脂肪酸结合蛋白的研究进展

脂脉酸结合蛋白（ＦＡＢＰ）是一族小分子细胞内蛋白质,对长链脂肪酸有很高的亲和力,能把脂肪酸从细胞膜转运到细胞内利用位点,在长链脂肪酸的代谢中起重要作用。本文就脂肪酸结合蛋白的结构、功能及其对脂肪酸代谢调节方面的研究进行了综述,并阐述了猪脂肪酸结合蛋白基因地对肌内脂肪合成的影响。     

不同脂肪源对泥鳅稚鱼生长性能及脂肪酸组成的影响

为研究饲料不同脂肪源对泥鳅稚鱼生长性能及鱼体脂肪酸组成的影响, 实验选择初始体重为(10.002.00) mg的健康泥鳅稚鱼1500尾, 随机分为5组, 每组3个重复, 每个水箱100尾鱼, 分别投喂5种含有鱼油(FO)、大豆油(SO)、玉米油(CO)、花生油(PeO)和棕榈油(PaO)的配合饲料, 每种饲料3个重复, 饲养期为40d。结果显示, 摄食不同脂肪源饲料的泥鳅稚鱼在增重率、成活率、饲料系数等生长性能指标和体成分上没有显著差异(P0.05), 但是, 摄食FO组鱼体极性脂肪含量显著高于其他植物油组(P0.05)。鱼油组鱼体中性和极性脂肪中总n-3系脂肪酸含量和EPA+DHA含量显著高于其他植物油组(P0.05)。植物油组鱼体极性脂肪中20:4n-6含量显著高于鱼油组(P0.05), 表明泥鳅稚鱼具有将C18转换为C20的能力。研究表明, 在饲料中添加足量磷脂, 鱼油、大豆油、玉米油、花生油、棕榈油都可以用作泥鳅稚鱼期专用饲料脂肪源。     

脂肪酸脱饱和的应用进展

脂肪酸脱饱和是由脂肪酸脱饱和酶所催化的不饱和脂肪酸合成途径的关键步骤。脂肪酸脱饱和酶分为脂酰CoA脱饱和酶、脂酰ACP脱饱和酶和脂酰脂脱饱和酶等三类。近年来脂肪酸脱饱和遗传操作在植物抗寒育种、植物油基因工程、食品工程、微生物发酵工程和植物抗害育种等方面的应用研究均取得了相当进展。     

脂肪酸脱饱和的应用进展

脂肪酸脱饱和是由脂肪酸脱饱和酶所催化的不饱和脂肪酸合成途径的关键步骤。脂肪酸脱饱和酶分为脂酰CoA脱饱和酶、脂酰ACP脱饱和酶和脂酰脂脱饱和酶等三类。近年来脂肪酸脱饱和遗传操作在植物抗寒育种、植物油基因工程、食品工程、微生物发酵工程和植物抗害育种等方面的应用研究均取得了相当进展。     

奶牛乳腺脂肪酸合成相关基因研究进展

数量和种类繁多的脂肪酸构成了牛奶中不同分子量和饱和度的甘油三酯,也是乳脂的主要成分.链长不同的脂肪酸来源也不尽相同,几乎所有的短链和中链脂肪酸都由乳腺内源合成,长链脂肪酸主要是由血液中转运而来,奶牛乳腺在转运和合成脂肪酸过程中起着重要作用.近年来,研究人员将传统营养与分子生物学研究相结合,发现了大量与乳脂合成相关基因,并揭示了其功能和相互之间的作用.就奶牛乳腺的脂肪酸摄取和转运,脂肪酸的内源合成,乳腺重要酶类,脂肪酸酯化和相关基因网络调控几方面对脂肪酸合成相关基因进行归类,对其研究进展进行介绍.     

