共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Since the early 1970s, the French public health system has been accorded considerable responsibility for immigrants identified
by the educational, judicial or social service authorities as psychologically distressed or socially disruptive. In this paper
we discuss three models of healing embedded in constructs of “cultural difference” and addressed at specialized mental health-care
centers catering to immigrants in Paris: “cultural mediation,” transcultural psychiatry/ethnopsychiatry and clinical medical
anthropology. Based on observations and interviews at three specialized mental health centers in Paris, we explore how these
clinical approaches address migrant wellbeing and seek to resolve crises in migrant families, especially those of West African
origin. We suggest that the prevalent approaches to therapy creatively blend concepts and practices of anthropology, psychiatry
and psychology but, at the same time, confront challenges inherent in the use of a generic “African” healing modality. Cases
studies demonstrate that in order for such interventions to be perceived as effective by patients, “cultural difference” must
be acknowledged but also situated in broader social, political and economic contexts.
相似文献
Carolyn SargentEmail: |
2.
3.
Harvey TS 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2008,32(4):577-606
This work anthropologically applies the concept of ‘personhood’ to the Western biomedical patient role, and through cross-cultural
comparisons with wellness-seeker roles (e.g. among the Maya of Guatemala and others) it seeks to discern the implications
for global healthcare of assuming the universality of the “patient” role. Here, particular ethnographic attention is given
to the presumption of the “patient” role in places and situations where, because of cultural and linguistic variation in local
wellness-seeker roles and practices, there may be no “patient.” It is hoped that establishing the biomedical patient role
(with the clinical expectations, communicative and comportment practices that prefigure it) as acquired rather than intuitive, will help redirect cultural competence to the acquisition of patienthood, broadening it from an endless
accrual of cultural inventories by physicians. Also it aims to shift existing biomedical associations of cultural variations
in wellness-seeking away from a priori assessments of clinical defiance towards deeper understandings of the kinds of cultural
differences that may make the difference treatment outcomes.
相似文献
T. S. HarveyEmail: |
4.
5.
Adam M. Goldstein 《Evolution》2009,2(3):548-559
A weblog (“blog”) is an publication on the WorldWideWeb in which brief entries are displayed in date order, much like a diary
or journal. I describe the general characteristics of blogs, contrasting blogs with other of WWW formats for self-publishing.
I describe four categories for blogs about evolutionary biology: “professional,” “amateur,” “apostolic,” and “imaginative.”
I also discuss blog networks. I identify paradigms of each category. Throughout, I aim to illuminate blogs about evolutionary
biology from the point of view of a user looking for information about the topic. I conclude that blogs are not the best type
of source for systematic and authoritative information about evolution, and that they are best used by the information-seeker
as a way of identifying what issues are of interest in the community of evolutionists and for generating research leads or
fresh insights on one’s own work.
相似文献
Adam M. GoldsteinEmail: |
6.
Jay Odenbaugh 《Biology & philosophy》2006,21(5):607-621
In this essay, I argue for four related claims. First, Richard Levins’ classic “The Strategy of Model Building in Population
Biology” was a statement and defense of theoretical population biology growing out of collaborations between Robert MacArthur,
Richard Lewontin, E. O. Wilson, and others. Second, I argue that the essay served as a response to the rise of systems ecology
especially as pioneered by Kenneth Watt. Third, the arguments offered by Levins against systems ecology and in favor of his
own methodological program are best construed as “pragmatic”. Fourth, I consider limitations of Levins’ arguments given contemporary
population biology.
相似文献
Jay OdenbaughEmail: |
7.
