Antioxidant activity of a water-soluble polysaccharide purified from Pteridium aquilinum

A water-soluble crude polysaccharide, obtained from fern Pteridium aquilinum, was fractionated by DEAE-Sepharose Fast-Flow column chromatography, and purified by Sephacryl S-400 HR column chromatography. The average molecular weight (M_w) of the purified polysaccharide (PLP) is 458,000 Da. The monosaccharide components of PLP were characterized by gas chromatography (GC), and the majority of the monosaccharide components was glucose (relative mass 58.1%) with low levels of galactose, mannose, rhamnose, and arabinose (relative mass 18.7%, 6.8%, 10.2%, and 6.1%, respectively). The Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FTIR) of PLP revealed typical characteristics of polysaccharides. On the basis of the ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), DPPH radical-scavenging, the superoxide radical assay, and self-oxidation of 1,2,3-phentriol assay, the antioxidant activities of PLP were investigated. The purified polysaccharide was demonstrated to have strong reductive power (FRAP value: 827.6 μmol/L), moderate scavenging activities against DPPH radicals (83.1%) and superoxide radicals (60.5%), and moderate inhibiting power for self-oxidation of 1,2,3-phentriol (52.4%).     

Characterization and antioxidant activity of Ginkgo biloba exocarp polysaccharides

Ginkgo biloba exocarp polysaccharide (GBEP) was obtained by hot water extraction, the crude polysaccharide was deproteinized by Sevag method and fractionized by a DEAE Sepharose fast flow anion-exchange column. Five fragments were obtained, including neutral polysaccharide (GBEP-N) and four acidic polysaccharides (GBEP-A1, GBEP-A2, GBEP-A3 and GBEP-A4). GBEP-N and GBEP-A3 were further purified by Superdex 200 gel column chromatography. The resulted two fractions GBEP-NN, and GBEP-AA were characterized by FT-IR, and HPGFC (high pressure gel filtration chromatography). Monosaccharide composition was determined by RP-HPLC method of precolumn derivatization with 1-phenyl-3-5-pyrazolone. GBEP-NN was mainly composed of rhamnose, arabinose, mannose, glucose and galactose, while GBEP-AA was mainly made up of mannose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, galactosamine, glucose, galactose, xylose, arabinose, and fucose. The crude GBEP exhibited certain antioxidant activity. At the concentration of 5 mg/mL, the hydroxyl radical scavenging effect of GBEP was 90.52%, greater than 77.37% for the positive control ascorbic acid.     

Structural characterization of laminaran and galactofucan extracted from the brown seaweed Saccharina longicruris

Brown seaweed contains several polysaccharides like laminaran, fucoidan and alginate. Laminaran is a β-glucan that has shown anti-apoptotic and anti-tumoral activities, while galactofucan (fucoidan) is a sulfated polysaccharide that has displayed anticoagulant, anti-tumor, anti-thrombosis, anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties. In this study, crude laminaran and galactofucan (fucoidan) were extracted from the brown seaweed Saccharina longicruris at four harvest periods (M05, A05, N05 and J06). The galactofucan M05 and N05 fractions were depolymerized (RDP) over 2 or 4 h to give 4 RDP fractions (M05 RDP 2H, M05 RDP 4H, N05 RDP 2H and N05 RDP 4H) whose molecular weights, monosaccharide compositions and glycosidic linkages were determined by GC-MS. The laminaran fraction gave a molecular weight range from 2900 to 3300 Da and contained between 50.6% and 68.6% d-glucose and an average of 1.3% d-mannitol. The presence of a β-(1,3) linkage between d-glucose in the main chain was observed, with branching at positions 6 and 2. The M05 fraction contained less branching than other laminaran fractions, which might have influenced its conformation in solution and thus its activity. The crude galactofucan fractions displayed a molecular weight range from 638 to 1529 kDa, whereas the RDP fractions had molecular weights <30 kDa. The structure of the galactofucan fractions remained complex after depolymerization, with these also being more sulfated (30-39%) than the crude fractions (13-20%). The crude and RDP fractions contained 3-linked fucopyranose 4-sulfate and 6-linked galactopyranose 3-sulfate moieties, although the galactofucans isolated from M05 and J06 contained less 6-linked galactopyranose 3-sulfate than the A05 and N05 fractions.     