混合植物油替代鱼油对中华绒螯蟹成体雄蟹常规成分和脂肪酸组成的影响

为研究育肥饲料中混合植物油替代鱼油对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)成体雄蟹常规成分和脂肪酸组成的影响,采用豆油和菜籽油混合物替代鱼油制成5种不同鱼油替代水平(0%、25%、50%、75%和100%)的等氮等脂育肥饲料(分别记为1#~5#饲料组)饲喂雄蟹,测定5组雄蟹肝胰腺、肌肉和性腺中的常规成分和脂肪酸组成,并对实验数据进行方差分析。结果显示:(1)饲料1#组性腺灰分含量显著高于饲料4#和5#组(P0.05),但各组性腺中的水分、总脂和蛋白含量均无显著差异(P0.05);饲料1#组肝胰腺中的水分和灰分最高,但其总脂含量低于其他组,各组肝胰腺的蛋白含量无显著差异(P0.05);除1#饲料组外,肌肉中的总脂和灰分含量随鱼油替代水平的升高而显著上升(P0.05),而水分和蛋白含量均无显著差异(P0.05)。(2)各饲料组精巢中总饱和脂肪酸(∑SFA)、总多不饱和脂肪酸(∑PUFA)和总高度不饱和脂肪酸(∑HUFA)含量无显著差异(P0.05),其总n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(∑n-6PUFA)含量随鱼油替代水平升高而升高,而总n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(∑n-3PUFA)含量和∑n-3PUFA/∑n-6PUFA比值呈显著下降趋势(P0.05)。(3)肝胰腺中∑n-3PUFA和∑HUFA含量具有显著的组间差异,且均以饲料3#组最高。但各组的∑PUFA和∑n-6PUFA含量差异并不显著(P0.05)。(4)肌肉中大部分脂肪酸组成无显著差异,仅∑n-6PUFA含量随鱼油替代水平升高而升高。综上,中华绒螯蟹育肥饲料中植物油(豆油与菜籽油含量为1︰1)替代鱼油对成体雄蟹可食组织中水分和蛋白含量并无显著影响,但会对其脂肪酸组成造成显著的影响,50%的鱼油替代水平有利于雄蟹肝胰腺和肌肉中的脂肪沉积。     

真菌发酵生产鱼油特征脂肪酸

DHA和EPA是鱼油的特征脂肪酸,具有调整血脂、改善大脑功能和维持正常视力等重要作用.一直以来,其来源主要是海产鱼油.近年研究发现许多微生物的脂质中也含有DHA和EPA,特别是一些低等真菌含量甚为丰富,利用其发酵生产DHA和EPA替代鱼油资源具有广阔的前景.阐述了能产生EPA,DHA的真菌及其合成途径和发酵影响因素.     

MiR-34a通过抑制Pgc-1β和线粒体生成促进小鼠骨骼肌脂肪异位沉积

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅激活因子-1β（peroxisome proliferative activated receptor γ coactivator 1 β,Pgc-1β）与线粒体生成相关。已有研究证明,miR-34a在肝组织脂肪异位沉积中发挥重要作用,但是否与骨骼肌的脂肪异位沉积相关尚不清楚。本研究以C57Bl/6J小鼠为研究对象,通过尾静脉注射miR-34a模拟物,探讨miR-34a过表达对小鼠骨骼肌脂肪沉积的影响。组织切片进行油红O染色及甘油三酯含量测定揭示,miR-34a过表达的小鼠骨骼肌组织中脂滴积累及甘油三酯含量显著增加。实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）显示,与对照鼠比较,miR-34a处理的小鼠骨骼肌组织中的脂肪酸合成酶(Fas）表达显著上调,而脂肪酸氧化分解相关基因产物肉毒碱棕榈酰基转移酶1α（Cpt 1α）表达显著下调,提示miR-34a调控骨骼肌内脂肪的沉积机制可能是通过促进脂肪酸生成和抑制脂肪酸分解实现的。qRT-PCR和Western印迹证明,miR-34a可抑制Pgc-1β蛋白的表达。CoxⅡ/28S比例（线粒体定量指标）测定提示,注射miR-34a模拟物导致小鼠骨骼肌线粒体数目显著下调。生物信息分析显示,Pgc-1β mRNA的3′-UTR存在 miR-34a的潜在识别位点,因此miR-34a可能通过靶向识别Pgc-1β的3′-UTR抑制Pgc-1β表达,从而抑制线粒体生成。上述结果证明,miR-34a能通过靶向抑制PGC-1β表达,抑制线粒体生成,继而减少脂肪酸氧化分解,导致骨骼肌脂肪沉积增加。此外,上调脂肪酸合成酶也可能是miR-34a导致骨骼肌脂肪沉积增加的另一原因,其作用机制需进一步研究。     

