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子囊菌具有无性态与有性态的复杂性,以及人们对其系统发育和亲缘关系了解的局限性,进而导致菌物学家对子囊菌分类尚持不同意见。子囊菌的交配型基因(MAT)进化保守,且编码的蛋白质调控子囊菌的有性生殖过程。核盘菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary隶属于子囊菌门Ascomycota、盘菌纲Discomycete,是一种典型丝状同宗配合真菌,控制该菌有性生殖的交配型基因MAT1-1和MAT1-2紧密连锁,且该菌并无有性态与无性态的复杂性。故此,本文根据所克隆的核盘菌交配型基因MAT1-1,利用PAUP*软件将82种含有Alpha-box交配型基因的子囊菌进行了系统进化分析,通过核苷酸及氨基酸水平的系统发育分析,并结合Ainsworth(1973) 分类系统及最新的Deep Hyphae(2006)分类系统的对比研究,发现所构建的系统进化树与传统分类所表现的进化关系基本一致,且核盘菌交配型基因MAT1-1在进化过程中功能相对保守,该分析结果有助于对其他子囊菌交配型基因的克隆、系统分类与进化研究,同时对核盘菌的亲缘关系、病害预测及防治等具有重要意义。 相似文献
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白粉菌是一类植物专性寄生真菌,广泛分布于世界各地,可引起多种植物白粉病。开展白粉菌交配型基因研究可以为全面认识白粉菌的生活史循环和系统演化提供证据。本研究以子囊菌中已报道的10种MAT基因和4种侧翼基因的氨基酸序列为种子序列,采用生物信息学方法在21个白粉菌基因组中进行氨基酸同源性分析,探索MAT基因及其侧翼基因的种类和线性排布。结果表明,21个白粉菌基因组中有10个属于MAT1-1型,包含MAT1-1-1和MAT1-1-3两种基因;10个属于MAT1-2型,仅包含MAT1-2-1基因;在Erysiphe pulchra的基因组中同时存在MAT1-1-1、MAT1-1-3、MAT1-2-1;而4种侧翼基因SLA2、APC5、APN2和CoxVia在21个白粉菌基因组中均存在。21个菌株中有两个菌株Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei RACE1和Golovinomyces orontii的MAT基因和4种侧翼基因分布在同一个scaffold,其余菌株MAT基因和侧翼基因均不在同一scaffold出现。本研究分别分析了具有MAT1-1和MAT1-2的菌株中MAT基因和4种侧翼基因的排列关系,同时根据9个菌株的MAT基因注释信息,推测了其他菌株的MAT基因结构。结果表明,同属白粉菌的MAT基因结构相同,属间MAT基因结构差异明显。以从白粉菌基因组中获得的MAT1-1-1、MAT1-1-3和MAT1-2-1 3种MAT基因序列分别构建系统发育树,发现布氏白粉菌属Blumeria、白粉菌属Erysiphe和戈洛文白粉菌属Golovinomyces分别形成独立分枝,且白粉菌属与戈洛文白粉菌属形成姊妹群,这与前人对白粉菌系统发育关系的研究结果一致。本研究得到的白粉菌MAT基因种类、分布及其结构的相关结果为进一步实验提供了理论依据,为探究白粉菌的系统发育提供了新的思路。 相似文献
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担子菌交配型基因的克隆及功能研究进展 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
担子菌中已有20多个交配型基因被克隆,A、B位点的交配型基因具有明显不同的结构特征。A位点的交配型基因编码两类含相似同源结构域的蛋白质,两种蛋白质形成异源二聚体,调节依赖A因子的发育过程;而B位点的交配型基因编码信息素及其受体,交配型基因编码的同源结构域蛋白质在植物、动物和菌类中都具有广泛的保守性。 相似文献
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中国菌生非地衣型子囊菌资源 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
菌生真菌是指以其他真菌为宿主的真菌,是重要的自然生物资源.它们不是系统学上的分类群,而是特殊生境真菌,包括子囊菌、担子菌和接合菌的种类.其中菌生子囊菌是动植物以及其他真菌的内生菌、寄生菌或腐生菌,少数种己用于植物病害的生物防治,对其进行研究具有重要的理论意义和应用潜力.作者汇总了我国丰富的非地衣型菌生子囊菌资源,目前己报道该类真菌132种,其中以担子菌为宿主的约63种,以子囊菌为宿主的38种,其余或对基物的选择性不强或宿主真菌的分类地位不详,部分种类表现出对基物真菌或者宿主真菌的选择性.同时,对菌生真菌与宿主真菌相互作用方式、菌生子囊菌在植物病害防控中的应用以及少数种类对食用菌栽培的为害进行了简要概述. 相似文献
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担子菌中已有20多个交配型基因被克隆,A、B位点的交配型基因具有明显不同的结构特征。A位点的交配型基因编码两类含相似同源结构域的蛋白质,两种蛋白质形成异源二聚体,调节依赖A因子的发育过程;而B位点的交配型基因编码信息素及其受体。交配型基因编码的同源结构域蛋白质在植物、动物和菌类中都具有广泛的保守性。 相似文献
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大多数可栽培的食用菌是属于担子菌的大型真菌,具有复杂的交配型系统,通常涉及到两类交配型基因,即编码同源域转录因子的A交配型基因以及编码脂肽信息素和信息素受体的B交配型基因。对担子菌交配型系统的研究已经有上百年的历史,近年来随着高通量测序技术的发展,很多常见食用菌的基因组获得测序,使得我们对不同类型交配型位点的分子遗传学结构能够进行更加细致的解析。本文在概述了担子菌有性生殖系统和交配型基因分子特点的基础上,对常见食用菌中的香菇、金针菇、灵芝、糙皮侧耳、刺芹侧耳、白灵侧耳、裂褶菌、双孢蘑菇、草菇和虎皮香菇以及模式生物灰盖鬼伞等物种的交配型位点的结构进行了总结和分析。从已有的研究结果来看,常见食用菌的交配型位点的分子遗传学结构存在多样性,不同物种的交配型位点具有不同的结构特点。从物种内不同菌株之间的交配型结构比较来看,交配型基因的位置和数量也具有丰富的多样性。在分子遗传学层面对常见食用菌交配型位点结构的认识将有助于深入阐明交配型基因对子实体发育的调控以及解决食用菌生产实际中的科学问题,但是目前对食用菌交配型位点和基因的研究仍旧存在很多空白,有待于进一步深入和拓展。 相似文献
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以真菌为对象的有性生殖机制研究揭示了普遍存在于真核生物中的生物学现象及规律,包括染色体倍性变化、减数分裂形成配子、交配对象识别及细胞一细胞融合形成合子等.真菌的有性生殖由交配型位点控制,除了类似其他真核生物两性生殖的异宗配合外,还包括同宗配合和次级同宗配合,部分物种的单倍体还具有交配型互换的能力.互补交配型的单倍体通过荷尔蒙及其受体进行相互识别,再经过G蛋白偶联受体介导的信号途径调控有性生殖过程及子实体发育,这一过程受多种胞内调控因子及外界环境条件的影响.不同真菌类群生殖方式的演化与物种进化仍缺少统一的规律.进一步研究揭示,真菌有性生殖的调控机制及环境诱导因子,不仅具有重要的理论意义,也有利于促进不同经济真菌子实体的人工培养及高效利用. 相似文献