Physico-chemical characterization, antioxidant and anticancer activities in vitro of a novel polysaccharide from Melia toosendan Sieb. Et Zucc fruit

A novel water-soluble polysaccharide pMTPS-3, obtained from Melia toosendan Sieb. Et Zucc fruit by hot-water extraction and ethanol precipitation, was fractionated by DEAE-52 cellulose anion-exchange and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration chromatography. Its primary structural features and molecular weight were characterized by Fourier infrared spectrometry (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and gas chromatography (GC). And the antioxidant activities of pMTPS-3 in vitro were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, superoxide radical scavenging assay and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. The results suggested that pMTPS-3 was a heteropolysaccharide, composed of arabinose, glucose, mannose, and galactose in the molar ratio of 17.3:28.3:41.6:12.6 with molecular weight 26 100 Da. The purified pMTPS-3 was revealed to have notable scavenging activity against DPPH radical in a concentration-dependent manner and present a moderate inhibition of superoxide radicals with an IC₅₀ (5.6 mg/ml), and potent inhibiting power for hydroxyl radical compared with crude polysaccharide. Further, it exhibited strong inhibition effect in vitro on the growth of human gastric cancer BGC-823 cells. It is strongly evidenced that pMTPS-3 purified from the crude polysaccharides of Melia toosendan Sieb. Et Zucc could be explored as a potential antioxidant and therapeutics.     

Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of four kaempferol methyl ethers isolated from Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. var. angustifolia leaf extracts

Fractionation of dichloromethane and acetone fractions obtained by serial extraction from the leaf powder of Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. var. angustifolia (Sapindaceae) resulted in the isolation of four kaempferol methyl ethers. The compounds were identified by spectral data (¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and MS) as: 3, 5, 7-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone (1); 5, 7, 4'-trihydroxy-3, 6-dimethoxyflavone (2); 5, 7-dihydroxy-3, 6, 4'-trimethoxyflavone (santin) (3); and 5-hydroxy -3, 7, 4'-trimethoxyflavone (4) together with 3,4',5,7-tetrahydroxy flavone (kaempferol) (5). Antioxidant potential of the compounds was evaluated using a DPPH spectrophotometric assay, while antibacterial activity was determined using a serial dilution microplate technique. The isolates demonstrated varying degrees of antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Of all the compounds investigated, compounds 1 and 5 demonstrated some antioxidant activity (EC₅₀ = 75.49 ± 1.76 µM and 35.06 ± 0.85 respectively) but lower than l-ascorbic acid (EC₅₀ = 13.55 ± 0.28 µM) used as a standard antioxidant agent. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of isolated compounds against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa varied from 16 µg/ml to more than 250 µg/ml. Some structure activity relationships could be established for these compounds.     

Bio-guided isolation of potential antimicrobial and antioxidant agents from the stem bark of Trilepisium madagascariense

Aim

This study describes the activity-guided isolation of antimicrobial and antioxidant agents from Trilepisium madagascariense stem bark.

Methods

The methanol crude extract of T. madagascariense was partitioned sequentially into n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and the residual aqueous fractions. The ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to column chromatography and the structures of isolated compounds were elucidated using GC-MS and/or NMR data by comparing with those reported in the literature. Antimicrobial activity was assayed by agar well diffusion and broth microdilution techniques on 8 bacteria and 10 yeasts. The antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH radical scavenging method.

Results

The bioassay-guided fractionation of the crude methanol extract of T. madagascariense afforded two known compounds [vanillic acid () and isoliquiritigenin ()] and two mixtures of fatty acids (n-hexane fraction and first column fraction of ethyl acetate fraction, F1). The fractionation of the crude methanol extract enhanced the antimicrobial activity. Compound 2 was generally more active than compound 1. For all the tested samples, the most sensitive microbes were Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 10541 (MIC range of 60-780 μg/ml) for bacteria and Candida guillermondi (MIC range of 0.01-190 μg/ml) for yeasts. The DPPH radical scavenging activity (RSa) of compound 2 (RSa₅₀ = 28.73 μg/ml) was comparable to that of the crude methanol extract (RSa₅₀ = 29.92 μg/ml).

