排水对若尔盖高原泥炭地土壤有机碳储量的影响

泥炭地作为陆地上生态系统一个重要碳汇,存储了全球土壤有机碳储量的25%—43%。泥炭地排水与其他土地利用导致了大量的土壤有机碳损失。然而,有关排水对中国泥炭地土壤有机碳储量的影响研究报道较少,因此,为了获得更多可靠的泥炭地碳储量信息,以便减少它们估算的不确定性。选取了我国若尔盖高原未排水泥炭地和排水泥炭地进行土壤剖面取样,定量评价排水对泥炭地土壤有机碳储量的影响。研究表明:(1)未排水泥炭地土壤有机碳储量平均值为(923.71±107.18)t C/hm~2,为中国陆地和全球陆地土壤有机碳储量的8.1和9.4倍;而排水泥炭地土壤有机碳储量平均值为(574.01±66.86)t C/hm~2,为中国和全球陆地的5.1和5.8倍。(2)泥炭地排水后,导致表层(0—30 cm)土壤有机碳储量增加(59.11±9.31)t C/hm~2,可能源于土壤容重增加。(3)然而,完全考虑泥炭剖面深度后,排水泥炭地土壤有机碳储量较对照样地减少了349.7 t C/hm~2,这可能是由于泥炭地排水后,水位降低,加速了泥炭氧化,降低了泥炭厚度。     

若尔盖高原泥炭沼泽土壤微生物空间分布

研究高原泥炭沼泽土壤微生物群落组成特征及空间分布格局对于维护高原湿地生态系统结构及功能稳定性具有重要意义。本研究采集若尔盖核心保护区内沿土壤水平与垂直方向分布的50个土壤样本,利用高通量测序技术,并结合Mantel检验和多元回归模型(MRM)多元回归统计方法,对土壤细菌和真菌群落多样性、局域尺度上的群落结构相似性空间分布特征及驱动因子进行分析。结果表明：若尔盖高原泥炭沼泽土壤中的优势细菌和真菌类群分别为绿弯菌门(在水平和垂直方向上分别占总细菌群落的33.2%和25.1%)和子囊菌门(54.7%和76.4%);水平和垂直方向的微生物群落结构相似性均随采样点空间距离增加而逐渐降低,垂直方向上细菌和真菌群落的周转速率分别为水平方向的8.8和8.6倍。依据群落相对丰度将微生物划分为6个分类群,随着群落中稀有种数量的增加,群落距离衰减斜率降低,且条件性稀有或优势物种(CRAT)与总微生物群落的空间分布特征最相似。Mantel分析表明,土壤有机碳、总氮和活性磷是影响水平方向上细菌和真菌群落分布的关键驱动因子,而土壤有机碳、活性碳、pH值和土壤容重则是决定微生物垂直方向分布的主要因子。MRM分析进一步表明,土壤理化指标和空间距离均对微生物群落构建具有极显著影响,其中土壤因子对微生物群落垂直方向分布的解释度高于水平方向,且土壤因子对微生物群落分布的影响远大于空间因子通过扩散限制产生的影响。综上,高原泥炭沼泽土壤微生物群落具有更明显的垂直方向分布差异及环境响应特征。     

泥炭地土壤氮排放对气候暖干化响应研究进展

气候暖干化导致高寒地区泥炭地土壤氮排放急剧增加,但是潜在的微生物调节机制尚不清楚。本文综述了高寒泥炭地土壤氮转化与排放过程对温度升高、水位变化的响应,土壤厌氧氨氧化（Anammox）与NO₃^-异化还原过程的相互作用,土壤N₂O产生路径及其贡献。当前研究的不足体现在：1)只关注土壤N₂O排放,忽视了N₂的释放,导致高寒地区泥炭地氮的损失量被严重低估;2)Anammox过程对泥炭地N₂排放的贡献未被量化;3)Anammox、细菌反硝化和真菌协同反硝化过程对N₂损失的相对贡献缺乏定量评估;4)气候暖干化情景下Anammox和NO₃^-还原过程的解耦机制尚不清楚。未来研究重点应着力于：构建野外增温、水位控制暖干化模拟试验平台,结合稳定性同位素、分子生物学和宏基因组学技术,围绕格局-过程-机理这条主线,系统评估高寒地区泥炭湿地氮排放（N₂O、NO、N₂）的量级、组成比例与主控因素,探讨土壤主要脱氮过程的相互作用规律,量化硝化、厌氧氨氧化和反硝化对N₂O、N₂产生的相对贡献,甄别对暖干化响应敏感的微生物类群,明晰土壤脱氮转变与微生物群落演替之间的耦联关系,揭示土壤脱氮过程对气候暖干化响应的微生物学机理。     

