铜绿微囊藻与小球藻对低温和黑暗的响应与恢复

研究以水华蓝藻铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806)与绿藻小球藻(Chlorella sp. FACHB-31)为研究对象, 探讨低温和黑暗对其生长、色素含量、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、丙二醛(MDA)含量及过氧化氢酶活性的变化。结果表明, 30d的低温和黑暗处理, 显著降低了铜绿微囊藻和小球藻的叶绿素a浓度, 增加了单位细胞类胡萝卜素含量。在低温黑暗条件下, 铜绿微囊藻的MDA含量及CAT活性均显著增加, 而小球藻变化不明显。30d低温黑暗处理, 铜绿微囊藻的存活率为54.6%, 显著高于小球藻的31.3%。当恢复正常温度与光照, 2种藻均迅速生长。这些结果表明低温黑暗影响了微囊藻和小球藻的生理特性。在低温黑暗处理下, 微囊藻的F_v/F_m显著降低, 而小球藻则保持较为恒定的F_v/F_m, 表明微囊藻通过降低自身光合活性来渡过冬季低温黑暗的条件, 而小球藻在低温黑暗条件下仍保持较高的光合活性。     

土壤酸度对脂松苗木光合和叶绿素荧光的影响

脂松（Pinus resinosa）是北美东北部地区重要的造林树种之一,2004年在我国东北东部山地引种栽培初步获得成功.为扩大脂松栽培范围,采用盆栽方法研究不同土壤酸度（pH分别为4.5、5.5、6.5、7.5和8.0）对脂松苗木光合和叶绿素荧光参数的影响,确定其适生的土壤酸度范围.结果表明：土壤酸度对脂松苗木针叶叶绿素a、b和叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、净光合速率(P_n)和荧光参数F_o、F_m、F_v、F_v/F_m、Φ_PSⅡ有显著影响（P<0.05）.pH 5.5处理的叶绿素含量和P_n最高,分别比pH 7.5和8.0 处理增加41%、50%和61%、88%;pH 7.5和8.0处理时最低.pH 5.5时叶绿素荧光参数F_v/F_m和Φ_PSⅡ均最高,分别比pH 7.5和8.0处理增加8%、12%和22%、35%;pH 7.5和8.0时则受到明显抑制.土壤pH值为5.5时最适宜脂松生长.     

潮间带红藻——海萝光合活性对干露胁迫的响应

采用叶绿素荧光技术考察了不同潮汐模式下海萝藻体光合活性的日变化、海萝光合活性与藻体含水量之间的关系以及干露和光照对光合活性的交互影响.结果表明： 早、中、晚潮汐相比,中午潮时最大量子产量(F_v/F_m)下降速度最快.早潮干露初期F_v/F_m下降较慢,随后加快;晚潮干露时F_v/F_m始终较快下降.各种潮汐模式下,F_v/F_m当日基本恢复至初始水平,呈现了可逆的下降,即动态光抑制.F_v/F_m及有效量子产量(Φ_PSⅡ)随含水量的降低而下降,当含水量低于90%时,F_v/F_m和Φ_PSⅡ下降迅速,但含水量6%左右的藻体重新浸没后仍能恢复光合作用,即通常情况下可以耐受72 h的干露,具有很强的干露耐受能力.藻体含水量（TWC）与F_v/F_m及Φ_PSⅡ的函数关系为：F_v/F_m=0.68+(0.0044-0.68)/\[1+(TWC/66.96)⁵\],R²=0.99;Φ_PSⅡ=0.585+(0.004-0.585)/\[1+(TWC/73)¹⁰\],R²=0.99.方差分析结果进一步显示,光强和干露交互作用对藻体光合活性影响显著,随光照增强和干露时间延长光抑制程度增大,强光(1000 μmol pho·m^-2·s^-1)和长时间干露(6 h)叠加时,藻体光合活性降低程度最大,完全恢复所需时间最长.     

