纳米级Fe3O4磁性粒子与人肝癌细胞HepG-2及人正常肝细胞L02作用的生物学行为的实验研究

目的:对纳米级Fe3O4磁性粒子与人肝癌细胞HepG-2及人正常肝细胞L02作用的生物学行为进行实验研究。方法:通过化学沉淀法制备粒径为10nm左右的纳米级Fe3O4磁性粒子,观察其表征;将不同浓度纳米级Fe3O4粒子加入培养液分别与HepG-2混合培养检测凋亡坏死率;将相同浓度粒子分别与HepG-2和L02混合培养,对两者作用的差异进行动态观察比较。结果:纳米级Fe3O4磁性粒子能在肝癌细胞HepG-2细胞内稳定存在72小时以上,有良好的生物相容性;透射电镜观察到Fe3O4磁性粒子主要分布于细胞的溶酶体及吞噬泡内。共培养1小时后即有较多的纳米磁性粒子进入HepG-2内,而3小时后才见L02细胞内有少量的磁性粒子进入。结论:此实验结果为磁性纳米粒子与肿瘤细胞微观结构的作用提供了有意义的实验数据,并可能对应用磁性纳米粒子治疗恶性肿瘤提供有价值的依据。     

坏疽病原体快速检测方法的临床应用

目的:利用荧光定量PCR技术,建立一种快速、敏感、特异的检测产气荚膜梭菌的方法,及时用于指导临床治疗。方法:以产气荚膜梭菌16srRNA基因作为靶序列,设计一对特异引物和探针,以伤口分泌物和脓液提取的核酸作为模板,利用已经优化的引物和探针进行PCR反应;同时与细菌培养作比较,验证此方法的快速性、敏感性及特异性。结果:建立的反应体系在上游引物浓度为0.45μmol/L,下游引物浓度为0.15μmol/L,探针浓度为0.3μmol/L时,具有很好的敏感性,与21种其他细菌均无交叉反应,其敏感性为9cfu/反应体系。荧光定量PCR检测结果与细菌培养结果完全一致。结论:所建立的荧光定量PCR方法特异、灵敏、快速,能对产气荚膜梭菌感染做出准确的检测报告,具有对战时高发疾病气性坏疽进行快速和定量检测潜质。     

银纳米粒子的生物医学应用研究进展

银纳米粒子作为一种新兴的功能纳米材料,在生物医学领域有着广泛的应用。本文首先对银纳米粒子的合成方法进行简要的综述,然后对银纳米粒子的光学性质及其在光学成像和检测方面的研究进行介绍,最后重点综述银纳米粒子在生物医学方面的应用,特别是人们日益关注的生物安全性研究现状。     

猪轮状病毒RT-LAMP检测方法的建立及应用

为了建立一种适用于猪轮状病毒(PoRV)的逆转录-环介导等温核酸扩增(RT-LAMP)的快速、灵敏检测方法。依据GenBank上登录的PoRV VP7基因保守序列,设计了6条特异性引物,通过对外引物与内引物浓度比、Bst DNA聚合酶浓度、Mg2+浓度、dNTP浓度和反应条件等进行优化。结果显示,当外引物与内引物浓度比为200nmol/L∶2 400nmol/L(1∶12)、Bst DNA聚合酶浓度为0.64 U/μL、Mg2+浓度为2.5 mmol/L、dNTP浓度为1.0mmol/L,在恒温(60℃)条件下作用60min,扩增效果出现明显"梯状"条带,同时对建立的RT-LAMP检测方法进行特异性和敏感性验证,其只有PoRV获得特异性扩增条带,与其他猪流行性腹泻病毒、猪传染性胃肠炎病毒、猪瘟病毒等无交叉反应,具有良好的特异性,最低检测分子拷贝数为1.0×102拷贝/μL,具有极高的敏感性。反应结束后肉眼可见阳性扩增产物出现白色沉淀,加入SYBR GreenⅠ观察颜色变化可以判定结果。该方法适用于野外、基层部门和海关快速检测PoRV的新方法,在临床上有良好的推广意义。     

