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以寒温带偃松林、杜鹃-白桦林、杜鹃-落叶松林和杜香-落叶松林4种典型林分下土壤为研究对象,采用室内冻融模拟培养方法,研究冻融循环次数(0、1、3、5、7、15次循环)对各林分不同土层脲酶、蔗糖酶和蛋白酶活性的影响,分析冻融过程中各林分下土壤酶活性与多元理化变量间的相关性。结果表明:冻融对土壤脲酶活性呈先提高后抑制作用,冻融结束后其活性较未冻融均无显著变化;冻融对蔗糖酶活性呈先抑制后提高作用,冻融结束后蔗糖酶活性显著提高8.5%~40.3%;冻融对蛋白酶活性呈先提高后抑制作用,冻融结束后蛋白酶活性显著降低13.8%~68.9%。冻融结束后,杜香-落叶松林和偃松林下脲酶分别与铵态氮和含水量呈显著正相关,偃松林、杜鹃-白桦林和杜香-落叶松林下蛋白酶与无机氮化合物呈显著负相关。杜鹃-落叶松林和杜香-落叶松林下蔗糖酶与有机质呈显著正相关。 相似文献
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干湿交替和冻融作用对土壤肥力和生态环境的影响 总被引:13,自引:1,他引:13
干湿交替和冻融作用对土壤肥力和生态环境的影响朴河春,刘广深,洪业汤(中国科学院地球化学研究所,贵阳550002)EffectsofAlternativeDrying-RewettingandFreezing-ThawingonsoilFertilit... 相似文献
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河岸带是水陆交错地带氮素生物地球化学循环的热点区域,春季融雪时期的气温变化引起的冻融交替是影响土壤氮素转化过程和氮素流失重要因素之一.通过室内模拟,研究了河岸带珍珠梅、落叶松和农田3种植被类型土壤可溶性氮含量与净氮矿化速率对不同冻结温度和冻融频次的响应.结果表明,冻融频次对3种植被类型河岸带土壤可溶性氮影响显著(P<0.05),不同植被类型土壤可溶性氮含量变化趋势相似,在第1次冻融之后达到峰值,在第10次冻融之后稳定.3种植被类型土壤无机氮含量受冻融交替影响显著升高(P<0.05).冻融温度对土壤净氮矿化速率影响显著(P<0.05),土壤净氮矿化速率在第1次冻融之后达到最大值,随冻融次数增加而下降.3种植被类型土壤受冻融交替影响均有一定程度的氮素流失风险,农田土壤无机氮含量本底值较高,土壤氮素随冰雪融水流失风险较大. 相似文献
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冻融末期川西亚高山/高山森林土壤水解酶活性特征 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
冻融末期是连接冬季与生长季节的关键时期,期间强烈的温度变化可能深刻影响土壤生态过程.为了解冻融末期川西亚高山/高山森林土壤的生化过程,2009年3月5日-4月25日土壤融化期间,研究了该区典型冷杉原始林、针阔混交林和冷杉次生林土壤转化酶、脲酶和磷酸酶(中性、酸性和碱性磷酸酶)活性特征.结果表明:在土壤完全冻结期,3个森林群落各水解酶的活性仍相对较高.在土壤融化前期,随土壤温度升高,除中性磷酸酶外,其他水解酶活性均出现了一个爆发性增高然后迅速降低的过程.随后,除转化酶外,其他水解酶活性均随土壤温度的升高而持续增高.相对于矿质土壤层,冻融末期土壤有机层的水解酶活性更高,对土壤温度变化的响应更加明显. 相似文献
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冻融交替是由于季节或昼夜热量的变化,在表土及以下一定深度形成的反复冻结和解冻的过程,是普遍存在于中、高纬度及高海拔地区的一种自然现象。在全球变暖的背景下,部分地区的土壤环境将经受更广泛和频繁的冻融交替作用,这将对土壤氮素循环关键过程产生深远的影响。冻融交替主要通过改变土壤的理化性质使土壤微生物量、微生物群落的组成和结构发生改变,进而影响氮素在土壤中的迁移与转化,是陆地生态系统氮循环的重要影响因素。目前,关于冻融交替对土壤氮素循环关键过程影响的研究结果还不尽一致,其影响机制尚不明晰,研究方法也还有待进一步创新。重点论述了冻融交替对土壤氮素循环各个关键过程的影响效应,归纳总结了冻融交替对土壤氮素循环的影响机制,简要指出了目前研究过程中存在的一些不足,并对未来研究中值得重点关注和深入研究的科学问题进行了探讨与展望。 相似文献
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冻融交替对科尔沁沙地不同土地利用方式土壤呼吸的影响 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
在中高纬度和高海拔地区,冻融作用影响土壤的理化性质和微生物性状,进而影响土壤呼吸过程。研究冻融作用下土壤呼吸的变化,对准确估算全球碳循环具有重要意义。以科尔沁沙地沙质草地、樟子松疏林草地和农田为研究对象,通过冻融实验比较不同土地利用方式和冻融循环对土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明:土地利用方式对土壤呼吸有显著影响,在未发生冻融作用时沙质草地土壤呼吸速率显著大于樟子松疏林草地和农田(P0.05),3种土地利用方式的土壤呼吸平均速率分别为0.339、0.258和0.234μmolCO2.m-2.s-1;不同冻融循环对沙质草地和樟子松疏林草地土壤呼吸影响显著(P0.05)。其中,一次冻融循环条件下沙质草地、樟子松疏林草地和农田土壤呼吸平均速率分别为0.276、0.243和0.233μmolCO2.m-2.s-1,多次冻融循环条件下分别为0.314、0.274和0.259μmolCO2.m-2.s-1;沙质草地、樟子松疏林草地和农田的Q10值分别为116.0、26.2和16.4,表明冬季低温条件下土地利用方式强烈影响土壤呼吸对温度的敏感性。 相似文献
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全球变暖大背景下,大量冻土将面临进一步退化,而冻融过程遍布整个青藏高原,土壤微生物对环境变化更有着高度的敏感性。以青海湖河源湿地湿地冻融退化下的土壤微生物为研究对象,基于16s rRNA及18s rDNA测序探究冻融退化对土壤微生物群落结构及多样性的影响。结果显示:青海湖高寒湿地有效序列注释得到1583个细菌操作分类单元以及80个真菌操作分类单元。冻融退化并未改变土壤微生物的优势菌群:细菌群落中的优势菌群均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)及酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria),已知的真菌菌群中相对丰度最高的均为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)。冻融退化使0—10cm、10—20cm的细菌群落结构趋于相似,真菌群落中德福里斯孢属(Devriesia)、担孢酵母属(Erythrobasidium)的相对丰度显著减少。冻融退化显著影响土壤微生物的α多样性,降低了细菌群落的ACE指数、Chao1指数、Simpson指数以及真菌群落的ACE指数、Chao1指数、Shannon指数,细菌群落的Shannon指数及真菌群落的Simpson指数有所增加。本研究表明,冻融退化对土壤微生物的群... 相似文献