大气CO2浓度升高对绿豆叶片光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

利用FACE系统在大田条件下通过盆栽试验研究了大气CO₂浓度升高\[CO₂浓度平均为（550±60) μmol·mol^-1\]对绿豆叶片光合生理和叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明： 与对照\[CO₂浓度平均为（389±40）μmol·mol^-1左右\]相比,大气CO₂浓度升高使花荚期绿豆叶片净光合速率(P_n)和胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)分别升高11.7%和9.8%,气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)分别下降32.0%和24.6%, 水分利用效率(WUE)提高83.5%;在蕾期,CO₂浓度升高对绿豆叶片叶绿素初始荧光(F_o)、最大荧光（F_m）、可变荧光（F_v）、F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o没有显著影响;在鼓粒期,CO₂浓度升高使绿豆叶片F_o增加19.1%,F_m和F_v分别下降9.0%和14.3%,F_v/F_o和F_v/F_m分别下降25.8%和6.2%.表明大气CO₂浓度升高可能使绿豆生长后期光系统Ⅱ反应中心结构受到破坏,叶片的光合能力下降.     

葛仙米生长的尺度效应

为考察葛仙米(Nostoc sphaeroides)群体粒径变化对营养成分和光合活性的影响, 测定了生长过程中不同粒径群体的色素成分、光合特性和多糖含量。结果表明: 叶绿素a、藻胆蛋白含量随群体粒径增大而降低; 类胡萝卜素含量在粒径4.85 mm时最高, 藻蓝蛋白/叶绿素a、藻红蛋白/叶绿素a以及别藻蓝蛋白/叶绿素a的比值随粒径增大先降低后升高; 最大潜在光合能力(F_v/F_m)随群体粒径增大逐渐降低, 大群体可通过光系统I介导的环式电子传递链耗散多余能量以保护光合作用系统; 多糖含量在粒径3.03 mm时最高。研究结果显示葛仙米生长具有明显的尺度效应, 细胞组分与光合活性对群体粒径变化具有显著的响应, 开展规模化培养和采收需要关注这一效应。     

不同浓度Ni、Cu处理对骆驼蓬光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以骆驼蓬幼苗为材料,采用盆栽试验研究不同浓度（0、50、100、200、400 mg·kg^-1）Ni、Cu处理对骆驼蓬叶片光合作用、叶绿素荧光特性及生长状况的影响.结果表明： 随着Ni浓度的增加,骆驼蓬幼苗叶片的光合色素含量、净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、PSⅡ最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）、PSⅡ电子传递量子产率（Φ_PSⅡ）、光化学猝灭系数（q_P）及各项生长指标均呈显著下降趋势,而细胞间隙CO₂浓度（C_i）和非光化学猝灭系数（q_N）呈显著增加趋势,其中P_n的下降主要是由非气孔限制所致;骆驼蓬幼苗叶片的光合色素含量、P_n、G_s、T_r、C_i、F_v/F_m、Φ_PSⅡ、q_P及各项生长指标均在50 mg·kg^-1 Cu处理时达到峰值,叶绿素a和b、P_n、G_s、T_r、C_i、F_v/F_m及各项生长指标值在100 mg·kg^-1 Cu处理时仍微高于对照,而后随Cu浓度的增加,光合色素含量、P_n、G_s、T_r、C_i、 F_v/F_m、Φ_PSⅡ、q_P及各项生长指标均呈下降趋势,q_N呈增加趋势,其中P_n的下降主要是由气孔限制所致.     

缓释肥对杉木容器苗生长、光合生理和养分积累的影响

为探索杉木容器苗生长、光合特性及养分积累对不同缓释肥用量的响应特征,该文通过设置6种不同缓释肥处理(0、200、400、800、1 000、1 200 g·m^-3),研究不同缓释肥用量对杉木幼苗生长、光合色素含量、叶绿素荧光特性和养分含量的影响,并结合隶属函数法对各生长和生理指标进行综合评价,以期筛选出适合杉木容器苗生长的施肥水平,为杉木优质苗木的高效培育提供参考。结果表明：(1)与对照相比,缓释肥处理可不同程度促进杉木幼苗苗高、地径生长及植株总生物量的积累。(2)与对照相比,缓释肥处理可显著增加杉木叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,提高叶片最大荧光(F_m)、可变荧光(F_v)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ潜在光化学效率(F_v/F_o)和实际量子产量(QY)值。(3)缓释肥处理可不同程度促进杉木幼苗养分的积累,其中锰、铁和锌积累量变化最显著。(4)隶属函数法分析结果表明,当缓释肥用量为1 000 g·m^-3时...     

