舟山碎米蕨配子体发育及无配子生殖

采用光镜对舟山碎米蕨(Cheilosoria chusana)配子体发育及无配子生殖的全过程进行了观察。舟山碎米蕨孢子黄褐色,具三裂缝,极面观三角圆形,周壁表面具刺状纹饰,接种后15~20 d萌发,萌发类型为书带蕨型。丝状体一般具有5~10个细胞,片状体可通过丝状体顶端或居间细胞分裂产生。播种两个月左右,在片状体的顶端或侧面产生分生组织,发育成原叶体,发育类型为水蕨型。精子器出现在不规则片状体的表面,数量较多。经多次重复培养并没有发现颈卵器的存在,原叶体通过无配子生殖发育成为孢子体。无论在丝状体、片状体还是原叶体阶段都可能产生分枝,而且只要培养条件适宜,还可发育为分枝丝状体和分枝片状体相间的配子体丛。舟山碎米蕨配子体丛比单一原叶体更能适应干旱的环境。     

金粉蕨配子体发育及其无配子生殖的研究

采用光学显微镜和半薄切片技术对金粉蕨(Onychium siliculosum(Desv.)C.Chr.)的配子体发育及其无配子生殖进行了研究。金粉蕨孢子黄褐色,具三裂缝,孢子萌发时先产生假根,然后长出原叶体细胞,萌发类型为书带蕨型。原叶体细胞经丝状体、片状体发育为原叶体,发育类型为水蕨型。金粉蕨配子体分枝发达,成熟配子体呈丛状。多次培养表明金粉蕨只能产生精子器,不能产生颈卵器,为专性无配子生殖。半薄切片观察表明配子体生长点下方的细胞经分裂产生一群小型细胞,由它们发育为无配子生殖胚。小型细胞先分化出无性胚芽,再分化出胚根。胚芽与胚根,胚与配子体之间由分化出的导管连接。     

傅氏凤尾蕨配子体发育及其无配子生殖的研究

采用光学显微镜对傅氏凤尾蕨（Pteris fauriei Hieron.）的配子体发育进行了研究。傅氏凤尾蕨孢子深褐色,呈四面体形,三裂缝,极面观为钝三角形,赤道面观近半圆形。孢子自播种3～7 d左右开始萌发,萌发类型为书带蕨型。18 d左右发育为丝状体,大约为6～10个细胞长;25 d左右,丝状体可通过顶端细胞或中间细胞分裂产生片状体。播种40～50 d左右,在片状体的侧面产生分生组织,发育成原叶体,发育类型为水蕨型。雄配子体形状不规则,其上可产生精子器。大型原叶体形状较规则,顶端为心形,发育2～3个月左右,在生长点下方产生无性胚芽,进行无配子生殖。此后不久,在胚芽和生长点之间产生导管连接孢子体和配子体。经多次培养表明傅氏凤尾蕨不产生颈卵器,为专性无配子生殖。     

阔鳞瘤蕨(水龙骨科)配子体形态发育的研究

利用光学显微镜详细观察记录了阔鳞瘤蕨孢子萌发、配子体发育及幼孢子体形成的整个形态发育过程。结果表明:成熟孢子黄色,极面观椭圆形,赤道面观肾形,近极单裂缝,表面具大小不一的球形颗粒。接种后6~8 d孢子萌发,萌发类型为书带蕨型,形成3~7个细胞的丝状体。原叶体发育为槲蕨型,接种后30 d左右进入片状体阶段,毛状体出现在片状体形成之后,幼原叶体短舌状,成熟原叶体心脏形。精子器在接种后60 d左右开始产生,颈卵器在精子器发生后10 d左右形成,每个原叶体上只能形成一个受精卵。培养基培养的片状体常在基部进行营养繁殖。     

水蕨配子体发育的研究

研究了我国产水蕨(Ceratopteris thalictroides)配子体发育的全过程,水蕨孢子为四面体型,三裂缝,孢子萌发为向心型,丝状体4～8个细胞长,无明显的顶端细胞,丝状体顶部细胞同时分裂形成片状体,分生组织位于片状体一侧,使原叶体成为不对称的心脏形,原叶体发育为水蕨型,无毛状体,精子器和颈卵器较大,该配子体表现为较原始的性状.     