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典型黑土耕作区土壤结构对季节性冻融的响应 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
以东北典型黑土耕作区土壤为研究对象,通过对一季冻融交替后土壤团聚体、土壤楔入阻力、容重、孔隙度、饱和度、广义土壤结构指数等指标的测定和分析,对比研究了季节性冻融对黑土耕作土壤结构特征的影响.结果表明:季节性冻融加剧了黑土耕作区土壤风干团聚体的分散,但显著降低了水稳性团聚体的破坏率(P0.05),表现出促进其团聚的作用;季节性冻融后黑土土壤楔入阻力降低了15.45%;容重趋于一致,在1.10~1.11g.cm-3之间;固相比例持续增加,总孔隙度与毛管孔隙度均不同程度降低;土壤饱和度总体增加了13.06%,削弱了土壤潜在贮水能力.季节性冻融改善了耕作区的土壤结构,使之更适于耕作.虽然季节性冻融增强了土壤团聚体的抗蚀性,却削弱了土壤的抗冲性,增加了黑土水蚀发生的风险. 相似文献
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冻融交替是影响北方地区污染土壤重金属稳定化修复效果的重要因素,但目前相关研究并不多见。本研究针对常见的19种重金属稳定化材料,通过模拟15周期冻融过程,探究冻融交替作用对不同材料修复土壤的理化性质及As、Cd稳定效果的影响。结果表明:(1)稳定化修复材料提高了复合污染土壤pH和电导率(EC),施加黏土矿物(SL)、调理剂(MCA、SA2)及生物炭(MBC、FBC1、FBC2)6种材料能够同步降低土壤有效态As和Cd的含量,分别降低15.0%~32.0%和14.0%~33.0%,其中MCA对土壤Cd和As的稳定效果最佳,生物炭MBC次之;(2)冻融交替显著影响稳定化修复效果,15周期冻融后,稳定化修复土壤pH值呈上升趋势,生物炭类材料(MBC、FBC1、FBC2)进一步降低了修复土壤中重金属的有效性,其中MBC对As、Cd稳定化效果分别提高14.2%和12.5%。总体上,芭蕉生物炭(MBC)适用于北方寒冷地区As、Cd复合污染土壤的稳定化修复。 相似文献
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Water pulses and biogeochemical cycles in arid and semiarid ecosystems 总被引:45,自引:0,他引:45
Austin AT Yahdjian L Stark JM Belnap J Porporato A Norton U Ravetta DA Schaeffer SM 《Oecologia》2004,141(2):221-235
The episodic nature of water availability in arid and semiarid ecosystems has significant consequences on belowground carbon and nutrient cycling. Pulsed water events directly control belowground processes through soil wet-dry cycles. Rapid soil microbial response to incident moisture availability often results in almost instantaneous C and N mineralization, followed by shifts in C/N of microbially available substrate, and an offset in the balance between nutrient immobilization and mineralization. Nitrogen inputs from biological soil crusts are also highly sensitive to pulsed rain events, and nitrogen losses, particularly gaseous losses due to denitrification and nitrate leaching, are tightly linked to pulses of water availability. The magnitude of the effect of water pulses on carbon and nutrient pools, however, depends on the distribution of resource availability and soil organisms, both of which are strongly affected by the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of vegetation cover, topographic position and soil texture. The inverse texture hypothesis for net primary production in water-limited ecosystems suggests that coarse-textured soils have higher NPP than fine-textured soils in very arid zones due to reduced evaporative losses, while NPP is greater in fine-textured soils in higher rainfall ecosystems due to increased water-holding capacity. With respect to belowground processes, fine-textured soils tend to have higher water-holding capacity and labile C and N pools than coarse-textured