Cd2+对紫球藻生长及光化学活性的影响

以紫球藻(Porphyridium purpureum)为供试材料, 研究了5个不同浓度的Cd2+对紫球藻的细胞密度、叶绿素a含量、藻红蛋白含量及ATP含量的影响, 以及对紫球藻的最大光量子产额(F_v/F_m)、实际光量子产额(YII)、相对电子传递效率(ETR)及非光化学淬灭(NPQ)的影响, 探讨了各荧光参数在不同浓度的Cd2+胁迫下的变化规律。研究结果表明, 在Cd2+胁迫的6d内, 紫球藻的生长速度显著下降, 且Cd2+的浓度越高, 生长速度下降越快; Cd2+胁迫显著的减少叶绿素a、藻红蛋白及ATP含量, 且浓度越高, 减少的幅度越大; 在Cd2+浓度低于200 μmol/L时, 紫球藻的叶绿素荧光参数F_v/F_m、YII及ETR呈现先下降后上升的趋势,而且随着胁迫时间的延长, 下降幅度逐步增大; NPQ在低浓度下(<200 μmol/L)呈现显著上升趋势, 高浓度下(>500 μmol/L)呈现显著下降趋势。因此, 水体中浓度超过50 μmol/L的Cd2+就会显著影响紫球藻的生长及光化学活性, 水生环境中不断累积的Cd2+将会对紫球藻的生态平衡产生影响。     

盐雾胁迫对极小种群植物日本荚蒾光合生理的影响

为评价日本荚蒾(Viburnum japonicum)的耐盐雾能力,对4 a生实生苗用不同盐雾浓度处理(盐雾NaCl质量浓度分别为0%、1%、2%、3%),测定叶片净光合速率、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和叶绿素含量(Chl)等指标的变化。结果表明,1%盐雾处理的日本荚蒾植株能够存活,但生长不良,大于2%的盐雾处理的植株全部死亡。随着浓度的升高,日本荚蒾叶片的最大光合速率、F_v/F_m及Chl含量下降,而光饱和点及光补偿点总体呈上升趋势。这说明盐雾胁迫通过伤害光系统Ⅱ反应中心、改变植物可利用光能范围及降低叶绿素含量影响植物的光合作用。     

铜绿微囊藻光合活性对LED光短期暴露的响应

为探究LED光对蓝藻光合活性的影响,以铜绿微囊藻Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806为对象, 25μmol photons/(m²·s)白色荧光灯为对照,检测了不同光质光强LED处理2h的光合活性。结果表明,与对照相比,25—50μmol photons/(m²·s) LED红光和蓝光、25—100μmol photons/(m²·s) LED白光和绿光处理下,细胞光合活性(F_v/F_m)显著提高。大于100μmol photons/(m²·s)的LED红光和蓝光、大于200μmol photons/(m²·s)的LED白光及大于500μmol photons/(m²·s)的LED绿光处理对光合活性有显著抑制作用,光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)最大光化学效率F_v/F_m、电子传递速率ETR(Ⅱ)、光量子产量Y(Ⅱ)、光系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ)电子传递速率ETR(Ⅰ)、...     

Anoxygenic phototrophic bacterial community of Lake Shira (Khakassia)

The anoxygenic phototrophic bacterial community of the brackish meromictic Lake Shira (Khakassia) was investigated in August 2001, July 2002, and February-March 2003. In all the periods of investigation, the prevailing microorganisms were purple sulfur bacteria similar to Lamprocystis purpurea in morphology and pigment composition. Their highest number (3 x 10(5) cells/ml) was recorded in July 2002 at the depth of 15 m. According to 16S rRNA gene analysis, the strain of purple sulfur bacteria isolated in 2001 and designated ShAm01 exhibited 98.6% similarity to the type strain of Thiocapsa roseopersicina and 94.4-97.1% similarity to the type strains of Tca. pendens, Tca. litoralis, and Tea. rosea. The minor microorganisms of the anoxygenic phototrophic bacterial community within the period of investigation were nonsulfur purple bacteria phylogenetically close to Rhodovulum strictum (98.3% similarity, strain ShRb01), Ahrensia kielensis (of 93.9% similarity, strain ShRb02), Rhodomicrobium vannieli (of 99.7% similarity, strain ShRmc01), and green sulfur bacteria, phylogenetically close to Chlorobium limicola (of 98.7% similarity, strain ShCl03).     

