岷江上游干旱河谷景观边界动态及其影响域

采用遥感和地理信息系统技术,界定了岷江上游干旱河谷的范围,在此基础上分析了岷江上游干旱河谷的边界动态及其影响域.结果表明,岷江上游干旱河谷的范围不断扩大,干旱河谷边界长度增加,边界形状复杂性先增加后降低.岷江上游干旱河谷的边界沿山体迅速向上攀升,1974其最高上限为海拔3128m,1995年为3167m,较1974年抬升了39m;2000年为3181m,比1995年抬升了14m.1974—2000年间岷江上游干旱河谷边界最高上限沿垂直方向向上抬升了53m,平均每年约抬升2m.岷江上游干旱河谷边界的显著影响距离为800m,800～1200m为干旱河谷和周围其它景观影响的过渡区域.干旱河谷外缘800m范围内的区域,是干旱河谷抵抗周围景观影响和外来干扰的缓冲地带,在对岷江上游干旱河谷生态环境进行综合治理的过程中,应对其给与充分关注.     

Demography,genealogy and genetics. The reproductive process in the populations of two French Mountain Valleys from the seventeenth to the twentieth century

An exhaustive analysis of registers of births, deaths, and marriages is used to reconstitute genealogies, both ascending and descending, for all individuals who lived in two mountain valleys: the Valserine valley (in the French Jura), which is studied from the end of the seventeenth century to the present, and the Vallouise valley (in the French Alps) studied from the seventeenth to the nieteenth centuries. This genealogical approach makes it possible to trace the reproductive process in the populations whose members lived in the valley for several generations. The Vallouise valley forms an important demographic isolate; nearly 98 per cent of those born between 1820 and 1849 were descendants of ancestors who had lived in the valley two centuries earlier. By contrast, there has been continuous immigration into the Valserine valley, which has resulted in a constant renewal of the gene pool. Only 18 per cent of the gene pool of individuals living in this valley two centuries later was contributed by those who lived in the valley and who were born before 1750.     

Phylogeography and Conservation Genetics of a Distinct Lineage of Sunfish in the Cuatro Ciénegas Valley of Mexico

The valley of Cuatro Ciénegas, an aquatic oasis located in the Mexican Chihuahuan Desert, exhibits the highest level of endemism in North America and is a Mexican National Protected Area. However, little is known about the evolutionary distinctiveness of several vertebrate species present in the Cuatro Ciénegas valley. We conducted a phylogeographic study using mitochondrial haplotypes from the centrarchid fish Lepomis megalotis to determine if the populations found within the valley were evolutionarily distinct from populations outside the valley. We also examined if there was evidence of unique haplotypes of this sunfish within the valley. Genetic divergence of L. megalotis suggests populations within the valley are evolutionarily unique when compared to L. megalotis outside the valley. Significant mitochondrial sequence divergence was also discovered between L. megalotis populations on either side of the Sierra de San Marcos that bisects the valley. Our results reinforce previous studies that suggest the organisms occupying aquatic habitats not only within Cuatro Ciénegas but also in each of the two lobes of the valley generally deserve independent consideration during management decisions.     

Factor 13 B (FSF) polymorphism in the Swiss population, with reference to European frequency gradients]

Phenotype and allele frequencies of the coagulation factor 13 B (FSF B) of three Swiss populations (Northern Switzerland, upper Rhone valley and valley of Safien) have been determined after electrophoresis and passive immunoblotting and are discussed with respect to the geographical distribution and to the history of these populations. The populations of the upper Rhone valley and the valley of Safien reveal a closer genetical relationship obviously due to the migration of the antecedents of the recent Safier from the Rhone valley to the Safien valley from the 13th to 14th century. The allele frequencies of the Swiss German population fit rather well the North-South genetical cline which has to be considered in the light of the early settlement of Central Europe and of the numerous migrations thereafter.     

太行山中低山区河谷内农田斑块特征及其分布格局—以河北省阜平县胭脂河主流河谷为例

以景观生态学原理为指导,调查了位于太行山中低山区的河北省阜平县胭脂河主流河谷,对河谷内农田斑块的特征及其分布格局进行了分析,结果表明,农田斑块了作河流源头外贯穿整个河谷,从上游向下游,人为活动的增加使农田的比重不断增加,导致自然景观减少,环境异质性降低,农田斑块破碎化和蔼减小,胭脂河河谷总面积为2297.09hm^2,构成河谷景观主体的农田有117个斑块,面积为1027.78hm^2,占河谷面积的44．74％,农田基本紧靠河岸分布,处在水分条件优越但易受洪水威胁的土地带上,农田在河流两侧是非对称分布,其中左岸农田面积587.58hm^2,占57．17％,斑块的宽度呈增加的态势,但变化比较大,基本上以狭长的特征出现。     