纳米粒子载体对灰飞虱RNAi效率的影响

【目的】筛选针对灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus RNAi的dsRNA高效纳米递送载体。【方法】使用壳聚糖、碳量子点(carbon quantum dot, CQD)和lipofectamine 2000作为代表性纳米粒子,分别与dsRNA进行混合,形成稳定的3种不同复合颗粒,利用光谱法检测其dsRNA装载率。以灰飞虱膜结合型海藻糖酶基因LsStre为靶标基因来测试3种纳米粒子的RNAi效率。用不同纳米粒子包裹的dsLsStre喂食后,通过荧光实时定量PCR(qPCR)检测喂食后2 d灰飞虱2龄若虫中LsStre mRNA表达水平,并检测和计算灰飞虱2龄若虫在6 d内的校正死亡率,以裸dsLsStre引起的2龄若虫死亡率为对照,评价3种纳米载体对LsStre的RNAi增效作用。【结果】3种纳米载体均能负载dsEgfp,且这3种纳米载体复合dsEgfp的效率均在95%以上。3种纳米材料对灰飞虱2龄若虫的毒性均较弱。同未用纳米粒子包裹的裸dsLsStre喂食组(对LsStre表达量的抑制率为46%)相比,壳聚糖和CQD能够显著提高LsStre的RNAi效率(对LsStre表达量的抑制率分别为78%和84%),而lipofectamine 2000不能显著提高LsStre的RNAi效率(抑制率为52%)。壳聚糖和CQD可以有效提高喂食dsLsStre对灰飞虱2龄若虫的致死效应,在连续喂食6 d后,灰飞虱2龄若虫的校正死亡率分别达到76%和82%,与直接用裸dsLsStre处理的对照组校正死亡率(35%)相比,增效系数分别达到2.17和2.34,lipofectamine 2000的增效能力最弱,其与dsLsStre的复合颗粒处理引起灰飞虱2龄若虫死亡率为38%,增效系数为1.09。【结论】壳聚糖和CQD纳米载体能够显著提高灰飞虱对于喂食dsRNA的敏感性,而lipofectamine 2000的RNAi增效作用较弱。研究结果有助于评价纳米载体在灰飞虱RNAi中的增效作用,为进一步开发和筛选有效的RNAi纳米载体,实现害虫绿色防控,提供了理论依据和应用策略。     

介孔二氧化硅介导的功能核酸检测技术研究进展

介孔二氧化硅纳米粒子(Mesoporous silica nanoparticles,MSNs)是一种表面多孔的无机纳米粒子,具有粒子和孔的大小可调节,大的表面积和孔体积,可进行表面修饰以及良好的生物相容性等特点被广泛应用于医疗领域作为抗癌药物的递送载体。目前,将MSNs与功能核酸(Functional nucleic acids,FNA)进行良好结合并制备生物传感器应用于检测技术领域的研究主要偏向于把FNA固定在MSNs表面,通过FNA结构的改变实现介孔中客体分子的可控释放,进一步转换为荧光信号、电信号等进行检测。综述了MSNs的基本属性、制备及其应用,重点介绍了几类基于MSNs的功能核酸生物传感器,讨论了介孔二氧化硅介导的功能核酸检测技术在应用研究中的实际意义及其存在的问题,最后展望了该项技术的发展前景,可能面临的机遇及挑战,以期能够进一步促进介孔二氧化硅介导的功能核酸检测技术在实际中的应用。     

介孔二氧化硅介导的功能核酸检测技术研究进展

介孔二氧化硅纳米粒子(Mesoporous silica nanoparticles,MSNs)是一种表面多孔的无机纳米粒子,具有粒子和孔的大小可调节,大的表面积和孔体积,可进行表面修饰以及良好的生物相容性等特点被广泛应用于医疗领域作为抗癌药物的递送载体。目前,将MSNs与功能核酸(Functional nucleic acids,FNA)进行良好结合并制备生物传感器应用于检测技术领域的研究主要偏向于把FNA固定在MSNs表面,通过FNA结构的改变实现介孔中客体分子的可控释放,进一步转换为荧光信号、电信号等进行检测。综述了MSNs的基本属性、制备及其应用,重点介绍了几类基于MSNs的功能核酸生物传感器,讨论了介孔二氧化硅介导的功能核酸检测技术在应用研究中的实际意义及其存在的问题,最后展望了该项技术的发展前景,可能面临的机遇及挑战,以期能够进一步促进介孔二氧化硅介导的功能核酸检测技术在实际中的应用。     

