀虫双、辛硫磷、毒死蜱、杀灭菊酯和功夫菊酯等农药极不敏感,已不能有效控制小菜蛾的危害。而小菜蛾对氟啶脲、阿维菌素、氟虫腈和虫螨腈比较敏感。通过两次毒力测定比较(2002年10月的LC50;2001年10月的LC50),结果表明,大多数杀虫剂敏感性变化较小。但小菜蛾对阿维菌素敏感性明显下降,毒力倍数达6．65倍,对氟虫腈毒力倍数相差1．48倍。此外,2002年10月小菜蛾对功夫菊酯的LC50为2001年10月的2．02倍。用浸叶法和浸溃法测定多杀菌素、氟虫腈与虫螨腈推荐浓度对小菜蛾幼虫的毒杀作用。结果表明3种药剂浸叶法处理效果均较理想。     

病虫发生程度预报质量评估方法

介绍了对病虫发生程度预报质量进行评估的统计检验方法———McNemar检验和Kappa检验,以及这2种检验方法的原理、假设检验和统计学意义。结合2个实例来说明2种统计检验方法在病虫发生程度预报质量评估中的应用,分析结果表明McNemar检验、Kappa检验能对病虫发生程度预测质量给出更加有效、准确的评估。     

小菜蛾抗药性及其治理对策的研究进展

小菜蛾（Plutella xylostella L.）的抗药性研究是一项全球性的重要课题。本从其抗药性发展、抗药性机理研究进展、抗药性检测及研究手段的状况、抗药性治理对策等方面,对小菜蛾抗药性的研究进展进行综述。目前,对小菜蛾抗药性的分子水平上的探讨甚少。     

An efficient Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation and regeneration system for cotyledons of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)

An efficient transformation and regeneration system was established for the production of transgenic spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) plants. Cotyledon explants were infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 carrying the selectable marker gene, neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII), and the reporter gene smgfp, encoding soluble-modified green-fluorescent protein, driven by the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. The infected explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium, containing 1 mg/l benzyladenine and 0.4 mg/l naphthaleneacetic acid. Shoots were regenerated on selection medium containing 50 mg/l kanamycin. Regenerated kanamycin-resistant shoots were rooted on medium containing 1 mg/l indolebutyric acid and subsequently grown in soil in the greenhouse. Southern blot analysis indicated that the smgfp gene had been integrated into the spinach genome. Northern and Western blots showed that the smgfp gene was expressed in progeny plants. Received: 31 March 1998 / Revision received: 27 September 1998 / Accepted: 10 Ocotber 1998     

分子标记及其在核桃遗传多样性研究中的应用

核桃是我国重要的坚果和木本油料树种之一,具有重要的学术研究和经济价值。现代分子标记技术的迅速发展为核桃的种质鉴定、遗传育种、遗传多样性分析、亲缘鉴定等提供了崭新途径。本文主要介绍RFLP、RAPD、AFLP及SSR等几种分子标记技术的主要原理、特点以及在核桃遗传多样性方面的研究进展,分析了分子标记在核桃遗传多样性研究中的主要问题,并对其发展提出了展望。