Conclusion

The antimicrobial activities and the antioxidant properties of the methanol crude extract, fractions and compounds 1 and 2 from the stem bark of T. madagascariense are being reported for the first time. These results may justify the traditional use of this plant for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.     

Antimycobacterial,antibacterial and antifungal activities of Terminalia superba (Combretaceae)

The methanol extract from the stem bark of Terminalia superba (TSB), fractions (TSB1–7) and two compounds isolated following bio-assay guided fractionation namely 3,4′-di-O-methylellagic acid 3′-O-β-d-xylopyranoside (1) and 4′-O-galloy-3,3′-di-O-methylellagic acid 4-O-β-d-xylopyranoside (2) were evaluated for their antimycobacterial, antibacterial and antifungal activities. The broth microdilution, the microplate Alamar Blue assay (MABA) and the agar disc diffusion methods were used for the investigations. The results of the antimycobacterial assays showed that the crude extract, fractions TSB5–7 and compound 1 were able to prevent the growth of all the studied mycobacteria. The lowest minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 39.06 µg/ml for this extract was recorded on both M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis MTCS2. The corresponding values were 19.53 µg/ml and 4.88 µg/ml for fractions and compounds respectively. The MIC determination results on other organisms indicated values ranging from 19.53 to 78.12 µg/ml for TSB and compound 2 on 90.9% of the tested organisms, meanwhile compound 1 as well as fractions TSB 6 and 7 exhibited detectable MIC values on all studied microorganisms. The overall results provide promising baseline information for the potential use of the crude extract from T. superba, fractions 6–7 and the tested compounds in the treatment of tuberculosis, bacterial and fungal infections.     

Structure and thermal stability of pyruvated carrageenans from the red alga Coccotylus truncatus

The composition, structure, and thermal stability of carrageenans from unattached Coccotylus truncatus (the Baltic Sea, Estonia) were investigated. The complex polysaccharide was characterized by ¹³C NMR and FTIR spectroscopy, ICP-OES and gel permeation chromatography methods. The main components of C. truncatus galactan are 3,6-anhydro-α-d-galactose-2-sulfate (30 ± 1.5%) and β-d-galactose-4-sulfate (45.3%), indicating a ι-carrageenan backbone. As the minor components, α-d-galactose-2,6-disulfate (12 ± 2%) from ν-carrageenan and 4′,6′-pyruvated β-d-galactopyranosyl residues (1.4%) from pyruvated α-carrageenan are found to be present, latter being responsible for the undersulfated nature of the galactan. The native polysaccharide with the average molecular weight of about 1500 kDa is highly susceptible to thermal degradation. The high-temperature treatment of this galactan gives products with 3,6-anhydro-α-d-galactose units predominantly at the reducing end. The carrageenan extraction from C. truncatus gives characteristically low yields (12-17%); weak gelling ability of the polysaccharides from this seaweed species (gel strength 30-40 g/cm²) does not depend significantly on extraction conditions.     

Purification,characterization and immunostimulatory activity of polysaccharide from Cipangopaludina chinensis

In this study, we investigated the purification, preliminary characterization and immunostimulatory activity in vivo of polysaccharide from Cipangopaludina chinensis (CCPS). Firstly, crude CCPS was prepared by hot water extraction. And the crude CCPS was sequentially purified by chromatography of DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-100, resulting in two purified fractions of CCPS-1 and CCPS-2. We found the two fractions were homogeneous heteropolysaccharides mainly composed of rhamnose and glucose with the average molecular weight of 226 and 235 kDa, respectively. CCPS-2 was quite different from CCPS-1. It had much higher content of uronic acid and sulfuric radical. For immunostimulatory activity in vivo, crude CCPS could significantly increase the thymus and spleen indices, enhance the macrophage function, and increase the level of serum hemolysin in cyclophosphamide-treated mice, suggesting CCPS had a potent immunostimulatory activity and could be explored as a potential natural immunomodulatory agent     