元江干热河谷主要环境因子(气温和降水)变化规律及蕨类植物的分布响应

为了解蕨类植物多样性及种群分布对环境因子的响应,建立元江干热河谷不同海拔气温和降水的分布模式,对蕨类植物在元江干热河谷内的自然分布进行了研究。结果表明,元江干热河谷从低海拔到高海拔,气温逐渐下降,但降水量却逐渐增加;河谷内蕨类植物多样性及种群分布呈现差异化;干热河谷内蕨类分布受气温影响不大,但与生境水分条件密切相关。元江干热河谷水热条件分布不均,生态环境破碎,气温和降水分布不均,差异化显著,促进了小生境发育。蕨类植物可以指示生态环境的完整性和连续性,某些种群可以指示和监测环境因子尤其是水因子的变化。     

西藏年楚河流域水土流失及生态重建研究

西藏著名粮仓年楚河流域位于北纬 2 8°10′～2 9°2 0′、东经 88°35′～ 90°15′ ,地处喜马拉雅地质构造区中段。年楚河全长 2 17ｋｍ ,平均坡降 0 .6 1% ,落差达 132 2ｍ ,大致呈东南 西北流向 ,于日喀则附近逆向汇入雅鲁藏布江。行政区划上包括康马、日喀则县大部和江孜、白朗县全部 ,总面积 6 311ｋｍ2 ,耕地面积 4 .70× 10 4 ｈａ ,农业人口 16 .5 9万人 ,分别占西藏自治区的 0 .9% ,13.5 %和 7.7% ,现为国家级农业综合开发区“一江两河”(雅鲁藏布江中游及其支流拉萨河、年楚河流域 )地区的重要组成部分。近年 ,水土流失对生态环…     

太行山中低山区河谷内农田斑块特征及其分布格局——以河北省阜平县胭脂河主流河谷为例

以景观生态学原理为指导,调查了位于太行山中低山区的河北省阜平县胭脂河主流河谷,对河谷内农田斑块的特征及其分布格局进行了分析.结果表明,农田斑块除河流源头外贯穿整个河谷,从上游向下游,人为活动的增加使农田的比重不断增加,导致自然景观减少,环境异质性降低,农田斑块破碎化程度减小.胭脂河河谷总面积为2297.09hm²,构成河谷景观主体的农田有117个斑块,面积为1027.78hm²,占河谷面积的44.74%.农田基本紧靠河岸分布,处在水分条件优越但易受洪水威胁的土地带上.农田在河流两侧是非对称分布,其中左岸农田面积587.58hm²,占57.17%.斑块的宽度呈增加的态势,但变化比较大,基本上以狭长的特征出现.     

黄河、长江流域棉区棉花抗病品种的AFLP分析

选取黄河流域棉区的72个抗病品种和长江流域棉区的29个抗病品种,利用AFLP技术对其进行了遗传多样性分析。结果20对具有多态性的AFLP引物组合在黄河流域棉区的72个品种和长江流域棉区的29个品种上分别扩增出200条和127条多态性带,利用SPSS(11.0)软件计算得到品种之间的平均欧氏距离为4.356(黄河流域棉区)和4．391(长江流域棉区)。在阈值取15．2时,可以将黄河流域棉区的72个品种划分为4个类群(the Huanghe valley groups,abbreviate HVGs),即HVG1、HVG2、HVG3和HVG4,分别包括27、19、10和16个品种;长江流域棉区的29个品种被划分为4个类群(the Changjiang valley groups,CVGs),即CVG1、CVG2、CVG3和CVG4,分别包括14、4、5、和6个品种。通过比较两棉区品种成对欧式距离的最大值、最小值、平均值及成对欧氏距离的区间分布和累积百分率,表明来自黄河、长江流域两棉区的品种遗传多样性水平相近。     

Oaks in the Kashmir Valley with Remarks on their History

The paper records the occurrence of indigenous oaks (Quercus semecarpifolia and Q. dilatata) in the Kashmir valley, which have hitherto been reported as absent there. It also gives an outline history of the oaks in the Kashmir valley since the beginning of the Pleistocene and discusses the historical status of the modern oaks in the valley.     