外源性脂肪酸对罗非鱼脂肪细胞增殖与分化的影响

为了探究脂肪酸对罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)脂肪细胞增殖和分化的影响, 在体外培养罗非鱼前脂肪细胞, 并在其增殖和分化过程中分别添加100 μmol/L的棕榈酸(Palmitic Acid, PA)、油酸(Oleic Acid, OA), 亚油酸(Linoleic Acid, LA)和α-亚麻酸(α-Linolenic Acid, LNA)进行处理。使用SRB (Sulforhodamine B)染色法和油红O染色法检测外源性脂肪酸对脂肪细胞增殖和分化的影响, Real-time qPCR检测增殖分化过程中基因表达情况。结果显示, 在培养8d时, 外源添加的不饱和脂肪酸可以促进罗非鱼前脂肪细胞增殖, 并且增殖过程中增殖相关基因(c-fos和c-myc)、脂解相关基因(ATGL)和脂合成相关基因(PPARγ和CD36)的表达与对照组相比均显著提高(P<0.05)。此外, 外源脂肪酸的加入可以抑制脂肪细胞的分化。棕榈酸的加入使得脂肪细胞中产生的脂滴面积较少, 数量较多; 分化过程中细胞的β氧化相关基因(CPT-1a)与对照组相比显著上调, 而脂解相关基因(ATGL)则显著下调。外源性不饱和脂肪酸可以促进罗非鱼前脂肪增殖, 而饱和脂肪酸主要抑制细胞分化。在增殖过程中, 过量的脂肪酸先通过脂合成储存在胞内, 再借助脂解等途径进行代谢, 从而帮助细胞适应环境中高浓度的脂肪酸。而在分化过程中, 添加外源脂肪酸, 可能通过抑制脂肪细胞内的脂合成和脂解的发生, 同时促进β氧化等方式来抑制脂肪细胞分化。     

ALPL缺陷加速高脂诱导小鼠肝内脂肪沉积

摘要 目的：明确肝/骨/肾型碱性磷酸酶基因（liver/bone/kidney alkaline phosphatase,ALPL）在高脂诱导肝内脂肪沉积的作用。方法：利用野生型（WT）和ALPL敲除小鼠（ALPL^+/-）,给予高脂饮食8周诱导脂肪肝模型,检测小鼠肝内脂肪沉积和血清中葡糖糖、甘油三脂及胆固醇含量,并应用RT-PCR、Western blotting和免疫荧光染色检测肝组织中脂肪酸生成和转运相关基因表达变化。结果：ALPL^+/-组在正常饮食条件下较WT组肝内脂肪沉积无明显变化,而血清中葡萄糖和胆固醇含量增加;高脂条件下,敲除ALPL小鼠肝内脂肪沉积明显增加,且伴随血清中甘油三脂含量增加。RT-PCR和Western blotting结果显示,在高脂诱导下ALPL^+/-小鼠肝组织中关键脂肪酸生成基因ACC1、ACC2和 PPAR-γ,及脂肪酸生成基因LPL表达明显增加。此外,免疫荧光染色结果显示高脂诱导下敲除ALPL小鼠肝组织中的PPAR-γ阳性肝细胞明显增加。结论：ALPL敲除促进肝内脂肪酸生成和转运,加速高脂诱导小鼠肝内脂肪沉积,为阐明脂肪肝病变分子机制提供理论支持。     

Comparative effects of perilla and fish oils on the activity and gene expression of fatty acid oxidation enzymes in rat liver

The activity and mRNA level of hepatic enzymes in fatty acid oxidation and synthesis were compared in rats fed diets containing either 15% saturated fat (palm oil), safflower oil rich in linoleic acid, perilla oil rich in α-linolenic acid or fish oil rich in eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) for 15 days. The mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation rate was 50% higher in rats fed perilla and fish oils than in the other groups. Perilla and fish oils compared to palm and safflower oils approximately doubled and more than tripled, respectively, peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation rate. Compared to palm and safflower oil, both perilla and fish oils caused a 50% increase in carnitine palmitoyltransferase I activity. Dietary fats rich in n-3 fatty acids also increased the activity of other fatty acid oxidation enzymes except for 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The extent of the increase was greater with fish oil than with perilla oil. Interestingly, both perilla and fish oils decreased the activity of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase measured using short- and medium-chain substrates. Compared to palm and safflower oils, perilla and fish oils increased the mRNA level of many mitochondrial and peroxisomal enzymes. Increases were generally greater with fish oil than with perilla oil. Fatty acid synthase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate kinase activity and mRNA level were higher in rats fed palm oil than in the other groups. Among rats fed polyunsaturated fats, activities and mRNA levels of these enzymes were lower in rats fed fish oil than in the animals fed perilla and safflower oils. The values were comparable between the latter two groups. Safflower and fish oils but not perilla oil, compared to palm oil, also decreased malic enzyme activity and mRNA level. Examination of the fatty acid composition of hepatic phospholipid indicated that dietary α-linolenic acid is effectively desaturated and elongated to form EPA and DHA. Dietary perilla oil and fish oil therefore exert similar physiological activity in modulating hepatic fatty acid oxidation, but these dietary fats considerably differ in affecting fatty acid synthesis.     