Christine A. James 《Biosemiotics》2009,2(2):151-167
Williams Syndrome provides a striking test case for discourses on disability, because the characteristics associated with
Williams Syndrome involve a combination of “abilities” and “disabilities”. For example, Williams Syndrome is associated with
disabilities in mathematics and spatial cognition. However, Williams Syndrome individuals also tend to “have a unique strength
in their expressive language skills”, and are socially outgoing and unselfconscious when meeting new people. Children with
Williams are said to be “typically unafraid of strangers and show a greater interest in contact with adults than with their
peers.” This apparently keen social knowledge is a counterexample to the discussion of disability among academic philosophers,
especially philosophers in the early modern period. Locke infamously used the example of disability to claim that Descartes’
arguments in favor of innate ideas were incorrect. On the contrary, Williams Syndrome may stand as an example of innate social
knowledge; something that could benefit current discourse in philosophy, disability theory, and medical ethics.
相似文献
Christine A. JamesEmail: |
8.
Sarah Horton 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2009,33(1):21-40
Although recent scholarship on transnational mothers has rigorously examined the effect of migration on gender constructs
and ideologies, it neglects analysis of the lived experience of separated mothers and children. In privileging the exploration
of transnational separations through the single analytical lens of gender, such research reduces the embodied distress of
mothers and children to mere “gender false consciousness.” This paper calls upon anthropologists to redress this oversight
by undertaking a phenomenological analysis of the lived experience of transnational motherhood. Eschewing an analysis of mothers
and children as isolated social roles, I show that the suffering of mothers and children is profoundly relational. Through
analysis of the narratives of undocumented Salvadoran mothers residing in the U.S., I show how the strain of such mothers’
undocumented status is lived and shouldered within the intersubjective space of the family.
相似文献
Sarah HortonEmail: |
9.
Anya Plutynski 《Biology & philosophy》2008,23(5):605-623
The discussion of the adaptive landscape in the philosophical literature appears to be divided along the following lines.
On the one hand, some claim that the adaptive landscape is either “uninterpretable” or incoherent. On the other hand, some
argue that the adaptive landscape has been an important heuristic, or tool in the service of explaining, as well as proposing
and testing hypotheses about evolutionary change. This paper attempts to reconcile these two views.
相似文献
Anya PlutynskiEmail: |
10.
Danwei as a cornerstone of Chinese urban society has received great research attention. The relationship between the Danwei and psychiatric patients, however, remains unclear. This article aims to shed light on the subject with an integrated micro–macro
approach. It introduces a historical understanding of mental health in urban China under the “economic state in transition”
framework. A detailed case study in clinical sociology is provided to reveal the many social factors affecting the experience
of a schizophrenic patient and his significant others. A changing role of the Danwei is hypothesized and validated with qualitative data. The Danwei was shown to have changed significantly before the mid-1990s, yet it still played a major role in urban workers’ lives, including
those of psychiatric patients, and even more so in people’s expectations. This lends support to the need for a more responsive
public policy to address various social issues brought about by economic reform, with the learning of worldwide experiences
including “community care,” “social support” and “social rehabilitation.” Implications for social research, policymaking and
professional practice are discussed.
相似文献
Robert SévignyEmail: |
11.
Derick A. Fay 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2007,35(1):81-95
With the rise of joint management of protected areas, community representatives are increasingly involved in formal negotiations
with state officials, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and other actors. Policy recommendations have commonly idealized
“win-win” scenarios. Theoretical work on negotiation from psychology and management studies, however, points to identifiable
circumstances under which the goal of a mutually beneficial “win-win” situation may limit the strategies, and ultimately the
benefits, available to communities. Instead, an antagonistic, “distributive” approach to negotiations may be more compatible
with the pressures on and strategies available to community representatives. The tensions between a “mutual gains” and “distributive”
approach to negotiations are evident in two land claims on protected areas in South Africa: the Dwesa-Cwebe Nature Reserves,
and the Pafuri Triangle, a portion of Kruger National Park. In each, NGOs that operated with a “mutual gains” strategy, espousing
a “win-win” scenario, came to be perceived as collaborating with conservation agencies. Meanwhile, as negotiation theory would
suggest, community representatives inclined towards a “distributive” strategy and allied with a second set of explicitly advocatory
NGOs. Expecting that communities should embrace a “win-win” scenario from the outset is unrealistic and likely to reduce communities’
power in negotiations.
相似文献
Derick A. FayEmail: |
12.