温度和水分变化对冻土区泥炭地土壤氮循环功能基因丰度的影响

以大兴安岭多年冻土区泥炭地为研究对象,通过室内模拟增温实验,研究温度升高对不同深度（0-150 cm）土壤氮循环功能基因丰度的影响。同时针对0-20 cm和20-40 cm土壤设置两个水分处理,分别为土壤原始含水量和淹水状态,研究水分变化对表层土壤氮循环功能基因丰度的影响。结果表明温度升高显著提高了活动层（0-60 cm）、过渡层（60-80 cm）、永冻层（80-100 cm）中nifH、nirK基因丰度,温度升高显著提高了活动层（0-40 cm）和过渡层（60-80 cm）中nirS基因丰度。温度升高显著提高了过渡层（60-80 cm）NH₄⁺-N和较深永冻层（140-150 cm）NO₃^--N的含量,但降低了过渡层（60-80 cm）NO₃^--N和较深永冻层（120-150 cm）NH₄⁺-N的含量,相关性分析表明,NH₄⁺-N含量与nifH和nirS基因丰度呈显著正相关,NO₃^--N含量与nirK基因丰度呈显著正相关,说明温度升高能够通过改变微生物丰度促进过渡层固氮作用和反硝化作用。在增温条件下,淹水处理使表层土壤nirS和nirK基因丰度及NH₄⁺-N含量降低,但提高了NO₃^--N含量,说明淹水造成了过度还原的条件使反硝化底物浓度降低,降低反硝化微生物活性进而抑制了土壤反硝化作用。该结果对于明确未来气候变化影响下冻土区泥炭地土壤氮循环过程具有重要意义。     

水位下降对若尔盖泥炭湿地土壤微生物碳氮利用效率的影响

泥炭湿地作为全球重要的陆地有机碳库,其碳氮循环过程对水位变化高度敏感。尤其在气候变化背景下,日益频繁的水位下降事件不仅加剧了土壤氧化条件,还通过影响底物可利用性和酶活性,调控微生物代谢效率,已成为当前湿地生物地球化学循环研究的核心问题。基于若尔盖高寒泥炭湿地建立原位水位控制实验平台(水位下降0-40 cm),整合微生物生物量碳氮磷(MBC/MBN/MBP)和酶化学计量向量分析,系统揭示水位下降对微生物碳氮利用效率(CUE/NUE)的影响。研究发现:(1)水位下降导致表层土壤微生物碳限制加剧,向量长度增加了28%以上,而氮限制状态持续存在,向量角持续小于45°;(2)随水位下降表层土壤微生物碳氮利用效率呈现协同下降模式,深层土壤没有显著变化,整体上土壤微生物碳氮利用效率呈现显著正相关关系;(3)微生物通过降低微生物生物量C:P以适应磷需求,从而缓解碳受限条件下的代谢压力。向量长度变化可解释微生物碳氮利用效率变化的35.8%和41.3%,表明资源化学计量失衡是驱动代谢效率下降的关键因素。建立了\"水位-资源限制-代谢耦合\"的理论框架,为高寒泥炭湿地应对气候变化的微生物适应机制提供了新认知,对全球变化背景下泥炭湿地碳汇功能的精准管理具有重要意义。     

