Emotional Eating,Alexithymia, and Binge‐Eating Disorder in Obese Women

Objective: To investigate the relationships between alexithymia and emotional eating in obese women with or without Binge Eating Disorder (BED). Research Methods and Procedures: One hundred sixty‐nine obese women completed self‐report questionnaires, including the Beck Depression Inventory, the State Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Stress Perceived Scale, the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire, and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. The presence of BED, screened using the Questionnaire of Eating and Weight Patterns, was confirmed by interview. Results: Forty obese women were identified as having BED. BED subjects and non‐BED subjects were comparable in age, body mass index, educational level, and socioeconomic class. According to the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire, BED subjects exhibited higher depression, anxiety, perceived stress, alexithymia scores, and emotional and external eating scores than non‐BED subjects. Emotional eating and perceived stress emerged as significant predictors of BED. The relationships between alexithymia and emotional eating in obese subjects differed between the two groups according to the presence of BED. Alexithymia was the predictor of emotional eating in BED subjects, whereas perceived stress and depression were the predictors in non‐BED subjects. Discussion: This study pointed out different relationships among mood, alexithymia, and emotional eating in obese subjects with or without BED. Alexithymia was linked to emotional eating in BED. These data suggest the involvement of alexithymia in eating disorders among obese women.     

Serotonin,Eating Behavior,and Fat Intake

There is an intimate relationship between nutritional intake (eating) and serotonin activity. Experimental manipulations (mainly neuropharmacological) of serotonin influence the pattern of eating behavior, subjective feelings of appetite motivation, and the response to nutritional challenges. Similarly, nutritional manipulations (food restriction, dieting, or altered nutrient supply) change the sensitivity of the serotonin network. Traditionally, serotonin has been linked to the macronutrient carbohydrate via the intermediary step of plasma amino acid ratios. However, it has also been demonstrated that 5-HT drugs will reduce energy intake and reverse body weight gain in rats exposed to weight increasing high fat diets. 5-HT drugs can also reduce food intake and block weight gain of rats on a high fat cafeteria diet. Some diet selection studies in rats indicate that the most prominent reduction of macronutrient intake is for fat. These data indicate that 5-HT activity can bring about a reduction in fat consumption. In turn, different types of dietary fat can alter brain 5-HT activity. In human studies the methodology of food choice experiments has often precluded the detection of an effect of 5-HT manipulation on fat intake. However, there is evidence that in obese and lean subjects some 5-HT drugs can readily reduce the intake of high fat foods. Data also suggest that 5-HT activation can lead to a selective avoidance of fat in the diet. These effects of 5-HT on the intake of dietary fat may involve a pre-absorptive mechanism and there is evidence that 5-HT is linked to cholecystokinin and enterostatin. These proposals have theoretical and practical implications and suggest possible strategies to intensify or advance fat-induced satiety signals.     

Teasing History,Onset of Obesity,Current Eating Disorder Psychopathology,Body Dissatisfaction,and Psychological Functioning in Binge Eating Disorder

Objective: The primary goal of this study was to examine associations among teasing history, onset of obesity, current eating disorder psychopathology, body dissatisfaction, and psychological functioning in women with Binge Eating Disorder (BED). Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects were 115 female adults who met DSM‐IV criteria for BED. Measurements assessing teasing history (general appearance [GAT] and weight and size [WST] teasing), current eating disorder psychopathology (binge frequency, eating restraint, and concerns regarding eating, shape, and weight), body dissatisfaction, and psychological functioning (depression and self‐esteem) were obtained. Results: History of GAT, but not WST, was associated with current weight concerns and body dissatisfaction, whereas both GAT and WST were significantly associated with current psychological functioning. Patients with earlier onset of obesity reported more WST than patients with later onset of obesity, but the groups did not differ significantly in GAT, current eating disorder psychopathology, body dissatisfaction, or psychological functioning. Obese women reported more WST than non‐obese women, but no differences in GAT or the other outcome variables were observed. Higher frequency of GAT was associated with greater binge frequency in obese women, and with greater eating restraint in non‐obese women. Discussion: Although physical appearance teasing history is not associated with variability in most eating disorder psychopathology, it is associated with related functioning, most notably body dissatisfaction, depression, and self‐esteem. Our findings also suggest that the age of onset of obesity and current body mass index status in isolation are not associated with eating psychopathology or associated psychological functioning in adult patients with BED.     