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生于蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)和波罗栎(Q.dentata)上的齿裂菌属一新种,即异囊齿裂菌(Coccomyces dimorphus)。该种因子囊同时以两种状态存在而明显区别于齿裂菌属其它成员,主、副模式标本保藏于安徽农业大学森林保护教研室(AAUFP)。 相似文献
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Kathryn E. Bushley Yi Li Wen-Jing Wang Xiao-Liang Wang Lei Jiao Joseph W. Spatafora Yi-Jian Yao 《Fungal biology》2013,117(9):599-610
Ophiocordyceps sinensis is one of the most valued medicinal fungi in China. Research on the mating system and sexual development is vitally important to this endangered species. Previous efforts devoted to investigate the mating type (MAT) locus of O. sinensis, however, resulted in an incomplete understanding. In this study, the MAT1-1 locus of O. sinensis was investigated. The conserved α-box and HMG-box regions of the MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-1-3 genes, respectively, and a conserved region of the DNA lyase gene were successfully amplified using degenerate PCR. A combination of TAIL-PCR and long-range PCR were used to connect these genes and obtain the sequence of the MAT1-1 locus. Screening of 22 single spore isolates by PCR demonstrated that both the MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 genes cooccurred within the same isolate. Additionally, both MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 are expressed in vegetative mycelia, providing evidence that O. sinensis is likely capable of selfing. DAPI (4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining of ascospores and hyphae showed that a majority of hyphal compartments are binucleate, suggesting that O. sinensis may be pseudohomothallic. Analyses of sequence diversity showed lower levels of genetic diversity in MAT1-1-1 compared to MAT1-2-1, indicating the possibility that different selective pressures act on the two MAT idiomorphs. The MAT1-1-1 sequences of O. sinensis and Tolypocladium inflatum cluster as a monophyletic group consistent with phylogenetic classification of Ophiocordycipitaceae. Comparison of the structure of the MAT1-1 locus across hypocrealean taxa showed that O. sinensis contains all three mating type genes (MAT1-1-1, MAT1-1-2, and MAT1-1-3) and supported previous observations that of the four families in Hypocreales, MAT1-1-3 has undergone a lineage specific loss only in some members of the Cordycipitaceae. 相似文献
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双角多甲藻在MCV合成培养基中的最短加倍时间约6天,其有性生殖可用缺氮培养基进行诱导。批量培养的迟滞期和指数生长期末细胞的诱导效率最高,合子产率可达70%。厚垣合子形成的最适温度为19℃、pH7.4、光强5200lx。在鉴定的70个克隆藻株中,有2株为同宗配合;48株为异宗配合,其中“+”株23个,“-”株25个;其余20株未能诱导出有性生殖。合子开始萌发时,在中层壁和内层壁之间的空间出现1至多个“管状结构”,协助原生质体将合子壁顶破,外包一层薄壁的原生质体放出。 相似文献
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David M. Shuker Niall Currie Tara Hoole Emily R. Burdfield-Steel 《Population Ecology》2015,57(2):321-331