Susan A. Crate 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2008,36(2):161-174
Contemporary rural Viliui Sakha of northeastern Siberia, Russia, are a Turkicspeaking people practicing horse and cattle breeding
in the subarctic. This article details their story of survival in the north as one not only of adapting a southern subsistence
to an extreme climate but also to the effects of Russian colonization, Soviet collectivization, and post-Soviet decentralization.
In the post-Soviet period a majority of rural Viliu Sakha adapted to the loss of a centralized agro-industrial state farm
system by developing a smallholder food production system relying on cattle husbandry supplemented with other subsistence
sources including fish, game, forage, other domesticates, and garden products. In the twenty-first century, this “cows-and-kin”
system represents a resilient smallholder adaptation based on reviving pre-Soviet production knowledge, recalling ecological
knowledge, and relying on kin. The article concludes with a discussion of the future of cows-and-kin by exploring issues of
alienated youth, accessing land and the overwhelming concern of inhabitants about the local effects of global climate change.
相似文献
Susan A. CrateEmail: |
13.
Following the methodology of K. F. Huemmrich and colleagues [Huemmrich et al. (1999) J Geophys Res 104:27,935–27,944], agrometeorological
standard radiation sensors, i.e. two photosynthetically active radiation sensors and an albedometer, were used to measure
the broadband visible and optical–infrared reflectance of an oat plot during its whole growth period. From these reflectance
data – recorded as 15-min averages and pooled to daily means – the seasonal cycle of the normalised difference vegetation
index (NDVI) was calculated. In addition, a ground-based multi-channel spectroradiometer was used as a reference to estimate
narrowband “green” and “red” NDVIs at weekly intervals near noon. The narrowband “green” NDVI was shown to be consistent with
the simultaneous broadband 15-min NDVI. This shows that the configuration of agrometeorological radiation sensors is suitable
to adequately track phenological crop dynamics.
相似文献
Martin KraftEmail: |
14.
In this work we address key phenomena observed with classical set shifting tasks as the “Wisconsin Card Sorting Test” or the
“Stroop” task: Different types of errors and increased response times reflecting decreased attention. A component of major
importance in these tasks is referred to as the “attentional control” thought to be implemented by the prefrontal cortex which
acts primarily by an amplification of task relevant information. This mode of operation is illustrated by a neurodynamical
model developed for a new kind of set shifting experiment: The Wisconsin-Delayed-Match-to-Sample task combines uninstructed
shifts as investigated in Wisconsin-like tasks with a Delayed-Match-to-Sample paradigm. These newly developed WDMS experiments
in conjunction with the neurodynamical simulations are able to explain the reason for decreased attention in set shifting
experiments as well the different consequences of decreased attention in tasks requiring bivalent yes/no responses compared
to tasks requiring multivalent responses.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: ) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
相似文献
Gustavo DecoEmail: |
15.
Jesse Hession Grayman Mary-Jo Delvecchio Good Byron J. Good 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2009,33(2):290-312
In both the Acehnese and Indonesian languages, there is no single lexical term for “nightmare.” And yet findings from a large
field research project in Aceh that examined post traumatic experience during Aceh’s nearly 30-year rebellion against the
Indonesian state and current mental distress revealed a rich variety of dream narratives that connect directly and indirectly
to respondents’ past traumatic experiences. The results reported below suggest that even in a society that has a very different
cultural ideology about dreams, where “nightmares” as such are not considered dreams but rather the work of mischievous spirits
called jin, they are still a significant part of the trauma process. We argue that it is productive to distinguish between
terrifying and repetitive dreams that recreate the traumatic moment and the more ordinary varieties of dreams that Acehnese
reported to their interviewers. Nightmares that refer back to conflict events do not appear as an elaborated feature of trauma
as the condition is understood by people in Aceh, but when asked further about their dreams, respondents who reported symptoms
suggestive of PTSD were more likely to report PTSD-like dreams, memory intrusions that repeat the political violence of the
past.
相似文献
Jesse Hession GraymanEmail: |
16.