河北太行山区河谷土地空间分异规律研究

河谷是集自然的精华与众多的人文景观于一体的带状地域,在山丘区的可持续发展战略中具有举足轻重的地位。在山丘区退化河流生态系统的恢复和洪水过后的灾后重建过程中,河谷土地的空间分异特征以及洪水干扰对河谷景观安全制约作用,是确定河谷土地利用策略和指导河岸植被带建设的重要依据。本文以景观生态学原理为指导,调查了河北太行山地区的7条河流,在全面分析主流河谷土地利用格局及96．8洪灾格局的基础上,深入研究了太行山地区河谷土地的空间分异规律。以洪水干扰为主导因素,提出由上至下在纵向上把河谷划分为5个区段,即上游侵蚀区,上中游侵蚀－堆积区,中游侵蚀堆积区,中下游堆积－侵蚀地区,下游堆积区;由河道向两侧山体在横向上把河谷土地划分为弹性利用带、脆性利用带和稳定利用带3条土地带,同时阐明了每种土地带的空间范围和确定方法。     

Dermatoglyphic variation in Spanish Basque populations

The present study involves the evaluation of digital dermatoglyphic traits of 2185 unrelated individuals (1152 females and 1033 males) from 17 natural valleys of the four Basque provinces (Vizcaya, Guipúzcoa, Navarra, and Alava) in the Spanish Basque Country. Univariate intervalley and between-sex comparisons were carried out by means of chi-square contingency analysis for pattern types and by means of one-way analysis of variance for ridge counts. Multivariate intervalley comparison was carried out by means of correspondence analysis for pattern types and by principal component analysis for ridge counts. The results of this study are notable for the following findings: (1) in general, all variables are significantly heterogeneous among valley populations; (2) there was a greater differentiation among the valley populations than between sexes in one valley population; (3) affinities among the intervalley populations depend on the variables considered; (4) the valley populations from Vizcaya resemble those from the Pyrenees; (5) based on interprovince comparisons, the Vizcaya and Navarra samples are the closest: (6) in general, the valley samples from Alava are the worst clustered; (7) the universality of dermatoglyphic component structure fits better in males.     

金沙江干热河谷(元谋段)的丛枝菌根

用碱解离、酸性品红染色法对金沙江干热河谷(元谋段)中生长的60种植物的丛枝菌根状况进行了调查。结果发现被调查植物中70％的植物形成丛枝菌根,干热河谷自然植物群落中的建群种大多具有丛枝菌根,一些莎草科、蓼科的植物也形成典型的丛枝菌根。丛枝菌根是干热河谷生态系统中的重要组成成分,在干热河谷的植被恢复中,必须同时考虑对地下植物共生真菌进行恢复。     

元谋干热河谷植物区系研究

元谋是我国著名的干热河谷之一。在元谋干热河谷1600米以下的山坡上主要分布着稀树灌草丛植被。经研究计有种子植物78科、266属、399种,其中绝大部分为草本和灌木种类。从种子植物的地理成分分析这里的区系成分带有明显的热带性质,其中出现在元谋的热带属占属总数(不包括世界分布属)的72.3％,温带分布属占26.4％,中国特有分布属占1.3％。这里的区系成分除了与其所处的滇中高原邻近地区关系很密切外,与印度等地的稀树草原也有联系,表现出了区系成分的古老联系和稀树草原植被的残余性。     

Colonization patterns of the red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in the Luliang Mountains, China

The alien red turpentine beetle (RTB), Dendroctonus valens LeConte, is one of the most economically destructive forest pests in China, having killed more than 6 million pines in recent years. There is a need to understand the basic biology and ecology of the beetle in order to develop an effective monitoring and management strategy. In this study, the effects of hillside exposure (south- and north-facing), host-tree locations according to relief (valley, mid-slope, and ridge-top) and tree diameters on RTB colonization were investigated in one valley (3 sites). The results showed that (i) RTB clearly preferred colonizing pines growing on south-facing hillsides, especially in the valley; (ii) RTB preferred to colonize the pines growing at the valley rather than pines growing at mid-slope or on ridge-top; (iii) RTB preferred to colonize trees with large diameter over small and medium-sized pines; (iv) the attack density of RTBs (measured by pitch tubes/pine) was obviously higher on larger trees standing in the valley than other trees standing at other places. We conclude from RTB colonization patterns, that RTB prefers to attack large trees in the valley, which may be useful in developing a pest-management strategy.     

Chromosome mutations in marshland and dry valley populations of Abies sibirica Ledeb

Results of chromosome mutation investigation in Abies sibirica populations growing in fen and dry valley in Western Siberia are presented. The frequency of chromosome aberrations and mitotic irregularities is higher in dry valley population of the fir, than in its fen population. However, the spectrum of abnormalities registered in metaphase and ana-telophase cells of the fir from fen is broader, compared to that from dry valley. These features may be due to the fir genome reorganization in different environmental conditions, and indicate the plant reaction to stress factors.     