Reproductive interference arises when individuals of one species engage in reproductive activities with individuals of another, leading to fitness costs in one or both species. Reproductive interference (RI) therefore has two components. First, there must be mis-directed mating interactions. Second, there must be costs associated with these mis-directed interactions. Here we consider RI between four species of true bug in the family Lygaeidae, focusing in particular on the fitness consequences to Lygaeus equestris. The species we consider vary in their relationships with each other, including species in the same or different genus, and with or without natural overlap in their geographic ranges. First we show that inter-specific mating interactions, although not a certain outcome, are common enough to perhaps influence mating behaviour in these species (arising in up to 10 % of inter-specific pairings). Second, we show that reproductive interference can seriously reduce female fitness in L. equestris. Importantly, different species impose different costs of RI on L. equestris, with interactions with male Spilostethus pandurus inflicting fitness costs of similar magnitude to the costs of mating with con-specifics. On the other hand, mating interactions with male Oncopeltus fasciatus appear to have no effect on female fitness. In a follow-up experiment, when we allowed competition amongst just females of S. pandurus and L. equestris, the fitness of the latter was not reduced, arguing more strongly for the role of reproductive interference. However, in our final experiments under mass mating conditions with extended ecological interactions (including scope for competition for resources and cannibalism), the costs of RI were less apparent. Our data therefore suggest that the costs of RI will be context-specific and may act in concert with, or be swamped by, other ecological effects. We suggest that comparative studies of this sort that both mimic naturally occurring reproductive interference events, and also artificially generate new ones, will be necessary if we are to better understand the ecological and evolutionary significance of reproductive interference. 相似文献
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Tobias L. Kordsmeyer John Hunt David A. Puts Julia Ostner Lars Penke 《Evolution and human behavior》2018,39(4):424-436
Recent evidence suggests that in sexual selection on human males, intrasexual competition plays a larger role than female choice. In a sample of men (N?=?164), we sought to provide further evidence on the effects of men's physical dominance and sexual attractiveness on mating success and hence in sexual selection. Objective measures and subjective ratings of male sexually dimorphic traits purportedly under sexual selection (height, vocal and facial masculinity, upper body size from 3D scans, physical strength, and baseline testosterone) and observer perceptions of physical dominance and sexual attractiveness based on self-presentation video recordings were assessed and associated with mating success (sociosexual behaviour and number of potential conceptions) in a partly longitudinal design. Results from structural equation models and selection analyses revealed that physical dominance, but not sexual attractiveness, predicted mating success. Physical dominance mediated associations of upper body size, physical strength, as well as vocal and facial physical dominance and attractiveness with mating success. These findings thus suggest a greater importance of intrasexual competition than female choice in human male sexual selection. 相似文献