A workshop in June 2005 (“Preventing Organ and Tissue Allograft-Transmitted Infection: Priorities for Public Health Intervention”)
identified gaps in organ and tissue safety in the US. Participants developed a series of allograft safety initiatives. “The
Organ and Tissue Safety Workshop 2007: Advances and Challenges” assessed progress and identified priorities for future interventions.
Awareness of the challenges of allograft-associated disease transmission has increased. The Transplantation Transmission Sentinel
Network will enhance communication surrounding allograft-associated disease transmission. Other patient safety initiatives
have focused on adverse event reporting and microbiologic screening technologies. Despite progress, improved recognition and
prevention of donor-derived transmission events is needed. This requires systems integration across the organ and tissue transplantation
communities including organ procurement organizations, eye and tissue banks, and transplant infectious disease experts. Commitment
of resources and improved coordination of efforts are required to develop essential tools to enhance safety for allograft
recipients.
相似文献
Jay A. FishmanEmail: |
17.
Claes Andersson 《Biology & philosophy》2008,23(2):229-242
Human knowledge is a phenomenon whose roots extend from the cultural, through the neural and the biological and finally all
the way down into the Precambrian “primordial soup.” The present paper reports an attempt at understanding this Greater System
of Knowledge (GSK) as a hierarchical nested set of selection processes acting concurrently on several different scales of
time and space. To this end, a general selection theory extending mainly from the work of Hull and Campbell is introduced.
The perhaps most drastic change from previous similar theories is that replication is revealed as a composite function consisting
of what is referred to as memory and synthesis. This move is argued to drastically improve the fit between theory and human-related knowledge systems. The introduced theory
is then used to interpret the subsystems of the GSK and their interrelations. This is done to the end of demonstrating some
of the new perspectives offered by this view.
相似文献
Claes AnderssonEmail: |
18.
Grant Gillett 《Journal of bioethical inquiry》2007,4(2):119-127
The use of human tissue raises ethical issues of great concern to health care professionals, biomedical researchers, ethics
committees, tissue banks and policy makers because of the heightened importance given to informed consent and patient autonomy.
The debate has been intensified by high profile scandals such as the “baby hearts” debacle and revelations about the retention
of human brains in neuropathology laboratories worldwide. Respect for patient’s rights seems, however, to impede research
and development of clinical knowledge in contemporary health care. The Common clinical endeavour argument and a Presumption for beneficial use argument suggest that the use of tissues for research and teaching in contemporary health care can respect patients and their values
in multicultural communities where there are provisions for oversight and for opting not to contribute, both of which should
respect the diverse views of different ethnic or cultural groups.
相似文献
Grant GillettEmail: |
19.
This paper focuses on evolution as a unifying theme in biology education. Our aim is to argue that the different topics taught
in secondary school biology classes should be enriched with and linked together by means of accounts of the history of life.
We named this approach a “natural history perspective” on biology education. An essential aspect of the natural history perspective
is the claim that evolutionary history forms the context for the development of an understanding of evolutionary processes.
While there are some indications that a natural history perspective can function as a context for understanding micro-evolutionary
processes, more research is called for.
相似文献
Esther M. van DijkEmail: |
20.
Marshall Abrams 《Biology & philosophy》2009,24(4):487-504
It’s recently been argued that biological fitness can’t change over the course of an organism’s life as a result of organisms’
behaviors. However, some characterizations of biological function and biological altruism tacitly or explicitly assume that
an effect of a trait can change an organism’s fitness. In the first part of the paper, I explain that the core idea of changing
fitness can be understood in terms of conditional probabilities defined over sequences of events in an organism’s life. The
result is a notion of “conditional fitness” which is static but which captures intuitions about apparent behavioral effects
on fitness. The second part of the paper investigates the possibility of providing a systematic foundation for conditional
fitness in terms of spaces of sequences of states of an organism and its environment. I argue that the resulting “organism–environment
history conception” helps unify diverse biological perspectives, and may provide part of a metaphysics of natural selection.
相似文献
Marshall AbramsEmail: |