松嫩草原碱茅群落环境因素与凋落物分解季节动态

对碱茅群落凋落物分解季节动态与微生物呼吸速率、土壤有机质、土壤C／N、土壤温度、土壤水分等11种环境因素的季节动态进行了研究,结果表明,凋落物分解季节动态呈单峰曲线,8月中旬达最大值8．109mg.g^-1.d^-1,凋落物分解指数为1．93,95％凋落物分解约需4a;微生物呼吸速率季节动态呈单峰曲线,7月中旬达最大值,为11．4g.C.m^-2.d^-1;凋落物分解速率同土壤有机含量、土壤C／N显著负相关;凋落物分解速率同土壤温度显著正相关。     

羊草草原分解者亚系统的特性及作用

在内蒙古羊草（Ｌｅｙｍｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）草原,对其分解者亚系统的特性及作用开展研究,采用网袋法对不同物候期羊草植株和凋落物的分解作用进行了测定。结果如下：１．植株分解的最初２－３ａ中,其残体表面的微生物生物量及转化酶、蛋白酶的活性均呈现返青期植株＞结实期植株＞果后营养期植株＞凋落物。植株分解的速度亦为上述规律。２．羊草植株被分解后,可提高临近土壤的微生物活性。各植株分解均引起土壤的Ｃ／Ｎ值下降,老熟植株分解使土壤的ＨＡ／ＦＡ值升高。３．幼嫩植株分解时,其体内营养元素会较快释放;凋落物分解则导致氮和磷元素的积累,但钾不会。４．通过指数衰减模型估算,羊草凋落物的分解常数为０．１５３ｇ／ｇ·ａ,９５％被分解掉约需１９ａ时间。５．羊草草原凋落物的最大积累量为年输入量的６．５４倍,即１１７５．６ｇ／ｍ￣２。６．分用凋落物的微生物其生物量平均为４．４×１０￣（－３）ｇ／ｇ·ＤＷ,微生物所含能量仅占凋落物贮存能量的０．５％左右。     

格氏栲天然林与人工林凋落物数量、养分归还及凋落叶分解(英文

通过对中亚热带格氏栲天然林(natural forest of Castanopsis kawakamii。约150年生)、格氏挎和杉木人工林(monoculture plantations of C．kawakamii and Cunninghamia lanceolata,33年生)凋落物数量与季节动态、养分归还及凋落叶分解与其质量的关系为期3a的研究表明。林分年均凋落量及叶所占比例分别为：格氏栲天然林11．01t／hm^1。59．70t／hm^2;格氏栲人工林9．54％。71．98％;杉木人工林5．47t／hm^2。58．29％。格氏栲天然林与人工林凋落量每年只出现1次峰值(4月份)。而杉木林的则出现3次(4或5月份、8月份和11月份)。除杉木林的Ca和格氏栲人工林的Mg年归还量最大外。N、P、K及养分总归还量均以格氏栲天然林的为最大。杉木人工林的最小。分解la后格氏栲天然林中格氏栲叶的干重损失最大(98．16％)。杉木叶的最小(60．78％)。C／N及木质素／N比值与凋落叶分解速率呈显著负相关。而N、水溶性化合物初始浓度与分解速率呈显著正相关。与针叶树人工林相比,天然林的凋落物数量大、养分归还量高、分解快。具有良好自我培肥地力的能力。因此。保护和扩大常绿阔叶林资源已成为南方林区实现森林可持续经营的重要措施之一。     

内蒙古典型草原的生物量与生产力

草原地上生物量是由植物的绿色部分(活植物体)、立枯体(未脱离母体的枯枝叶)和凋落物(落到地面上的枯枝叶)三部分组成,生物量是随季节、气温、雨量而变动,以8月份最高,4月初和9月底最低。生物量中的绿色量和立枯量在季节动态中的消长关系明显相反。立枯物在旱象较明显的6月中旬出现后,随着群落生物量达到高峰后,气温降低,绿色体大量枯萎,立枯量急剧增加,到9月上中旬立枯量与绿色量持平。随后,立枯量迅速超过绿色量,到10月中旬,绿色体完     