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A. Pilastro E. Giacomello A. Bisazza 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》1997,264(1385):1125-1129
In many poeciliid fishes, large males which court females coexist with small males which sneak-copulate. It is unclear whether these two tactics represent two evolutionarily stable strategies or if sneaking is a conditional strategy adopted by small, unattractive males. We studied the success of sneaky copulation by looking for sperm in the gonoduct of females after they were kept for 48 h with a male. A logistic regression analysis showed that the probability of a female being inseminated increased with female length and decreased with male length. The length of the male relative to that of the female was the best predictor of success. This result was confirmed using virgin females, thereby excluding any possible confounding effect due to the release of sperm from previous copulations. Sperm counts suggested that large males do not compensate for their reduced copulatory success by releasing larger sperm numbers. Behavioural data indicate that the advantages to small males are twofold: they have a greater chance to approach females from behind without being detected, and manoeuvre better when inserting the gonopodium into the female''s gonoduct. The selective advantage of small size might explain male dwarfism in poeciliids. Our results also suggest that small males adopting the sneaky tactic may be as successful as large males adopting courtship, and that alternative mating strategies may be maintained by negative density-dependent selection. 相似文献
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摘要:骨骼肌由异质性的肌纤维组成,不同类型的肌纤维具有不同的形态、代谢、生理和生化特性.根据不同肌纤维中表达的特异肌球蛋白重链亚型可将成体哺乳动物骨骼肌纤维分为四类,即Ⅰ,Ⅱa,Ⅱx和Ⅱb型.骨骼肌保持高度可塑性,当机体受到某些生理或病理刺激时,骨骼肌为了适应需要,通过激活胞内相关信号通路改变肌纤维特异基因的表达从而诱发肌纤维类型的转化.本文综述了细胞内参与调控肌纤维类型转化的多条重要信号通路,如Ca+信号通路,Ras/MAPK信号通路及多种转录调节因子,辅激活因子和抑制子等,为改善肉类品质,提高运动训练效果及治疗肌肉相关疾病奠定了理论基础. 相似文献
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Janet L. Leonard 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》1993,36(2):135-148
Synopsis Much of modern mating systems theory is founded on the assumption that a conflict of interests between males and females acts to shape reproductive strategies. If sexual conflict exists it should extend to simultaneous hermaphrodites. Here, the suggestion is made that hermaphrodite mating systems can be used to explore the assumptions associated with sexual conflict and (a) predictions about hermaphrodite mating systems, and (b) a comparative analysis of the mating systems described for a group of species of simultaneously hermaphroditic serranid fishes. Theories based on Bateman's principle predict that there should be a preferred role in hermaphrodites; i.e. the male role ought to offer potential fitness advantages to all serranids and serranid mating systems reflect this. The comparative analysis offers evidence that cheating in the male role is found in all of the species studied and explains the harem polygyny system of two species. This preference for the male role in this group offers the best evidence currently available for the existence of sexual conflict as a factor shaping mating systems. 相似文献