氮添加对大兴安岭泥炭地典型植物叶片叶绿素和养分含量的影响

叶绿素作为植物光合作用的主要色素,其含量与土壤氮营养环境密切相关,对植物的生长和养分吸收具有重要影响。为探讨氮添加对大兴安岭多年冻土区泥炭地植物生长和养分特征的影响,基于长期氮添加试验(N1:6 g·m^-2·a^-1;N2:12 g·m^-2·a^-1;N3:24 g·m^-2·a^-1),分析泥炭地典型植物柴桦、甸杜、笃斯越橘叶片叶绿素和碳、氮、磷含量及其化学计量比对氮添加的响应规律。结果表明：氮添加提高了泥炭地柴桦、甸杜、笃斯越橘叶片的叶绿素含量,且随氮添加浓度的增加呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势;中浓度氮添加提高了柴桦和甸杜叶片的总碳含量,但不同浓度氮添加对笃斯越橘叶片总碳含量无显著影响;氮添加显著提高了柴桦和甸杜叶片的总氮含量;氮添加降低了3种植物叶片的总磷含量及C/N,提高了植物叶片的N/P。相关性分析表明：柴桦、甸杜和笃斯越橘叶片叶绿素含量均与总氮含量呈显著正相关,与C/N呈显著负相关;甸杜叶片叶绿素含量与C/P呈显著正相关,与N/P呈极显著正相关;笃斯越橘叶片叶绿素含量与总氮、C/P、N/P呈极显著正相关,与总磷、C/N呈极显著负相关。研究表明：大兴安岭多年冻土泥炭地植物生长受氮限制,氮添加可通过提高冻土区泥炭地植物叶片叶绿素含量提高其光合能力,并促进植物对氮的吸收和累积,改变其生态化学计量特征。     

黄花甸子流域土壤全氮含量空间分布及其影响因素

以内蒙古赤峰市敖汉旗黄花甸子流域为研究对象,运用地统计学方法分析流域内土壤全氮含量的空间分布特征及地形因子和土地利用方式对其的影响.结果表明:流域内各土层土壤全氮含量均呈岛状分布,其高值区均集中分布在流域西北部,呈现出明显肥岛状;低值区主要在流域南部连片分布.全氮主要富集在表层土壤中,且随着土壤深度的增加而降低.土壤全氮含量随着海拔的增加均呈现出先增高后降低的趋势;随坡度的增加而显著降低;不同坡向上表现为阴坡＞半阴坡＞半阳坡＞阳坡.不同土地利用方式下土壤全氮平均含量由高到低表现为农地＞林地＞草地.     

不同研究尺度下土壤有机质和全氮的空间变异特征

在北京郊区面积为1075km^2的中尺度（平谷区）以400m×400m网格采样,共采集1076个样点,同时在平谷区内面积为28．8km^2的小尺度（马昌营镇）以100m×100m网格采样,共采集171个样点,测定其耕层土壤有机质和全氮的含量。应用传统统计学和地统计学方法,对两个研究尺度下的数据进行了分析,结果表明：有机质和全氮的变异系数范围为0．31～0．40,均属中等变异强度,随着研究尺度的缩小,土壤全氮的变异系数减少。半方差函数分析结果表明,两个研究尺度下,有机质和全氮均在一定范围内存在空间相关关系,区级尺度有机质和全氮的空间相关距离较大,分别为88．2km和4．9km,镇级尺度有机质和全氮的变程较小,均为0．7km,它们的空间异质性均主要由结构性因素引起。采用Kriging最优内插法对未测点进行了估值,绘制了等值线图,两个研究尺度下的有机质和全氮含量受地形、土壤类型、土地利用方式、施肥等因素的影响,均表现出明显不同的分布规律。     