毛果苔草湿地枯落物及地下生物量动态

采用网袋法和土柱法分别对三江平原湿地毛果苔草（Carex lasiocarpa）种群枯落物及地下生物量的季节动态变化规律进行分析。结果表明,毛果苔草的立枯物总的变化趋势是其拟合曲线符合指数方程。以其凋落物的失重率表示分解速率,而日失重率是随着时间增长而不断减少,且日失重率的变化在0.7058％-0.2372％之间。毛果苔草全生长季（1999年5月2日-10月10日）枯落物总量为210.8876g·m^-2。毛果苔草地下生物量具有明显的垂直结构,呈倒金字塔形,数学模拟近于抛物线型。     

松嫩平原羊草草甸草原主要植物种群能量积累和分配

在松嫩平原羊草草甸草原,羊草、拂子茅、碱茅和虎尾草各器官热值的季节变化呈波动型,但总的规律是穗＞叶＞茎＞立枯体．4种植物种群地上部能量现存量的季节变化均呈单峰曲线,能量积累量为羊草＞拂子茅＞虎尾草＞碱茅．能量增长率一般呈双峰曲线,第一次峰值出现在抽穗期,第二次在种子成熟期,生长末期出现负值．地上部能量的水平分布规律,不同生育期在各器官中的分配比率不同．4种植物种群能量的垂直分布规律相似,即地上部能量的垂直空间分配格局基本上呈塔形,最大值出现在10-30cm空间内．地下部能量垂直结构由地表至土壤深层呈典型的倒塔形,最大值在0-10cm层．地下部的能量现存量约为地上部的3-4倍。     

三江平原小叶章湿地枯落物初期分解动态

通过4周淋洗分解试验,探讨了微生物活动和淋洗作用对三江平原沼泽湿地沼泽化草甸小叶章和湿草甸小叶章枯落物初期分解的影响.结果表明：两种小叶章植物初期分解的质量损失分别占当年分解物质损失量的59％和22％,28 d分解后枯落物残留量明显降低,并呈先快后慢的变化过程.两种枯落物中N、P含量均有明显下降,N含量分别下降了约3265%和2455%,P下降了36.71%和45.15％.抑制微生物处理的枯落物N、P含量较不抑制处理高,但差异不显著;抑制和不抑制微生物处理下枯落物释放到淋洗液N、P含量变化也不相同,但差异未达到显著水平.表明小叶章初期分解主要受淋洗作用的影响.两种小叶章植物的分解速率和养分损失速率差异均未达到显著水平.     

日本中部不同放牧条件下人工草地地上枯死量的时间变化*

日本国立草地研究所位于日本中部的西那须地区,为了提示草地生态系统的能流和碳循环与气象因素与人为干扰之间的关系的规律,在其所辖人工草地的放牧试验场内,自1974a至1994a间,进行了不同放牧条件的长期实验。对该人工草地在21a间的地上枯死量(包括立枯部和地面凋落物)随时间变化规律以及不同放牧处理(不同放牧强度和施肥量)对其影响进行了评价和分析。结果表明,地上立枯部分和凋落物的量随季节和年度变化很大,并与地上部现存生物量有显著的正相关关系;协方差分析结果表明放牧压力、季节和年度等变化因素对地上立枯部分和凋落物的量有着极强的影响(p<0.01),而施肥量的影响则无显著性差异。     

杉木幼林生态系统凋落物及其分解作用研究

在尤溪人工林生态站内,对杉木幼林生态系统凋落物数量、组成、动态、养分归还量及分解作用的定位研究结果表明：杉木幼林生态系统年均凋落量为１．０６ｔｈｍ－２,杉木凋落物各组分占总量的比例表现为：叶＞枝＞杂物＞花果,其中枝叶占杉木幼林凋落物的９３．４０％。杉木幼林凋落物凋落节律表现为双峰型,两个凋落高峰分别为３月和１２月。每年通过凋落回归林地的Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ分别为８．５０ｋｇｈｍ－２、０．６８ｋｇｈｍ－２、６．５２ｋｇｈｍ－２,不同处理凋落物的分解速率表现为：埋置处理＞地表淋溶处理＞地表无淋溶处理,地下埋置及降水淋溶能促进凋落物的分解。     