Vertical distribution and characterization of aerobic phototrophic bacteria at the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the Pacific Ocean

The vertical distribution of culturable anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria was investigated at five sites at or near the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the Pacific Ocean. Twelve similar strains of obligately aerobic phototrophic bacteria were isolated in pure culture, from depths ranging from 500 to 2,379 m below the surface. These strains appear morphologically, physiologically, biochemically, and phylogenetically similar to Citromicrobium bathyomarinum strain JF-1, a bacterium previously isolated from hydrothermal vent plume waters. Only one aerobic phototrophic strain was isolated from surface waters. This strain is morphologically and physiologically distinct from the strains isolated at deeper sampling locations, and phylogenetic analysis indicates that it is most closely related to the genus Erythrobacter. Phototrophs were cultivated from three water casts taken above vents but not from two casts taken away from active vent sites. No culturable anaerobic anoxygenic phototrophs were detected. The photosynthetic apparatus was investigated in strain JF-1 and contains light-harvesting I and reaction center complexes, which are functional under aerobic conditions.     

酸雨胁迫对秃瓣杜英幼苗叶片叶绿素荧光特性和生长的影响

采用盆栽试验和模拟酸雨喷淋的试验方法,研究了重度酸雨(pH 2.5)、中度酸雨(pH 4.0)和对照(pH 5.6)处理下,不同季节秃瓣杜英幼苗叶片的叶绿素荧光特性及其生长差异.结果表明：不同季节相同处理下,秃瓣杜英幼苗叶片的相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)、PSⅡ的最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量(Φ_PSⅡ)、株高和地径均为10月＞7月＞4月＞1月;同一季节不同处理中,SPAD、F_v/F_m、Φ_PSⅡ、株高和地径为重度酸雨＞中度酸雨＞对照;不同pH酸雨梯度处理和季节的交互作用对秃瓣杜英的SPAD、F_v/F_m、株高和地径的影响显著,而对Φ_PSⅡ、光化学淬灭系数和非光化学淬灭系数的影响不显著.     

模拟酸雨对青冈光合及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

在重度酸雨(pH 2.5)、中度酸雨(pH 4.0)和弱酸性酸雨(pH 5.6)3个酸雨梯度下,研究地上酸雨、全淋酸雨、土壤酸雨3种处理方式对青冈幼苗叶绿素荧光和光合参数的影响,并以空白为对照.结果表明: 在重度酸雨条件下,地上酸雨处理显著阻碍青冈幼苗叶绿素合成,降低PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(F_v/F_m)、潜在活性(F_v/F_o)和实际光化学量子产量(Y),以及净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)等光合参数,提高光补偿点和暗呼吸速率,全淋酸雨处理下青冈幼苗受到抑制作用其次,而土壤酸雨处理对其有一定的促进作用;中度酸雨和弱酸性酸雨条件下,不同处理方式除暗呼吸速率(R_d)低于对照外,其余均高于对照,并且全淋酸雨＞土壤酸雨＞地上酸雨处理.可见,在重度酸雨条件下,地上酸雨处理对幼苗的抑制作用最强;中度和弱酸性酸雨条件下,全淋酸雨处理对于幼苗的促进作用最强.不同酸雨强度对青冈幼苗叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o)、实际光化学量子产量(Y)、净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和最大净光合速率(A_max)影响显著,不同酸雨处理方式对幼苗SPAD、F_v/F_m、Y、P_n、T_r、A_max和光饱和点(LSP)影响显著,二者交互作用对SPAD、F_v/F_m、Y、P_n和A_max影响显著.     

Carbon isotope fractionation by anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria in euxinic Lake Cadagno

Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria utilize ancient metabolic pathways to link sulfur and iron metabolism to the reduction of CO₂. In meromictic Lake Cadagno, Switzerland, both purple sulfur (PSB) and green sulfur anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (GSB) dominate the chemocline community and drive the sulfur cycle. PSB and GSB fix carbon utilizing different enzymatic pathways and these fractionate C‐isotopes to different extents. Here, these differences in C‐isotope fractionation are used to constrain the relative input of various anoxygenic phototrophs to the bulk community C‐isotope signal in the chemocline. We sought to determine whether a distinct isotopic signature of GSB and PSB in the chemocline persists in the settling fraction and in the sediment. To answer these questions, we also sought investigated C‐isotope fractionation in the water column, settling material, and sediment of Lake Cadagno, compared these values to C‐isotope fractionation of isolated anoxygenic phototroph cultures, and took a mass balance approach to investigate relative contributions to the bulk fractionation signature. We found a large C‐isotope fractionation between dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) in the Lake Cadagno chemocline. This large fractionation between the DIC and POC was also found in culture experiments carried out with anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria isolated from the lake. In the Lake Cadagno chemocline, anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria controlled the bulk C‐isotope fractionation, but the influence of GSB and PSB differed with season. Furthermore, the contribution of PSB and GSB to bulk C‐isotope fractionation in the chemocline could be traced in the settling fraction and in the sediment. Taken together with other studies, such as lipid biomarker analyzes and investigations of other stratified lakes, these results offer a firmer understanding of diagenetic influences on bacterial biomass.     