山羊传染性胸膜肺炎病原快速诊断方法的建立

为准确快速鉴定临床疑似山羊传染性胸膜肺炎(CCPP)病原,针对丝状支原体山羊亚种(Mmc)与绵羊肺炎支原体(Mo)16S rRNA基因设计两对特异性引物Ps/Pa、Ms/Ma,通过优化反应条件及体系,建立检测CCPP两种主要致病支原体的双重PCR方法,并检测了所建方法特异性、敏感性及临床应用。当引物、Mg2+及dNTP浓度分别为0.8 pmol/μL、1.5 nmol/μL、0.2 nmol/μL,Ps/Pa与Ms/Mo比例为1 1时,于54℃退火40 s,可最小检出Mmc与Mo核酸量分别为0.1 ng、0.01 ng,敏感性良好。通过特异性与临床疑似病例检测,证明所建方法具较好特异性,可初步应用于临床诊断。     

介孔二氧化硅在肿瘤治疗领域的研究进展

介孔二氧化硅纳米粒子(Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles,MSNs)因其具有独特介孔结构、良好的生物相容性、较大的比表面积及明确的表面性质,在生物医学领域备受关注。基于介孔二氧化硅纳米粒子的药物递送系统已成为众多科研工作者研究的热点。讨论了介孔二氧化硅纳米粒子与多肽、抗体以及抗体片段、核酸适体、免疫治疗应用相结合后在肿瘤治疗领域的局限性和挑战。最后,对目前介孔二氧化硅药物输送体系在实际应用中存在的问题进行了分析,并对其未来的发展前景进行了展望。     

纳米金标记核酸探针检测小反刍兽疫 病毒核酸的研究

试验旨在探讨利用纳米金标记寡核苷酸探针快速检测小反刍兽疫病毒核酸的方法。针对小反刍兽疫病毒N基因的高度保守区设计两条特异寡核苷酸探针,一条探针5’端修饰生物素,另一条探针3’端修饰巯基。巯基化的探针通过Au-S键连接到纳米金颗粒上。靶核酸两端分别与两条探针结合,形成"生物素化探针-靶核酸-纳米金探针"复合物,该复合物通过生物素-亲和素系统,固定在固相载体上,最后银染放大信号。通过肉眼观察法、光镜观察法、分光光度法分析银染灰度,从而间接测定靶核酸的量。初步检测PPRV核酸最低浓度达10fmol/L,所需时间约为1.5h。该方法灵敏度高、操作简单,为临床检测小反刍兽疫病毒核酸提供实验数据和技术支持。     

A Comparison of Digoxigenin and Biotin Labelled DNA and RNA Probes for in Situ Hybridization

A number of in situ hybridization protocols using digoxigenin or biotin labelled probes were assessed for viral nucleic acid detection in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue. Single-step detection protocols for biotin labelled probes produced low sensitivity; however, enzyme based one-step detection protocols for digoxigenin probes produced high sensitivity for both RNA and DNA systems. For both probe types, multistep detection protocols produced equally high sensitivity. Use of an enhanced APAAP procedure for digoxigenin labelled probes acheived maximal sensitivity without use of biotin-streptavidin reactions. The sensitivity of nucleic acid detection obtained with a digoxigenin labelled probe is comparable to that obtained using biotin. Digoxigenin labelled probes for nucleic acid detection are recommended for tissues with endogenous biotin.     