若尔盖高寒泥炭地修复技术进展与展望

泥炭地是重要的沼泽湿地类型,提供固碳、水文调节、生物多样性维护等多种生态系统服务功能。受侵蚀、火灾等自然灾害以及排水、开垦、过牧和基础建设等强烈的人为干扰,全球泥炭地面积缩减、功能不断退化,成为气候变化背景下的碳源。位于青藏高原东北部的若尔盖高原拥有全球面积最大的高原泥炭地,在全球气候变化和区域生态安全中具有特殊地位。近年来若尔盖高原也出现湿地减少、功能衰退等生态问题,由于其区位特殊,修复技术缺乏可以直接借鉴的经验,现有技术储备不能满足自然资源保护管理的要求。本文在综述若尔盖高原退化湿地生态修复技术基础上,参考国际上泥炭地修复经验,结合高寒湿地的特点,提出构建包括可修复性诊断、修复技术集成、生态监测和修复效果评价等内容的退化高原泥炭地修复技术体系,并对体系构建的科技需求进行了探讨,旨在为我国退化高原泥炭地生态修复提供参考。     

区县域尺度土壤全氮的空间分布格局分析

以赤峰市敖汉旗为研究对象,以实测数据为基础,采用地统计学与典范对应分析相结合的方法研究县域尺度土壤全氮的空间分布格局及其影响因素。结果表明:0—100 cm深度土壤全氮含量在0.43—0.68 g/kg范围变化,土壤全氮平均含量随着土壤深度的增加而降低,其水平分布均呈现为南高北低的分布特征,低值区集中呈片状分布在研究区的东北部,高值区呈岛状分散于研究区的南部区域。各层土壤全氮均属于中等强度的空间相关性,随着土壤深度的增加,随机因素对全氮空间变异的影响作用逐渐减弱,其空间最大自相关距离也随着土壤深度的增加而逐渐减小。各环境因素对土壤全氮含量的影响程度由高到低表现为海拔>NDVI>粘粒含量>土壤容重>坡度,土壤粘粒和NDVI与表层土壤的相关性更高,海拔对60 cm以下土壤全氮的影响更加显著。     

季节性雪被对高山生态系统土壤氮转化的影响

在高山生态系统中,季节性雪被对土壤氮含量及转化有着重大影响.降雪是氮沉降的一种重要形式,直接影响着土壤中的有效氮含量;降雪形成不同厚度和持续期的雪被后,造成环境因子(土壤温度和含水量)和生物因子(土壤微生物、高山植物和高山动物)的异质性,进而对土壤中氮素矿化和微生物固持过程产生复杂的影响.本文重点介绍了持续性雪被消融期冻融交替影响土壤氮素矿化和流失的机制,并针对高山地区未来季节性雪被可能发生的变化,综述了野外原位模拟实验的主要研究成果,最后提出了开展季节性雪被对土壤氮影响研究的一些建议.     

The effect of forestry drainage on vertical distributions of major plant nutrients in peat soils

Vertical distributions of total N, P, K, Ca and Mg in a 0–60 cm surface peat layer were studied at 80 pine mire sites in southern Finland. The sites fell into two categories according to the soil nutrient regime: Meso-oligotrophic and oligo-ombrotrophic, and formed a chronosequence from undrained sites to sites drained 55 years ago. A statistically significant drainage age effect on the gravimetric (mg g-1) concentration profile forms was detected for all nutrients except K. In oligo-ombrotrophic sites the concentration of N increased following drainage in the topmost layer (0–10 cm) and that of P in all layers. In meso-oligotrophic sites the changes in N and P profiles were obscure. The concentration profiles of K remained clearly surface-enriched in both site type groups, but there was a general drop in the concentration values immediately after drainage. Ca and Mg decreased, especially in the 10–20 and 25–35 cm layers in both site type groups. The volumetric (kg m-3) nutrient concentrations clearly reflected the increase in the bulk density of the surface peat occurring after drainage. The compaction of peat had compensated for the effect of the processes removing nutrients from the soil (increased tree stand uptake, leaching); for Ca and Mg to a lesser degree than for the other nutrients. It was concluded that the N, P and K profiles did not show changes that would be likely to affect site productivity, whereas the net loss of Ca and Mg may cause problems in the longer term. As the total K capital of the sites was in general rather small, a disturbance in the biological cycle, such as cutting of the tree stand, may be critical. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Influence of a pulsed nitrogen supply on growth and nitrogen uptake in alpine graminoids