不同光强下细胞外三磷酸腺苷对菜豆叶片光化学反应特性的影响

三磷酸腺苷(ATP)不但分布在细胞内部, 而且广泛存在于动物和植物细胞的细胞外基质中。细胞外ATP (eATP)可与细胞膜表面相应的受体结合并激发细胞内的第二信使, 从而调节细胞的多种生理学功能。但目前对于eATP是否也能对植物的光合作用产生影响则研究较少。该文以菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris)叶片为实验材料, 研究了在不同光强下eATP对菜豆叶片叶绿素荧光特性和光合放氧速率的影响。结果显示, 随着光强的增加, 叶片的光适应下最大光化学效率(F_v′/F_m′)、光系统II (PSII)实际光化学效率(Y(II))、光化学猝灭系数(q_P)均呈现下降趋势, 而电子传递速率(ETR)、非光化学猝灭系数(q_N)以及调节性能量耗散的量子产量(Y(NPQ))随着光强的增加呈上升趋势。与对照相比, eATP的处理可以显著提高菜豆叶片PSII的潜在最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、Y(II)、q_P、ETR和光合放氧速率; 但eATP的处理对F_v′/F_m′、q_N以及Y(NPQ)没有显著影响。AMP-PCP (β,γ-亚甲基三磷酸腺苷, eATP细胞外受体的抑制剂)的处理显著降低了F_v/F_m、F_v′/F_m′、Y(II)、ETR和光合放氧速率, 同时也显著增加了q_N以及Y(NPQ)的水平。以上结果显示, 植物eATP水平的变化对植物光合作用的光化学反应有着重要的影响。     

Benthic phototrophic community from Kiran soda lake,south-eastern Siberia

Phototrophic bacterial mats from Kiran soda lake (south-eastern Siberia) were studied using integrated approach including analysis of the ion composition of water, pigments composition, bacterial diversity and the vertical distribution of phototrophic microorganisms in the mats. Bacterial diversity was investigated using microscopic examination, 16S rRNA gene Illumina sequencing and culturing methods. The mats were formed as a result of decomposition of sedimented planktonic microorganisms, among which cyanobacteria of the genus Arthrospira predominated. Cyanobacteria were the largest part of phototrophs in the mats, but anoxygenic phototrophs were significant fraction. The prevailing species of the anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria are typical for soda lakes. The mats harbored aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria, purple sulfur and non-sulfur bacteria, as well as new filamentous phototrophic Chloroflexi. New strains of Thiocapsa sp. Kir-1, Ectothiorhodospira sp. Kir-2 and Kir-4, Thiorhodospira sp. Kir-3 and novel phototrophic Chloroflexi bacterium Kir15-3F were isolated and identified.

     

Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria in eutrophic coastal lagoons of the French Mediterranean and Atlantic Coasts (Prévost Lagoon, Arcachon Bay, Certes fishponds)

Sediment samples collected from coastal lagoons on the French Mediterranean (Prévost Lagoon) and Atlantic coasts (Arcachon Bay and Certes fishponds) have been studied in order to determine the population densities and the species diversity of the different groups of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (purple sulfur bacteria, purple nonsulfur bacteria and green sulfur bacteria) present in these ecosystems. Several strains of each group were isolated in pure culture and characterized by their physiological properties. The occurrence of purple nonsulfur bacteria in organic rich sediments of the Arcachon Bay and the dominance of purple sulfur bacteria in the Prévost lagoon and Certes fishponds are discussed with respect to their community structure and abundance. The diversity differences of the phototrophic bacterial strains isolated from both environments are also discussed.