Bioactivities of water-soluble polysaccharides from fruit shell of Camellia oleifera Abel: Antitumor and antioxidant activities

Polysaccharides were extracted from fruit shell of Camellia oleifera Abel. Fruit shell of Camellia oleifera Abel polysaccharide (WEP2) was a water-soluble compound. Its molecular weight was about 362 kDa. HPLC analysis showed that this polysaccharide was composed of rhamnose, fucose, arabinose, mannose, galactose and glucose in the molecular ratio of 4.05, 11.62, 1.78, 3.91, 8.76 and 27.06, respectively. The broad intense characteristic peak around 3463 cm⁻¹ due to the hydroxyl stretching vibration of the polysaccharide was observed in the polysaccharide. The characteristic absorption bands at 852 cm⁻¹ and 893 cm⁻¹ indicated that WEP2 contained both α-glycosidic and β-glycosidic linkages. WEP2 exhibited remarkable antitumor activity against Sarcoma180 cell compared to the negative control group. At the highest dose 40 mg/kg days, the tumor inhibition rate reached 65.2%. The scavenging effects of WEP2 to hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical anion were 72.5% and 86.3% at a concentration of 1.0 mg/ml, respectively.     

Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia leaf: New source of polysaccharide and its anti-oxidant activity

Ultrasonic technology was applied for polysaccharide extraction from the leaves of Dodonaea viscosa and response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the effects of processing parameters on polysaccharide extraction yield. Three independent variables were extraction time (X₁), extraction temperature (X₂) and ultrasonic power (X₃), respectively. The statistical analysis indicated the independent variables (X₁, X₂, X₃), the quadratic terms (X₁₁ and X₃₃) and the interaction terms (X₁X₂, X₁X₃, X₂X₃) had significant effects on the yield of polysaccharides (P < 0.05). The optimal extraction conditions of D. viscosa leaf were determined as follows: extraction time 50.54 min, extraction temperature 85 °C and ultrasonic power 400 W. Under these conditions, the experimental yield of polysaccharides was 9.455 ± 0.24%, which was agreed closely with the predicted value (9.398%). The evaluation of anti-oxidant activity suggested that the polysaccharide exhibited significant protection against DPPH and hydroxyl radicals and could be explored as a nutraceutical agent.     

Estrogenic activities of Psoralea corylifolia L. seed extracts and main constituents

Estrogenic activities of ethanol extract and its active components from Psoralea corylifolia L. were studied using various in vitro assays. The main components from ethanol extract were analyzed to be bakuchiol, psoralen, isobavachalcone, isobavachromene, and bavachinin. In a fractionation procedure, hexane and chloroform fractions showed estrogenic activity in yeast transactivation assay and E-screen assay. In yeast transactivation assay, ethanol extract, hexane, and chloroform fractions showed significantly higher activities at a concentration of 1.0 ng/ml, and bakuchiol at the concentration of 10⁻⁶ M was showed the highest activity, especially, which was higher than genistein at the same concentration. In E-screen assay, cell proliferation of bakuchiol (10⁻⁶ M) showed similar estrogenic activity with genistein (10⁻⁶ M). In ER binding assay, bakuchiol displayed the strongest ER-binding affinity (IC₅₀ for ERα = 1.01 × 10⁻⁶ M, IC₅₀ for ERβ = 1.20 × 10⁻⁶ M) and bakuchiol showed five times higher affinity for ERα than for ERβ.     

Taenia saginata: Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against Taenia saginata metacestode antigens

Cysticercosis is a major cause of economic loss in bovine production due to meat condemnation. Chemotherapy is being used in Brazilian cattle and a diagnostic test to improve the treatment program is desired. We produced monoclonal antibodies against crude (TAEB) and cyst fluid (TAEF) Taenia saginata metacestode antigens using immunized BALB/c mice. After cell fusion, 10 TAEB and nine TAEF hybrids were selected and cloned resulting in 18 IgG₁ and 32 IgM TAEB clones, and 9 IgG₁ and 9 IgM TAEF clones. Ascites was produced and Western blot testing was performed resulting in reactivity to protein fractions of low molecular weight (<18 kDa), 43, 55, 66 and 100 kDa. The indirect immunofluorescence test, with one monoclonal antibody against crude and one against cyst fluid antigens, recognized antigenic fractions of both the scolex and the bladder wall of metacestodes from naturally infected bovine.     