Regulation of lipid metabolism by dipyridamole and adenosine antagonists in rat adipocytes

1. Acute effects of dipyridamole, an inhibitor of adenosine transport, direct activators of adenylate cyclase and thirteen adenosine antagonist analogs on fatty acid synthesis have been examined in terms of the control of [1-14C]acetate incorporation into labeled fatty acids in the presence of glucose. 2. This monosaccharide acts as a stimulator of lipogenesis by generating NADPH for the lipid synthesis. 3. The relationship between lipogenesis and lipolysis was compared with a variety of adenylate cyclase stimulators. 4. The data obtained reveals that dipyridamole potentiated the inhibitory or stimulatory effects of isoproterenol and forskolin on lipogenesis and on lipolysis, respectively. 5. In these cases the data show that it exists an inverse relationship between lipogenesis and lipolysis. 6. Dipyridamole and methylxanthine analogs only moderately affect the rate of lipolysis whereas its effects are more potent on lipogenesis and lend further support to the hypothesis that dipyridamole antagonize adenosine actions as well as methyl xanthines. 7. These results suggest that dipyridamole and adenosine antagonists alter lipogenesis independently of the lipolytic process and that it exists an inverse relationship between lipogenesis and lipolysis under some conditions whereas there are not under others.     

Dietary lipid sources affect cold tolerance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of dietary lipid sources on growth performance, fatty acids composition and cold tolerance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings (7.00 ± 0.50 g/fish). The fish were fed four isonitrogenous (28% crude protein), isocaloric (500 kcal/100 g) diets containing four lipid sources; fish oil (FO), corn oil (CO), coconut oil (COCO) or fish oil/ corn oil mixture (1:1 ratio) (oil mix). The diets were offered to the fish at a daily rate of 3% of their body weights (BW), twice a day for two months. After the feeding trial, the fish were exposed to decreasing water temperature from 25 °C until the appearance of death symptoms. The results revealed that FO-based diets (FO and oil mix) produced the best growth rates and feed efficiency, followed by corn oil diet, while COCO resulted in the lowest performance. Fish fed on CO and oil mix showed higher body unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and lower lethal temperature than those fed on FO- or COCO-based diets. These results indicate that cold shock can modify the lipid metabolism in Nile tilapia by lowering total body saturated fatty acids and raising n-6 and n-3 UFA. This finding suggests that the inclusion of high levels of plant oils in Nile tilapia feeds can enhance their cold tolerance.     

Accelerated clearance of plasma triglycerides and free fatty acids in omega3-depleted rats.

The present study aims mainly at exploring the effects of a severe depletion in polyunsaturated long-chain omega3 fatty acids upon the fate of circulating lipids. The plasma concentration and fatty acid pattern of triglycerides, diglycerides, free fatty acids, and phospholipids were measured in omega3-depleted and control rats injected intravenously one hour before sacrifice with either saline, a control medium-chain triglyceride:olive oil emulsion or a medium-chain triglyceride:fish oil emulsion recently found to rapidly increase the phospholipid content of C20:5omega3 and C22:6omega3 in different cell types. The estimated fractional removal rate of the injected triglycerides and the clearance of free fatty acids from circulation were both higher in omega3-depleted rats than in control animals. The injection of the lipid emulsions apparently inhibited intracellular lipolysis, this being least pronounced in omega3-depleted rats. The increased clearance of circulating triglycerides and unesterified fatty acids in omega3-depleted rats may favor the cellular accumulation of lipids. In turn, such an accumulation and the lesser regulatory inhibition of tissular lipolysis may match the increased clearance of circulating unesterified fatty acids and, hence, account for the lack of any significant difference in plasma unesterified fatty acid concentration between these and control animals.     