西双版纳季节雨林与橡胶多层林凋落物动态的比较研究

本语文对西双版纳季节雨林及橡胶多层林的凋落物量动态、各组分的季节变化规律、林地残留物现存量及其分解进行了研究,分析比较了两个种群落的凋落节律,结果显示,“双凋落峰”及“叶分解速率较枝分解更快”为两类群落的共有特征;森林凋落物量及凋落物分解速率则因群落类型而异,橡胶多层林年凋落物总量为９．８５±０．７８ｔ·ｈｍ＾－２·ａ＾－１,大于季节雨林的年凋落物总量８．４２±０．１６ｔ·ｈｍ＾－２·ａ＾－１。     

The Study on the Litter Decomposition of Chinese Pine and Oriental Oak

In this paper, the decomposition rates of the litter of Pinus tabulaefomis and Quercus variabilis placed in chinese pine plantation on Xi Shem in Beijing have been studied, the results showed that the differance between two kinds of litter was insignificant. The ratio of weight loss of litter placed in chinese pine plantation for 591 days was 24.2-28.06%. The exponential decay model has been used, the litter decomposition rates were estimated 0.190-4).210 g/g/year for Pinus tabulaeformis and 0.176-0.203 g/g/year for Quercus variabilis. The chemical component analysis of litter re- presented that the weight loss of litter was caused by losing gross fat, soluble sugar; tannin, organic carbon initially. The correlation coefficients between the weight loss rate and the net chemical component loss of Pinus tabulaeformis and Quercus variabilis were 0.970 (p<0.05) and 0.982 (p<0.05), respectively.     

羊草草原枯枝落叶分解的研究——主要优势植物的分解速率和损失率

分解速率和损失率从不同侧面反映了枯枝落叶分解动态,羊草草原主要优势植物,羊草（Leymus chinensis),拂子茅（Calamagrostis epigejos),减蓬（Suaeda glauca),碱茅（Puccinellia tenuiflora),五脉山黎豆（Lathyrus quinqueneruivs),碱蒿（Artemisia anethifolia)分解速率的季节变化动态近似倒“V”字型,损失率的季节变化呈S型,反了枯枝落叶的失重情况,枯枝落叶的化学组成成分是造成不同种植物间分解差异的主要原因,特别是C／N比与分解快慢有密切关系,分解初期,枯枝落叶的损失符合指数衰减模型,枯枝落叶损失95％所需时间,羊草群落约为8．8a,杂类草群落约为9．7a,碱茅群落约为7．1a,碱蓬群落约为4．7a。     

英国 Hampsfell 蕨菜草地生态系统中枯叶分解作用的研究

 应用三种独立的方法估算蕨菜(Pteridium aquilinum )草地生态系统中蕨菜枯叶的分解速度。尽管所用的技术不同,但所有的估算量都属于同—幅度范围。 1．蕨菜枯叶的失重率在田间放置40周后为20一22%,由此应用枯叶的残留重量的自然对数与时间关系的指数回归,导出年腐解率为0.317一0.321克／克／年,即每年每克枯叶失去的重量。2．根据枯叶呼吸作用的测定所估算的氧的年总消耗量,指出21.04—24.38%的失重率是由枯叶上的微生物呼吸所造成。3．由枯叶的年输入量和地面积累的现存量计算而得的地表蕨菜枯叶的常数消失率为0.26。     