The supply of N in alpine soils is influenced by environmental factors (freeze-thaw, drying-rewetting, release of N from winter snowpack) which lead to a pulsed nature in plant N availability. To address the ability of alpine species to acquire N and grow when N is supplied in a pulsed manner, six alpine graminoid species, 3 sedges (Cyperaceae) and 3 grasses (Poaceae), were grown under 3 treatments: low and high N supply applied 3 times weekly, and a pulsed N supply applied once weekly at the same concentration as the high N treatment, but with the same total N supply as the low N treatment. Growth, biomass allocation, and N uptake were the same in all species for plants grown under a pulsed N treatment relative to a constant N supply with the same amount of total N. Root:shoot ratios and uptake of experimentally applied ¹⁵N indicated there were no adjustments in growth allocation or root uptake capacity in the plants to enhance the uptake of N when supplied in a pulsed relative to a more constant supply. The fertility of the site from which the graminoids were collected did not influence the plants' ability to respond to a high versus a low N supply, but instead growth form was more important. Grasses exhibited variation in growth, biomass allocation, and N uptake in response to changes in N supply, while sedges did not.     

土壤-牧草氮素供需状况变化对高寒草甸植被演替与草地退化的影响

在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站 ,选取处于不同退化阶段的具有典型代表意义的草甸草场为研究对象 ,通过对其土壤氮素矿化补给能力、牧草对氮素的需求量的研究 ,探讨土壤 牧草氮素供需状况变化对高寒草甸植被演替与草地退化的影响。结果表明 ,在牧草生长季 5～ 8月 ,高寒草甸土壤的氮素矿化补给量为 15 86 g·m-2 ,而随着高寒草甸退化程度的加重 ,植物群落中优势种群由禾草演替为禾草 苔草 嵩草、嵩草至杂类草 ,其牧草生长需要的总氮量分别为 2 2 86、2 4 87、37 3、14 96g·m-2 ,只有在杂类草草甸阶段 ,其牧草生长对氮素的需求才与其土壤氮素供求相适配 ,可见养分是高寒草甸植被演替与草场退化的重要驱动因子之一。     

The relationship between the relative growth rate and nitrogen economy of alpine and lowland Poa species

This study investigates the nitrogen economy of six altitudinally contrasting Poa species which differ in their relative growth rate (R). Two alpine (Poa fawcettiae and P. costiniana), one sub-alpine (P. alpina)and three temperate lowland species (P. pratensis, P. campressa and P. trivialis) were grown hydroponically under identical conditions in a growth room. The low R exhibited by the alpine species was associated with lower plant organic nitrogen concentration (n_p) and lower nitrogen productivity (Π_p, amount of biomass accumulation per mol organic nitrogen and time). The differences in Π_p between the alpine and lowland species did not appear to be due to differences in the carbon concentration or the proportion of total plant organic nitrogen allocated to the leaves, stems or roots. Variations in Π_P were also not due to variations in photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (Ψ_N, the rate of photosynthesis per unit organic leaf nitrogen) or shoot or root respiration rates per unit organic nitrogen (Λ_SH and Λ_R, respectively) per se. Rather, the lower Λ_p in the alpine species was probably due to a combination of small variations in several of the parameters (e.g. slightly lower Ψ_N, slightly higher Λ_SH and Λ_R, and slightly higher proportions of total plant organic nitrogen allocated to the roots). The alpine species exhibited lower organic acid and mineral concentrations. However, no differences in whole-plant construction costs (grams of glucose needed to synthesize one gram of biomass) were observed between She alpine and lowland Poa species. The lack of sub-stantial differences in Ψ_N between the alpine and lowland species contrasts with the large differences in Ψ_N between slow- and fast-growing lowland species that have been reported in the literature. The reasons for the unusually high Ψ_N values exhibited by the alpine Poa species are discussed.     