On the Relation of Attempting to Lose Weight,Restraint, and Binge Eating in Outpatients with Binge Eating Disorder

Objective: To examine the relationship among attempts to lose weight, restraint, and eating behavior in outpatients with binge eating disorder (BED). Research Methods and Procedures: Participants were 93 consecutive outpatients evaluated for a clinical trial who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth edition criteria for BED. The Eating Disorder Examination Interview was administered to assess attempts at weight loss, restraint, different forms of overeating, and the attitudinal psychopathology of eating disorders (i.e., concerns regarding eating, shape, and weight). In addition, the Three‐Factor Eating Questionnaire was used to assess cognitive restraint, hunger, and disinhibition. Psychometrically established measures were given to assess body dissatisfaction, depression, and self‐esteem. Results: The majority of participants (75.3%; N = 70) reported attempting to lose weight, but only 37.6% (N = 35) reported dietary restraint on at least half the days of the month. Dietary restraint and cognitive restraint were not associated with any form of binge eating or overeating. Dietary restraint and cognitive restraint were positively correlated with weight concern, shape concern, and body dissatisfaction, and negatively correlated with body mass index. To further examine the interplay between attempting to lose weight and restraint, three study groups were created: unrestrained nonattempters (21.5%, N = 20), unrestrained attempters (40.9%; N = 38), and restrained attempters (34.4%; N = 32). The three groups did not differ significantly on binge eating or other eating behaviors; however, significant differences were observed for weight concern, shape concern, and body dissatisfaction. Discussion: Attempts to lose weight and restraint are not synonymous for patients with BED. Although 75.3% of BED patients reported that they were attempting to lose weight, only 37.6% reported dietary restraint on at least half the days of the previous month. While restraint was negatively associated with body mass index, it was not related to binge eating or overeating. Our findings raise questions about prevailing models that posit restraint as a predominant factor in the maintenance of binge eating in BED.     

Circadian Eating and Sleeping Patterns in the Night Eating Syndrome

Objective: To compare the eating and sleep‐wake patterns of persons with the night eating syndrome (NES) with those of matched control subjects. Research Methods and Procedures: Forty‐six overweight/obese NES subjects (mean age 43.3 ± 9.8 years; 32 women) and 43 similar controls (mean age 39.0 ± 11.0 years; 28 women) wore wrist actigraphs for 7 days and completed sleep and food diaries at home. Results: There was no difference between the total energy intake of the NES and the control subjects, but the pattern of energy intake differed greatly. Relative to control subjects, the temporal pattern of food intake of night eaters was delayed. Food intake after the evening meal, as a proportion of the 24‐hour intake, was more than 3‐fold greater in NES subjects than in controls (34.6 ± 10.1% vs. 10.0 ± 6.9%, p = 0.001). NES subjects had sleep onset, offset, and total sleep duration times comparable with those of controls. NES subjects reported more nocturnal awakenings than did controls (1.5 ± 1.0 per night vs. 0.5 ± 0.5; p < 0.001), and their actigraphically monitored arousals occurred earlier during sleep (at 128 minutes after sleep onset vs. 193 minutes, p = 0.01). NES subjects consumed food on 74% of the awakenings vs. 0% for the controls. Discussion: The pattern of cumulative energy intake of the night eaters suggests a phase delay in energy consumption relative to sleep‐wake times. NES may involve a dissociation of the circadian control of eating relative to sleep.     

Phagocytosis in Dictyostelium: Nibbling, Eating and Cannibalism

ABSTRACT. Phagocytosis is a highly conserved biological process that serves numerous functions in a wide variety of organisms. Over the past few decades Dictyostelium has proven to be an excellent organism for investigations in cell biology and this is certainly no less the case for a study of phagocytosis. This review examines three distinct phagocytic activities which have been characterized in Dictyostelium. The first, "vegetative phagocytosis," represents the classical eukaryotic microbial uptake of food particles (bacteria). The second, a predatory form of phagocytosis, arises when one species such as Dictyostelium caveatum attacks another species of slime mold, engulfing small pieces of the target prey. This has been termed "cell nibbling." The third phagocytic process is "sexual cannibalistic phagocytosis." In this situation a zygote giant cell, having arisen from the fusion of gametic amoebae, attracts unfused nonzygotic amoebae of the same species and engulfs them as a food source. While cell nibbling has not been actively studied, vegetative and sexual cannibalistic phagocytosis have received varying amounts of attention leading to the idea that some of the elements (e.g., glycoprotein receptors and a G_αs subunit) involved in certain of these phagocytic events may be the same. On the other hand, some unique events (e.g., filopodial induction in prey by D. caveatum ) are also worthy of further investigation. Among other things, the presence of self-nonself recognition, the existence of opsonin-like substances and the presence of signal transduction elements (e.g., an A2-like receptor that negatively modulates sexual phagocytosis) once considered to be extant only in higher organisms suggest that much can be learned about phagocytosis in general by further studies in the classic, eukaryotic microbe Dictyostelium discoideum and related species.     