两种中国特有树种的枯叶分解速率

银杏和水杉是我国特有的珍贵树种。本文对北京公园内银杏和水杉林下的枯叶分解速率进行了试验研究。枯叶失重率：放置380天的银杏为55.63%;放置338天的水杉为53.39%。用指数衰减模型估算枯叶的年腐解率,银杏为0.771克／(克·年);水杉为0.824克／(克·年)。根据枯叶的化学成分分析表明,枯叶的失重率和枯叶化学成分净丧失值的变化趋势相一致。枯叶在一年的分解过程中,碳、氮含量比值随时间的推移而下降。     

亚热带常绿阔叶林6个常见树种凋落叶在不同降雨期的分解特征

地处长江上游的四川盆地亚热带常绿阔叶林具有典型雨热同季的气候特点,季节性干湿交替可能显著影响凋落物分解,但迄今缺乏相应的报道。因此,采用凋落物分解袋法,研究了常绿阔叶林区最具代表性的马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、红椿(Toona ciliata)、麻栎(Quercus acutissima)等6种凋落叶在第1年不同雨热季节的分解特征。结果表明,经历1a的分解,6种凋落叶质量残留率大小顺序依次为:红椿(27.90%)柳杉(41.39%)杉木(48.93%)麻栎(49.62%)马尾松(68.82%)香樟(72.23%),6种凋落叶在不同干湿季节质量损失差异显著(P0.05)。阔叶树种在旱季(MRS、SRS和WRS)的质量损失显著高于针叶树种。雨季(ERS和LRS)对6种凋落叶质量损失的贡献率(69.73%—89.68%)均明显大于旱季(10.32%—30.27%)。6种凋落叶在不同时期中质量损失速率差异显著(P0.05),且6种凋落叶在雨季的质量损失速率明显高于旱季。相关分析结果表明,凋落叶质量损失及其速率均与降雨量和温度呈极显著(P0.01)正相关关系。凋落叶质量损失与初始C、木质素含量及C/N、木质素/N极显著(P0.01)负相关,与N含量极显著(P0.01)正相关。这些结果表明亚热带地区森林凋落物分解的质量损失主要发生在雨季,雨季温湿度的改变可显著影响凋落物分解过程。     

Decomposition of standing litter of the freshwater emergent macrophyte Juncus effusus

1. Standing dead plant litter of emergent macrophytes frequently constitutes a significant fraction of the detrital mass in many freshwater wetland and littoral habitats. Rates of leaf senescence and decomposition of the emergent macrophyte Juncus effusus were examined in a small freshwater wetland in central Alabama, U.S.A. Juncus effusus leaves in the initial stages of senescence were tagged in random plant tussocks and monitored periodically to determine in situ rates of leaf senescence and death. Fully senescent leaves were collected, placed in litter bags, and suspended above the sediments to simulate standing dead decay conditions. Litter bags were periodically retrieved over 2 years and analysed for weight loss, litter nutrient contents (N, P), associated fungal biomass and fungal taxa. 2. Senescence and death of J. effusus leaves proceeds from the leaf tip to the base at an exponential rate. The rate of senescence and death of leaf tissue increased with increasing temperatures. Plant litter decomposition was slow (k = 0.40 yr^–1), with 49% weight loss observed in 2 years. Both the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentration (%) of litter increased during decomposition. However, the total amount of nitrogen (mg) in litter bags remained stable and phosphorus increased slightly during the study period. 3. Fungal biomass associated with plant litter, as measured by ergosterol concentrations, varied between 3 and 8% of the total detrital weight. Values were not significantly different among sampling dates (P > 0.05, ANOVA, Tukey). Fungi frequently identified on decaying litter were Drechslera sp., Conioscypha lignicola (Hyphomycetes), Phoma spp. (Coelomycetes), Panellus copelandii and Marasmiellus sp. (Basidiomycota). 4. These results support previous findings that plant litter of emergent macrophytes does not require submergence or collapse to the sediment surface to initiate microbial colonization and litter decomposition.     