Structural characterization and protective effect against murine sepsis of fucogalactans from Agaricus bisporus and Lactarius rufus

Fucogalactans from edible Agaricus bisporus (RFP-Ab) and wild Lactarius rufus (RFP-Lr) mushrooms were obtained on aqueous extraction followed by purification. RFP-Ab had M_w 43.8 × 10⁴ g mol⁻¹ and RFP-Lr M_w 1.4 × 10⁴ g mol⁻¹. RFP-Lr had a (1 → 6)-linked α-d-Galp main-chain partially substituted at O-2 by nonreducing end-units of α-l-Fucp (29%). While RFP-Ab had a similar main chain, it was partially substituted at O-2 by nonreducing end-units of α-l-Fucp (2.8%) and β-d-Galp (14.5%), and partially methylated at HO-3. Both RFP-Lr and RFP-Ab were tested in mice against polymicrobial sepsis. Lethality rate, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and cytokine levels were determined. It was observed a reduction in late mortality rate by 62.5% and 50%, respectively, prevention of neutrophil accumulation in ileum and decreasing in TNF-α and IL-1β serum levels.     

Terpenoids inhibit Candida albicans growth by affecting membrane integrity and arrest of cell cycle

Anti-Candida potential of six terpenoids were evaluated in this study against various isolates of Candida albicans (n = 39) and non-C. albicans (n = 9) that are differentially susceptible to fluconazole. All the six terpenoids tested, showed excellent activity and were equally effective against isolates of Candida sps., tested in this study. Linalool and citral were the most effective ones, inhibiting all the isolates at ≤0.064% (v/v). Five among the six terpenoids tested were fungicidal. Time dependent kill curve assay showed that MFCs of linalool and eugenol were highly toxic to C. albicans, killing 99.9% inoculum within seven min of exposure, while that of citronellal, linalyl acetate and citral required 15 min, 1 h and 2 h, respectively. FIC index values (Linalool - 0.140, benzyl benzoate - 0.156, eugenol - 0.265, citral - 0.281 and 0.312 for linalyl acetate and citronellal) and isobologram obtained by checker board assay showed that all the six terpenoids tested exhibit excellent synergistic activity with fluconazole against a fluconazole resistant strain of C. albicans. Terpenoids tested arrested C. albicans cells at different phases of the cell cycle i.e. linalool and LA at G1, citral and citronellal at S phase and benzyl benzoate at G2-M phase and induced apoptosis. Linalool, citral, citronellal and benzyl benzoate caused more than 50% inhibition of germ tube induction at 0.008%, while eugenol and LA required 0.032 and 0.016% (v/v) concentrations, respectively. MICs of all the terpenoids for the C. albicans growth were non toxic to HeLa cells. Terpenoids tested exhibited excellent activity against C. albicans yeast and hyphal form growth at the concentrations that are non toxic to HeLa cells. Terpenoids tested in this study may find use in antifungal chemotherapy, not only as antifungal agents but also as synergistic agents along with conventional drugs like fluconazole.     

Antimicrobial peptides isolated from Phyllomedusa nordestina (Amphibia) alter the permeability of plasma membrane of Leishmania and Trypanosoma cruzi