Genetic drift and gene flow in a prehistoric population of the Azapa valley and coast,Chile

The present paper studies the evolutionary process operating on prehistoric groups from the Azapa valley and coast (northern Chile). The sample consists of 237 crania from the Archaic Late, Early Intermediate, Middle, Late Intermediate, and Late periods. Six metric variables were used, which were transformed to eliminate the special environmental component and to increase the proportion of genetic variance. Population structure was assessed using a method based on quantitative genetic theory, which predicts a lineal relationship between average within-group phenotypic variance and group distance to the population centroid. Results indicate that 17.5% of the total variance accounts for special environmental variance. An excess in extraregional genetic flow is observed in the population corresponding to the Early Intermediate period in the valley. A reduced differentiation is observed between Archaic and Early Intermediate coastal groups, as well as between the latter and the inhabitants of the valley in the same period. Genetic differences between both areas increased substantially since the Middle period. Evidence indicates that long-range gene flow was lower on the coast than in the valley, the lowest estimated Fst being 0.0199 for the total population (coast and valley), 0.0111 for the coastal population, and 0.0057 for the valley. Results are discussed in terms of regional archeological and ethnohistorical evidence, and a microevolutionary model is presented to account for the biological history of the population.     

Variation of carbon and nitrogen cycling processes along a topographic gradient in a central Amazonian forest

It is well recognized in the literature that topography can influence soil nutrient stocks and dynamics in temperate regions, but for tropical forests, this source of variation has sometimes been ignored. The nature of such variations may depend upon the soil type, which in turn, is closely linked to local or regional topography. This study characterizes the soil and describes the status of carbon and nitrogen in vegetation, litterfall, litter‐layer and soil upper layers along the main positions of a topographic gradient (plateau, slope and valley), 60 km north of Manaus, on Cuieiras Reserve watershed. Nitrogen concentrations in living leaves, fresh litterfall, litter‐layer and soil upper layers were lower in the valley than in both slope and plateau plots. Carbon concentrations in plant material were not significantly different among the three topographic positions, resulting in higher C : N ratios in valley plots. Local topography (plateau, slope and valley) clearly was an influential factor in the nutrient distribution along the study locations. Lower rates of N cycling processes in the valley are probably related to its sandy soil texture and seasonal flooding.     

Population genetics suggests effectiveness of habitat connectivity measures for the European tree frog in Switzerland

1.  Governmental authorities in many countries financially support the implementation of habitat connectivity measures to enhance the exchange of individuals among fragmented populations. The evaluation of the effectiveness of such measures is crucial for future management directions and can be accomplished by using genetic methods.
2.  We retraced the population history of the European tree frog in two Swiss river valleys (Reuss and Thur), performed comprehensive population sampling to infer the genetic structure at 11 microsatellite markers, and used first-generation migrant assignment tests to evaluate the contemporary exchange of individuals.
3.  Compared with the Thur valley, the Reuss valley has lost almost double the number of breeding sites and exhibited a more pronounced genetic grouping. However, similar numbers of contemporary migrants were detected in both valleys. In the Reuss valley, 81% of the migration events occurred within the identified genetic groups, whereas in the Thur valley migration patterns were diffuse.
4.  Our results show that the connectivity measures implemented in the Reuss valley facilitated effective tree frog migration among breeding sites within distances up to 4 km. Nevertheless, the Reuss valley exhibited high genetic differentiation, which reflected the impact of barriers to tree frog movement such as the River Reuss. By contrast in the Thur valley, a larger number of breeding sites have been preserved and high admixture indicated exchange of individuals at distances up to 16 km.
5.   Synthesis and applications . We show that genetic methods can substantiate the effectiveness of connectivity measures taken in conservation management at the landscape scale. We urge responsible authorities from both river valleys to continue implementing connectivity measures and to create a dense network of breeding sites, as spatial gaps of 8 km are rarely traversed by tree frogs.     

Climate controls on valley fever incidence in Kern County, California

Coccidiodomycosis (valley fever) is a systemic infection caused by inhalation of airborne spores from Coccidioides immitis, a soil-dwelling fungus found in the southwestern United States, parts of Mexico, and Central and South America. Dust storms help disperse C. immitis so risk factors for valley fever include conditions favorable for fungal growth (moist, warm soil) and for aeolian soil erosion (dry soil and strong winds). Here, we analyze and inter-compare the seasonal and inter-annual behavior of valley fever incidence and climate risk factors for the period 1980–2002 in Kern County, California, the US county with highest reported incidence. We find weak but statistically significant links between disease incidence and antecedent climate conditions. Precipitation anomalies 8 and 20 months antecedent explain only up to 4% of monthly variability in subsequent valley fever incidence during the 23 year period tested. This is consistent with previous studies suggesting that C. immitis tolerates hot, dry periods better than competing soil organisms and, as a result, thrives during wet periods following droughts. Furthermore, the relatively small correlation with climate suggests that the causes of valley fever in Kern County could be largely anthropogenic. Seasonal climate predictors of valley fever in Kern County are similar to, but much weaker than, those in Arizona, where previous studies find precipitation explains up to 75% of incidence. Causes for this discrepancy are not yet understood. Higher resolution temporal and spatial monitoring of soil conditions could improve our understanding of climatic antecedents of severe epidemics.