soils, and often show a much greater flush of N mineralization. The result of the interaction of texture and pulsed rainfall events suggests a corollary hypothesis for nutrient turnover in arid and semiarid ecosystems with a linear increase of N mineralization in coarse-textured soils, but a saturating response for fine-textured soils due to the importance of soil C and N pools. Seasonal distribution of water pulses can lead to the accumulation of mineral N in the dry season, decoupling resource supply and microbial and plant demand, and resulting in increased losses via other pathways and reduction in overall soil nutrient pools. The asynchrony of resource availability, particularly nitrogen versus water due to pulsed water events, may be central to understanding the consequences for ecosystem nutrient retention and long-term effects on carbon and nutrient pools. Finally, global change effects due to changes in the nature and size of pulsed water events and increased asynchrony of water availability and growing season will likely have impacts on biogeochemical cycling in water-limited ecosystems. 相似文献
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Microscopic structural alterations of liver tissue induced by freeze-thaw cycles give rise to palpable property changes. However, the underlying damage to tissue architecture is difficult to quantify histologically, and published data on macroscopic changes in biophysical properties are sparse.To better understand the influence of hepatic cells and stroma on global biophysical parameters, we studied rat liver specimens freshly taken (within 30 min after death) and treated by freeze-thaw cycles overnight at either −20 °C or –80 °C using diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and multifrequency magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) performed at 0.5 T in a tabletop MRE scanner. Tissue structure was analyzed histologically and rheologic data were analyzed using fractional order derivatives conceptualized by a called spring-pot component that interpolates between pure elastic and viscous responses.Overnight freezing and thawing induced membrane disruptions and cell detachment in the space of Disse, resulting in a markedly lower shear modulus μ and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) (μ[−20 °C] = 1.23 ± 0.73 kPa, μ[−80 °C] = 0.66 ± 0.75 kPa; ADC[–20 °C] = 0.649 ± 0.028 μm2/s, ADC[−80 °C] = 0.626 ± 0.025 μm2/s) compared to normal tissue (μ = 9.92 ± 3.30 kPa, ADC = 0.770 ± 0.023 μm2/s, all p < 0.001). Furthermore, we analyzed the springpot-powerlaw coefficient and observed a reduction in −20 °C specimens (0.22 ± 0.14) compared to native tissue (0.40 ± 0.10, p = 0.033) and −80 °C specimens (0.54 ± 0.22, p = 0.002), that correlated with histological observations of sinusoidal dilation and collagen distortion within the space of Disse. Overall, the results suggest that shear modulus and water diffusion in liver tissue markedly decrease due to cell membrane degradation and cell detachment while viscosity-related properties appear to be more sensitive to distorted stromal and microvascular architecture. 相似文献