Vision and Eating Behavior

Objective: Eating behavior is influenced by internal and external factors. Vision is one part of the complex pattern of factors influencing the amount of food consumed during a meal. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of vision on the microstructure of eating behavior and the subjective motivation to eat. Research Methods and Procedures: Nine blind subjects and nine matched seeing control subjects consumed a standardized meal registered by VIKTOR, an eating monitor, measuring the microstructure of the eating behavior. The eating behavior of the control subjects was registered twice, with and without blindfold. Results: The eating behavior of the blind subjects did not differ from that of seeing control subjects. However, the eating behavior of seeing subjects eating with blindfold demonstrated a clear impact of vision on eating behavior. When blindfolded, subjects ate 22% less food (p < 0.05), had shorter meal durations (p < 0.05), and had less decelerated eating curves (p < 0.05). Despite a smaller amount of food consumed when blindfolded, the reported feeling of fullness was identical to that reported after the larger meal consumed without blindfold. Discussion: The importance of vision in regulating our eating behavior is further stressed in this study. Eating with a blindfold decreased the intake of food, without making subjects feel less full. Eating blindfolded, therefore, may force subjects to rely more on internal signals. These results might be used as an aid in the development of new treatment strategies for obese subjects.     

Binge Eating Behavior in Patients with Eating Disorders

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the objectively observed binge eating behavior of obese subjects meeting the proposed DSM-IV criteria for binge eating disorder would be similar to that observed in patients with bulimia nervosa. Non-obese patients with bulimia nervosa (BN), obese subjects with binge eating disorder (BED), obese and non-obese women without eating disorders were each instructed to binge eat single- and multiple-item meals. In the multiple-item meal, the obese subjects with BED ate significantly more (1515 kcal) than obese subjects without BED (1115 kcal), but they ate less than the normal-weight bulimic patients (2680 kcal). The non-obese controls ate amounts similar to the obese non-binge-eating-disordered group (1093 and 1115.2 kcal, respectively). In the single-item meal, consisting of ice cream, patients with BN ate significantly more than any other group (1307 kcal), while obese subjects with or without binge-eating disorder ate significantly more (762 kcal) than non-obese controls (308 kcal). This study has demonstrated that although both BN and BED are characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating, quantitatively there appear to be differences between the eating disturbances in the two disorders. Because single- and multiple-item meals differ in external cues, these results also suggest that the obese subjects with BED may be disinhibited by external cues, while obese subjects without BED may be inhibited by external cues.     

Mukbang and Disordered Eating: A Netnographic Analysis of Online Eating Broadcasts

Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry - Mukbang is a recent Internet phenomenon in which video recordings of hosts eating large amounts of food are streamed on an online video platform. It originated...     

Eating Disorder or Disordered Eating? Non‐normative Eating Patterns in Obese Individuals

Binge eating disorder (BED) and night eating syndrome (NES) are putative eating disorders frequently seen in obese individuals. Data suggest that BED fulfills criteria for a mental disorder. Criteria for NES are evolving but at present do not require distress or functional impairment. It remains unclear whether BED and NES, as they are currently defined, are optimally useful for characterizing distinct patient subgroups. We propose that a distinction be made between “eating disorders” and “non‐normative” eating patterns without associated distress or impairment. Although non‐normative eating patterns may not be considered mental disorders, they may be very important in terms of their impact on body weight and health. More precise behavioral and metabolic characterization of subgroups with eating disorders and non‐normative eating behaviors has important implications for understanding the etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of obesity. Ultimately, better understanding of the many pathways to increased energy intake may lead to targeted strategies for prevention of overweight and obesity in at‐risk individuals and populations.     

The Social Self,Body Dissatisfaction,and Binge Eating in Obese Females

We examined the relationship of the social self to body dissatisfaction and to binge eating in two clinical samples of obese females. In the first study, with 32 nonbingeing obese females, social self measures of Public Self-Consciousness and Social Anxiety were positively correlated with body dissatisfaction. Self-esteem was negatively correlated with body dissatisfaction. In the second study, 11 obese binge eaters were compared with 11 matched nonbingeing obese females. Binge eaters were characterized by significantly higher levels of social anxiety and body dissatisfaction than the obese nonbingeing controls. These findings support the hypothesized links of social self concerns to body dissatisfaction and to binge eating in obese females .