喀斯特峰丛坡地不同土地利用方式下土壤N、P空间变异特征

基于网格点(5 mx5 m)采样法采集土壤样品,利用经典统计学和地统计学方法,研究了喀斯特峰丛坡地不同土地利用方式(火烧迹地、刈割地、草地、封育地)下表层(0～20cm)土壤氮、磷的空间变异特性.结果表明:研究区4种不同土地利用方式土壤全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、速效氮(AN)、速效磷(AP)均为中等程度变异,含量分别为5.40 ～6.26 g·kg-1、1.24 ～1.44 g·kg-1、365.87～507.32 mg·kg-1、3.91 ～8.04 mg·kg-1,封育地、火烧迹地土壤质量优于草地和刈割地;4种土地利用方式中火烧AN、火烧AP、刈割AN、封育TN的半方差函数最佳拟合模型为球状模型,火烧TN、刈割TN、刈割AP最佳拟合模型为指数模型,其他指标的最佳拟合模型均为高斯模型.刈割TP、火烧TP、草地TP、刈割TN、火烧AP、草地AP、封育TP表现为强烈的空间自相关性,其他土壤养分表现为中等的空间自相关.4种土地利用类型土壤TN与AN、TP与AP具有相似的空间分布格局.火烧、刈割处理TN和AN呈凹形分布,TP和AP呈单峰分布特征,中下坡含量最高,往两端含量逐渐降低;草地TN、AN、TP、AP 4种养分含量均随着坡位的升高而降低;封育样地中4种养分呈类似凹形分布,中间含量低,两端略微升高.土地利用方式的变化改变了喀斯特峰丛坡地土壤养分质量,造成了土壤养分空间格局的变化,因此,在地形破碎、土层浅薄的喀斯特地区进行生态恢复与重建时,应采取合理土地利用方式,进行保护和适度开发,提高喀斯特退化生态系统土壤质量.     

Aspects of the nitrogen cycle in peatland and plantation forest ecosystems in western Ireland

Extensive plantation forests cover large areas of blanket peatland in western Ireland. Sites are characterised by the ombrotrophic nature of the peat and the often extreme maritime conditions prevailing. The study area is located close to two coastlines and in consequence, ions of marine origin are dominant in the bulk precipitation. Mean annual nitrogen deposition is 2.26 kg ha^-1. Forestry development in the region dates from the early 1950s. Deficiency of phosphorus is universally encountered, sometimes accompanied by a shortage of nitrogen. A fertilizer experiment in the study area was maintained for 16 years. The principal response was to applied phosphorus and although nitrogen had a positive influence on growth in the early years, it was of little consequence in the longer term.Over 900 kg N ha^-1 was accumulated in the forest floor. In a mineralisation study of peat collected from plots fertilized 14 years previously, differences in total mineral nitrogen production between treatments were small, but in nitrogen-treated plots a higher proportion of the mineral nitrogen was as nitrate than in those which had not received fertilizer nitrogen. Throughfall measurements in pole-stage crops of Sitka spruce and lodgepole pine which had received no fertilizer nitrogen, showed significantly greater quantities of nitrogen than bulk precipitation.     

Spatial distribution of methane-oxidizing activity in a flooded rice soil

In a study on spatial distribution of methane oxidation in an unplanted flooded field, methane-oxidizing activity, analysed in soil samples under laboratory conditions, decreased with increasing depth (25 cm and beyond). In a flooded field planted to rice, rates of methane oxidation followed the order : rhizosphere (collected from roots at 10-20 cm depth) > surface soil at (0-1 cm) > subsurface soil at 10-20 cm depth, diagonally 10-15 cm away from the centre of hill. Application of ammonium sulfate and, to a lesser extent, urea to surface, rhizosphere and subsurface soil samples from flooded field planted to rice effected a distinct inhibition of methane oxidation. Nitrification inhibitors (thiourea, sodium thiosulfate and dicyandiamide) were also effective in inhibiting methane oxidation. Both surface and rhizosphere soil samples harbored higher populations of methane-oxidizing bacteria than the subsurface soil. Inhibition of methane oxidation in surface and rhizosphere soil samples concomitant with the suppression of autotrophic ammonium oxidizers by nitrification inhibitors implicates an active involvement of autotrophic ammonium oxidizers in methane oxidation.