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土壤湿度水平和湿—干循环对硝酸钙盐积累土壤锰锰释放的影响 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
在[Ca(NO3)2]盐处理土壤中,研究了两种湿度水平(200,400g.kg^-1)和湿-干循环对土壤Mn释放的影响,结果表明,土壤水分状况影响土壤Mn的有效性,湿度大时,易还原态Mn转化为水溶态,交换态Mn;盐分对易还原态Mn的转化有一定影响,NO3-能缓冲土壤Eh的下降,有抑制易还原态Mn转化的作用,连续的湿干循环能使土壤2价Mn(水溶态Mn,交换态Mn)浓度降低,而a(NO3)2盐能增加Mn的不溶性,这在Mn含量低的土训上,最终将导致Mn的缺乏。 相似文献
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Soil fungi can facilitate calcification. Mushroom Morchella sp . mycelium induced the formation of carbonate concretions on the surface of an organic-based growing media amended with sand and ground limestone. According to SEM observation and X-ray-tomographic microscopy a dense mycelial network induced calcification. The CaCO3 content of concretions (?: 0.3–1.5 cm) was found to be at 30%. Microsparitic calcite cemented the pores between the sand grains forming a dense clogging microstructure. Besides water uptake by the mycelium, a high evaporation rate and a decrease in pCO2 contributed to the formation of the concretions. Fungal mycelium in the concretions is surrounded by voids indicating that at the surface of the mycelium, calcification is counteracted most probably by the release of organic acids. 相似文献
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Peyrin F Mastrogiacomo M Cancedda R Martinetti R 《Biotechnology and bioengineering》2007,97(3):638-648
Different biomaterials have been proposed as scaffolds for the delivery of cells and/or biological molecules to repair or regenerate damaged or diseased bone tissues. Particular attention is being given to porous bioceramics that mimic trabecular bone chemistry and structure. Chemical composition, density, pore shape, pore size, and pore interconnection are elements that have to be considered to improve the efficiency of these biomaterials. Commonly, two-dimensional (2D) systems of analysis such as scanning electron microscope (SEM) are used for the characterization and comparison of the scaffolds. Unfortunately, these systems do not allow a complete investigation of the three-dimensional (3D) spatial structure of the scaffold. In this study, we have considered two different techniques, that is, SEM and 3D synchrotron radiation (SR) micro-CT to extract information on the geometry of two hydroxyapatite (HA) bioceramics with identical chemical composition but different micro-porosity, pore size distribution, and pore interconnection pathway. The two scaffolds were obtained with two different procedures: (a) sponge matrix embedding (scaffold FB), and (b) foaming (scaffold EP). Both scaffolds showed structures suitable for tissue-engineering applications, but scaffold EP appeared superior with regard to interconnection of pores, surface on which the new bone could be deposited, and percentage of volume available to bone deposition. 相似文献