Interference-based detection of nucleic acid targets on optically coated silicon

Sequence-specific detection of polynucleotides typically requires modified reporter probes that are labeled with radioactive, fluorescent, or luminescent moieties. Although these detection methods are capable of high sensitivity, they require instrumentation for signal detection. In certain settings, such as clinical point of care, instrumentation might be impractical or unavailable. Here we describe a detection approach in which formation of a nucleic acid hybrid is enzymatically transduced into a molecular thin film that can be visually detected in white light. The system exploits a flat, optically coated silicon-based surface to which capture oligonucleotides are covalently attached. The optimized system is capable of detection of nucleic acid targets present at sub-attomole levels. To supplement visual detection, signals can be quantitated by a charge-coupled device. The design and composition of the optical surface, optimization of immobilization chemistry for attachment of capture probes, and characterization of the efficiency of the hybridization process are presented. We describe the application of this system to detection of a clinically relevant target, the mecA gene present in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.     

PCR增强剂在核酸体外扩增检测技术的研究进展

在各种高致病性病原体、禽流感病毒、食源性微生物等引起的疾病随时大规模流行的背景下,利用聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）技术对第一例或第一波病例的快速实验室诊断显得尤为重要,同时发展出多种以PCR技术为基础的检测技术以便更加快速、高通量、敏感地对疾病进行诊断、预防或预测。然而,在实际病原体检测中,常常出现灵敏度低、准确性差的结果。PCR增强剂是在PCR及PCR衍生技术中添加的一类物质,其可从产率、特异性、灵敏度等方面提高核酸扩增性能,从而优化核酸检测,解决病原体检测的应用瓶颈,为第一例病原体检出节约宝贵的时间。结合以PCR为基础的核酸体外扩增检测技术对PCR增强剂在其中的应用、优缺点、作用机理进行介绍,以期为病原体核酸检测的实际应用提供一些参考。     

A rapid, sensitive, and selective bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based nucleic acid sensing system

Here we report the design of a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based sensing system that could detect nucleic acid target in 5 min with high sensitivity and selectivity. The sensing system is based on adjacent binding of oligonucleotide probes labeled with Renilla luciferase (Rluc) and quantum dot (Qd) on the nucleic acid target. Here Rluc, a bioluminescent protein that generates light by a chemical reaction, is employed as an energy donor, and a quantum dot is used as an energy acceptor. Bioluminescence emission of Rluc overlaps with the Qd absorption whereas the emission of Qd is shifted from the emission of Rluc allowing for monitoring of BRET. In the presence of target, the labeled probes bind adjacently in a head-to-head fashion leading to BRET from Rluc to Qd upon addition of a substrate coelenterazine. The sensing system could detect target nucleic acid in buffer as well as in Escherichia coli cellular matrix in 5 min with a detection limit of 0.54 pmol. The ability to detect target nucleic acid rapidly in a cellular matrix with high sensitivity will prove highly beneficial in biomedical and environmental applications.     

An ultrasensitive photoelectrochemical nucleic acid biosensor

A simple and ultrasensitive procedure for non-labeling detection of nucleic acids is described in this study. It is based on the photoelectrochemical detection of target nucleic acids by forming a nucleic acid/photoreporter adduct layer on an ITO electrode. The target nucleic acids were hybridized with immobilized oligonucleotide capture probes on the ITO electrode. A subsequent binding of a photoreporter--a photoactive threading bis-intercalator consisting of two N,N'-bis(3-propyl-imidazole)-1,4,5,8-naphthalene diimides (PIND) linked by a Ru (bpy)2(2) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) complex (PIND-Ru-PIND)-allowed for photoelectrochemical detection of the target nucleic acids. The extremely low dissociation rate of the adduct and the highly reversible photoelectrochemical response under visible light illumination (490 nm) make it possible to conduct nucleic acid detection, with a sensitivity enhancement of four orders of magnitude over voltammetry. These results demonstrate for the first time the potential of photoelectrochemical biosensors for PCR-free ultrasensitive detection of nucleic acids.     