Lipids and fatty acids of two pelagic cottoid fishes (Comephorus spp) endemic to Lake Baikal

Matured females of two Lake Baikal endemic fish species, Comephorus baicalensis and Comephorus dybowski, have been investigated for lipid of the whole body and specific tissues (liver, muscles, ovaries), phospholipid classes and fatty acids of neutral and polar lipids. Total lipid in the body (38.9% fresh weight), liver (23.5%) and muscles (14.5%) of C. baicalensis were greater than those of C. dybowski (4.7, 8.7 and 2.6%, respectively); only their ovaries were similar (5.3 and 5.6% lipid, respectively). In both species, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were the major phospholipids, ranging from 60.7 to 75.1% of total phospholipid and 14.5–25.7%, respectively. In most cases, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were the major fatty acid group in C. baicalensis, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were the major group in C. dybowski. The MUFA 18:1(n-9) prevailed over other fatty acids in C. baicalensis and varied from 19% in polar lipids of muscles to 56.1% in neutral lipids of muscles. In polar lipid of C. dybowski, the PUFA 22:6(n-3) prevailed over other fatty acids in muscles and ovaries, while 16:0 dominated polar liver lipids and neutral lipids of all tissues. Other major fatty acids included 16:1(n-7), 18:1(n-7), and 20:5(n-3). Values of the (n-3)/(n-6) fatty acid ratio for neutral lipids of C. baicalensis (0.5–0.9) are well below the range of values characteristic either for marine or freshwater fish, while these values for polar lipids (1.6–1.8) are in the range typical of freshwater fish. Neutral lipid fatty acid ratios in C. dybowski (2.5–3.1) allow it to be assigned to freshwater fish, but polar lipids (2.8–3.7) leave it intermediary between freshwater and marine fish.     

五种微绿球藻产油和产多不饱和脂肪酸的研究

从5种微绿球藻中鉴别出4个高产油藻种和1个产油量很低的藻种。4种高产油微绿球藻在平台期油脂含量最高,占细胞干重的57%以上,其中三酰基甘油的含量占细胞干重的32.4%-45.2%。分析5种微绿球藻细胞的脂肪酸组成及4种高产油藻三酰基甘油中的脂肪酸组成,发现在高产油藻中,总的饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸的比例达到95%以上,多不饱和脂肪酸在5%以下,而在产油量很低的微绿球藻中多不饱和脂肪酸比例达45%以上。高产油微绿球藻三酰基甘油的多不饱和脂肪酸含量在4%以下,是生物柴油的优质原料,而产油量低的微绿球藻可用于提取C20:5脂肪酸(EPA)。       

Effect of age on the modification of rat plasma lipids by fish and soybean oil diets

The effects of sardine and soybean oils on plasma lipids have been studied in young and aged rats. Plasma cholesterol and bile acids of aged rats fed on a sardine oil diet decreased to a greater degree than those of young rats. Cholesterol, bile acids and phospholipids of the soybean oil diet group decreased only in aged rats. Increases in plasma eicosapentaenoic (sardine) and linoleic (soybean) acid levels of aged rats were observed to be greater than those of young rats. These results indicate that the age enhances the effects of fish and soybean oils on plasma lipids by suppressing their characteristic fatty acid metabolism.     

Lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle: generation of adaptive and maladaptive intracellular signals for cellular function

Fatty acids derived from adipose tissue lipolysis, intramyocellular triacylglycerol lipolysis, or de novo lipogenesis serve a variety of functions in skeletal muscle. The two major fates of fatty acids are mitochondrial oxidation to provide energy for the myocyte and storage within a variety of lipids, where they are stored primarily in discrete lipid droplets or serve as important structural components of membranes. In this review, we provide a brief overview of skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolism and highlight recent notable advances in the field. We then 1) discuss how lipids are stored in and mobilized from various subcellular locations to provide adaptive or maladaptive signals in the myocyte and 2) outline how lipid metabolites or metabolic byproducts derived from the actions of triacylglycerol metabolism or β-oxidation act as positive and negative regulators of insulin action. We have placed an emphasis on recent developments in the lipid biology field with respect to understanding skeletal muscle physiology and discuss unanswered questions and technical limitations for assessing lipid signaling in skeletal muscle.