中华刺蕨和长耳刺蕨配子体发育研究

采用光镜观察,对中华刺蕨和长耳刺蕨配子体发育进行了观察研究.结果表明:中华刺蕨和长耳刺蕨的孢子和配子体发育特征相似,孢子均两侧对称,单裂缝,孢子萌发方式为书带蕨型;配子体经丝状体、片状体发育为心形原叶体,毛状体多产生于幼原叶体生长点两侧边缘,为多细胞棒状,原叶体发育方式为槲蕨型;幼原叶体阶段即可产生精子器,而颈卵器只产生于大型心形原叶体生长点下方,性器官发育类型为薄囊蕨型,卵受精后发育成孢子体.该研究结果支持秦仁昌将刺蕨属和实蕨属独立为实蕨科的观点.     

假瘤蕨属植物配子体与幼孢子体发育的比较形态学研究

配子体及幼孢子体发育过程对蕨类植物的系统学研究具有重要意义,但在假瘤蕨属植物中较少报道.本研究比较了3种假瘤蕨属植物的配子体及幼孢子体发育过程:孢子均为单裂缝,萌发类型为书带蕨型.原叶体发育为槲蕨型.丝状体2～6细胞,成熟配子体心形,中肋明显加厚.配子体两性,在播种后48 ～ 55 d产生精子器,之后15 ～ 18 d产生颈卵器.播种后80 ～ 100 d,形成胚胎,后者分化出第一叶、第一根和茎端,发育为幼孢子体.配子体边缘分布有单细胞毛状体,配子体腹面分布有单列多细胞的毛状体,以中肋处最多,围绕并保护胚胎和幼孢子体.本属3个种的配子体和幼孢子体,在孢子体积、萌发时间、丝状体和成熟配子体特征以及性器产生时间等方面存在差异.土培条件下的配子体发育不同步,即配子体分批发育,原因为配子体的营养繁殖或孢子萌发不整齐.     

香鳞毛蕨配子体发育的研究

研究了香鳞毛蕨(Dryopteris fragrans (L.)Schott)配子体的发育过程。结果发现孢子极面观为椭圆形,赤道面观为半圆形,单裂缝。孢子萌发为书带蕨型;丝状体2～9个细胞长,有明显顶端细胞,可形成多细胞的广阔板状片状体;片状体顶端分生组织继续分裂,发育为幼原叶体;原叶体发育为三叉蕨型;毛状体数量丰富,均为单细胞;颈卵器和精子器几乎同时形成,较小;成熟原叶体倒卵状心脏形。该配子体表现为进化性状。     

东北蕨类植物配子体发育的研究Ⅵ.中国蕨科

本文研究了无粉银粉背蕨配子体的发育,孢子四面体,三裂缝,孢子萌发为带蕨型,丝状体２－１２个细胞长,单列或多列,原叶体裸露,心脏形,生殖器较大,该配子表现为原始的性状,原叶发育为铁线蕨笄哉水蕨型,或两者之间的类型,在发育中的变异大,体现中国蕨科配子体的特点。     

海金沙配子体发育及卵发生的显微观察

用光镜观察海金沙(Lygodium japonicum)配子体发育和卵发生。海金沙孢子为四面体形,具三裂缝,孢子萌发方式为密穗蕨型(Anemia-type);配子体的发育形态多样,通常丝状体长至3~5个细胞时通过顶细胞纵分裂发育为片状体,进而发育为心形原叶体,在心形原叶体上可产生精子器和颈卵器。但在培养过程中也可产生10个细胞以上的丝状体,这种丝状体发育成的片状体和原叶体形态通常不规则,只产生精子器,不产生颈卵器。原叶体发育是铁线蕨型(Adiantum-type),性器官是薄囊蕨型(Leptosporangiate-type)。切片观察海金沙颈卵器产生于生长点下方表面细胞,经两次分裂形成了顶细胞、初生细胞和基细胞。其中初生细胞再经两次不等分裂产生卵细胞、腹沟细胞和颈沟细胞,此时三个细胞紧密相连,随发育,颈沟细胞和和腹沟细胞退化,卵周围形成了分离腔,光镜观察显示成熟卵细胞上无典型卵膜形成,未观察到受精孔的结构。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.