核酸试纸条检测方法研究进展*

凝胶电泳、实时荧光PCR等常规核酸检测方法存在操作繁琐、设备昂贵、反应时间长等局限性。随着核酸检测市场规模的大幅提升,常规检测方法已无法满足临床诊断、检验检疫的需求。核酸试纸条(nucleic acid detection strip,NADS)是一种新兴的核酸检测方法,具有灵敏度高、操作便捷、结果可视化、成本低且耗时短等优势,在基础研究与临床诊断等领域受到广泛关注。综述近年来NADS的检测方法及研究进展,系统总结该技术的原理、应用及临床潜在转化价值,以期为NADS的进一步开发、利用提供借鉴。     

New,sensitive, radioactive-free bioluminescence-enhanced detection system in protein blotting and nucleic acid hybridization

A relatively simple, very sensitive bioluminescence-enhanced detection system for protein blotting and nucleic acid hybridization is described. The method utilizes antibodies conjugated with alkaline phosphatase or nucleotide probes complexed with alkaline phosphatase. Then the alkaline phosphatase takes part in a reaction by releasing D -luciferin (Photinus pyralis) from D -luciferin-O-phosphate. Liberated D -luciferin reacts with luciferase, ATP and oxygen under light emission. Light is measured using the Argus-100 a photon counting camera system or photographic films. Bound alkaline phosphatase conjugated antibodies or hybridized nucleotide probes can be visualized. The limit of detection is at present 5 to 50 fg of protein (IgG), corresponding, for example to 30 to 300 × 10^?21 mol. This means a much higher sensitivity of the detection system in comparison to systems used at present. Experiments concerning nucleic acid hybridization and visualization of the emitted light by a photon counting camera (Argus-100) are under investigation.     

Amplification methods to increase the sensitivity of in situ hybridization: play card(s).

In situ hybridization (ISH) has proved to be an invaluable molecular tool in research and diagnosis to visualize nucleic acids in their cellular environment. However, its applicability can be limited by its restricted detection sensitivity. During the past 10 years, several strategies have been developed to improve the threshold levels of nucleic acid detection in situ by amplification of either target nucleic acid sequences before ISH (e.g., in situ PCR) or the detection signals after the hybridization procedures. Here we outline the principles of tyramide signal amplification using the catalyzed reporter deposition (CARD) technique, present practical suggestions to efficiently enhance the sensitivity of ISH with CARD, and discuss some applications and possible future directions of in situ nucleic acid detection using such an amplification strategy.     

肽核酸在分子生物学技术中的应用

肽核酸(PNA)作为一种人工合成的核酸类似物,以中性的肽链酰胺2-氨基乙基甘氨酸键取代了DNA中的戊糖磷酸二酯键骨架,其余部分与DNA相同。PNA可通过Watson-Crick碱基配对的形式识别并结合DNA或RNA序列,形成稳定的双螺旋结构。与传统的DNA或RNA相比,PNA具有生物学稳定性高、杂交特异性强、杂合体的稳定性高和杂交速度快等明显优点,使PNA具有良好的物理化学性质和生物学特性,在检测目的核酸序列中单碱基突变、PCR基因分子诊断与检测、荧光原位杂交定量分析、基因芯片和生物传感器技术等调控水平和临床应用上有自己的特点。简要综述了近年来肽核酸在上述分子生物学技术中的运用以及应用前景的展望。     

血源性乙型肝炎病毒、丙型肝炎病毒和艾滋病病毒核酸筛查系统的建立与应用

目的：建立同时实现乙型肝炎病毒（hepatitisBvirus,HBV）、丙型肝炎病毒（hepatitisCvirus,HCV）、艾滋病病毒（humanImmunodeficiencyVirus,HIV）检测的多重核酸筛查系统。方法：以HBV、HCV、HIV的保守序列为模板设计特异性引物和探针,通过核酸自动提取系统结合一步法RT-PCR技术平台,优化相关反应体系和条件,建立多重多色实时荧光PCR检测血源性传播病毒的核酸筛查系统。将该系统用于101387例血浆样本的筛查。结果：本研究建立的核酸筛查系统特异性好,HBV灵敏度可以达到20IU／ml,HCV灵敏度可以达到100IU／ml,HIV灵敏度可以达到50IU／mL。结论：本研究建立的核酸筛查系统具有高度自动化、高灵敏度、低成本等特点,适合我国血站系统推广使用。