A two-year study of leaf litter decomposition as related to macroclimatic factors and microarthropod abundance in the southern Appalachians

Chestnut oak Quercus prinus L. litter in the southern Appalachian Mountains of the United States decomposes slowly during winter and more rapidly in other seasons. This pattern differed from other studies of litter decomposition in more northern environments where decomposition rates were relatively constant throughout the year or more rapid beneath a winter snow cover. The pattern observed can be approximated by using monthly actual evapotranspiration estimates as a correction factor for the decomposition constant, k, in the commonly-used negative exponential decomposition model.
Mean microarthropod densities increased from a seasonally weighted estimate of 18.2 ind. g⁻¹ litter during the first year of decomposition to 73.6 ind. g⁻¹ litter during the second year. In spite of this increase, no difference in the rate of weight loss of the litter was observed between the first and second year of the study.     

A literature synthesis resolves litter intrinsic constraints on fungal dynamics and decomposition across standing dead macrophytes

The standing dead phase is an important stage in the decomposition of emergent vegetation in marsh wetlands, yet few studies have examined how intrinsic litter traits constrain rates of standing litter decomposition or fungal colonization across plant tissue types or species. To address broad constraints on the decomposition of standing dead litter, we conducted a systematic survey of emergent standing dead decomposition studies that measured decay rates and/or fungal biomass, and litter % lignin, carbon:nitrogen (C:N) and/or carbon:phosphorus (C:P). Across 52 datasets, litter of low C:N and C:P ratios exhibited increased decomposition rates (r = −0.737 and −0.645, respectively), whereas % lignin was not significantly correlated with decomposition rates (r = 0.149). Mixed-effects models for litter decomposition rates indicated significant effects of litter molar C:N and C:N + lignin as an additive model, with the former providing marginally better support. Litter % lignin, however, was strongly negatively correlated with fungal biomass (r = −0.669), indicating greater fungal colonization of low-lignin litter, and not correlated with C:N (r = −0.337) and C:P (r = −0.456) ratios. The best-supported model predicting fungal biomass was litter molar C:N, with the C:N + lignin additive model also showing significant effects. Fungal carbon-use efficiency (CUE) also had a strong negative correlation with % lignin (r = −0.604), molar C:N (r = −0.323) and C:P (r = −0.632) across datasets. Our study demonstrates the constraining effects that litter stoichiometry and % lignin elicit on decomposition of standing dead litter and fungal colonization, respectively. These findings improve our understanding of biogeochemical cycling and prediction of the fates of C and nutrients in wetlands.     

Aboveground dry-matter allocation in ungrazed and grazed stands of Indigofera spinosa in the arid zone of Turkana, Kenya

The dwarf shrub Indigofera spinosa , indigenous to arid and semi-arid rangelands of northeastern Africa, is an important food source for livestock. Proper management of the shrub requires improved understanding of the effects of grazing and climatic variability on aboveground dry-matter allocation. Between 1986 and 1990, we compared the temporal variability of aboveground dry-matter allocation to different plant biomass compartments. We also compared dry-matter transfers between components; total live biomass to litter, standing dead to litter and live biomass to standing dead between continuously grazed and an ungrazed treatments. Partitioning of combined total dry-matter production among different structural organs (called allocation ratio) is influenced by phenological changes, episodic rainfall and her-bivory. Dry-matter production in the grazed treatment responded more markedly to episodic rainfall events more than in the ungrazed treatment. Exclusion of grazers failed to improve the relative growth rate (RGR) of shrub biomass, while grazing improved it. RGR declined in the ungrazed treatment following the accumulation of standing dead dry-matter, while m the grazed treatment it declined following the shedding of leaves. The shrub allocated more to total live biomass than to standing dead. Greater reduction of total live allocation ratio in the grazed than in the ungrazed treatment occurred during a dry year. The ungrazed treatment had higher standing dead allocation ratio than did the grazed treatment. Plants transferred more dry-matter from total live biomass compartment to litter, than from standing dead to or from total live biomass to standing dead independent of treatment. The rates of transfer were higher in the ungrazed than in the grazed treatment. The results suggest that I spinosa has evolved to respond to climatic variability and grazmgbyallocating dry allocating dry-matter differently between various compartments.