Nature has provided inspiration for Drug Discovery studies and amphibian secretions have been used as a promising source of effective peptides which could be explored as novel drug prototypes for neglected parasitic diseases as Leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. In this study, we isolated four antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from Phyllomedusa nordestina secretion, and studied their effectiveness against Leishmania (L.) infantum and Trypanosoma cruzi. The antiparasitic fractions were characterized by mass spectrometry and Edman degradation, leading to the identification of dermaseptins 1 and 4 and phylloseptins 7 and 8. T. cruzi trypomastigotes were susceptible to peptides, showing IC₅₀ values in the range concentration of 0.25–0.68 μM. Leishmania (L.) infantum showed susceptibility to phylloseptin 7, presenting an IC₅₀ value of 10 μM. Except for phylloseptin 7 which moderate showed cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ = 34 μM), the peptides induced no cellular damage to mammalian cells. The lack of mitochondrial oxidative activity of parasites detected by the MTT assay, suggested that peptides were leishmanicidal and trypanocidal. By using the fluorescent probe SYTOX® Green, dermaseptins 1 and 4 and phylloseptins 7 and 8 showed time-dependent plasma membrane permeabilization of T. cruzi; phylloseptin 7 also showed a similar effect in Leishmania parasites. The present study demonstrates for the first time that AMPs target the plasma membrane of Leishmania and T. cruzi, leading to cellular death. Considering the potential of amphibian peptides against protozoan parasites and the reduced mammalian toxicity, they may contribute as scaffolds for drug design studies.     

Optimisation of exopolysaccharide production by Gomphidius rutilus and its antioxidant activities in vitro

The production conditions of the Gomphidius rutilus exopolysaccharides (GREP) in submerged culture were optimised, and the antioxidant activities of GREP in vitro were evaluated. The optimal culture medium constituents were determined as follows: 30 g/L sucrose, 3.0 g/L soybean meal, 0.25 g/L MgSO₄, 1.5 g/L K₂HPO₄, 0.5 g/L KH₂PO₄, 0.03 g/L ZnSO₄, and 0.01 g/L FeSO₄. The optimum parameters for the liquid fermentation were as follows: temperature, 25 °C; cultivation time, 6 d; initial pH, 8.0; volume of medium, 150 mL; and rotary speed, 180 rpm. GREP content and dry cell weight in optimised conditions were 540.1 ± 15.9 mg/L and 8.2 ± 0.3 g/L, respectively. GREP content under the optimised conditions was 2.5 times than that under the basic culture medium and initial conditions. GREP demonstrated positive antioxidant potential on superoxide anion radical, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, and hydroxyl radical scavenging, and reducing power.     

Biological activity exhibited by secondary metabolites of the Albizia julibrissin Durazz. pod

In present work, the chemical composition of the petroleum ether extract (PE) and the ethyl ether extract (ETE) of Albizia julibrissin Durazz Pod and their biological activity were investigated, and the biodegradation relationship between with these chemical composition were discussed. The components of the two extracts were identified by GC and by GC-MS. ETE showed a higher level of antimicrobial activity than PE, which were judged by the disc diffusion method of determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration and the minimal bactericidal concentration. The antioxidant properties of the extracts were evaluated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, the auto-oxidation of pyrogallol test, and compared with those of the butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The results showed that the antioxidant activity of ETE was higher than that of PE (p < 0.01) and lower than that of BHT (p > 0.01) in the DPPH radical scavenging assay. However, in the auto-oxidation of pyrogallol test, the antioxidant activity of PE was higher than that of ETE (p < 0.01) and lower than that of BHT (p < 0.01). Because components of the A. julibrissin pod were found to have biological activity, the pod has a potential use against industrially troublesome microorganisms as a natural source of raw material for the preparation of an antioxidant and a biocide.     

Botryorhodines A-D, antifungal and cytotoxic depsidones from Botryosphaeria rhodina, an endophyte of the medicinal plant Bidens pilosa

An endophytic fungus (Botryosphaeria rhodina) was isolated from the stems of the medicinal plant Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae) that is known for its anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and antifungal effects. The ethyl acetate extract of the fungal isolate exhibits significant antifungal activity as well as potent cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects against several cancer cell lines. Activity-guided fractionation resulted in the isolation of a complex of four depsidones, botryorhodines A-D and the auxin indole carboxylic acid. Botryorhodine A and B show moderate to weak cytotoxic activities against HeLa cell lines with a CC₅₀ of 96.97 μM and 36.41 μM, respectively. In addition, they also show antifungal activity against a range of pathogenic fungi such as Aspergillus terreus (MIC 26.03 μM for botryorhodine A and 49.70 μM for B) and the plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum (MIC 191.60 μM for botryorhodine A and 238.80 μM for B). A potential role of the endophyte in modulating fungal populations living within or attacking the host plant is discussed.