黄土高原部分地区180—73万年间孢粉植物群和环境演变初探

根据黄土高原３个剖面的孢粉资料及测年数据,恢复了本区１８０－７３万年期间的植被面貌。在此基础上,结合中国和全球其它地区的孢粉、构造、地层、水系演化和火山活动等特征,将此期间植被、气候和环境的演化划分为３个主旋回,６个主要演化阶段,１０个亚阶段和５个事件。初步认识到,该时间段的气候环境演化有较大波动,且这些变化不限于局部地区,而是区碱性的,是多种因素（内外动力）作用的结果,且有规律可循。     

浑善达克沙地高西马格剖面孢粉分析及植被演化的初步探讨

 为了探讨浑善达克沙地5 000年以来的植被演化过程, 我们对内蒙古正蓝旗境内高西马格湖人工挖掘2.0 m深的剖面进行了较高时间分辨率的孢粉分析,并参考孢粉组合与植被之间的对应关系,得出: 该期的植被和气候演化大致可以划分为3个阶段：阶段 I（约5 010～4 040 aBP）,孢粉组合     

腾格里沙漠晚更新世孢粉植物群与气候环境演变

根据腾格里沙漠断头梁人工开挖剖面距今约４２０００～２３０００ａＢＰ（晚更新世）的孢粉分析结果,可将该期植被和气候演化划分为５个阶段（组合带）：阶段Ⅰ,约４２０００～３８０００ａＢＰ,此段孢粉组合特征显示出,在现今为戈壁荒漠的山地丘陵上,当时发育着针阔混交林,在古湖边缘上发育着杨柳林和草原,气候较温暖湿润;阶段Ⅱ,约３８０００～３１０００ａＢＰ,气候温暖湿润,地带性植被为以温带、暖温带阔叶林为主的针阔混交林,湖畔河边发育着草甸植被;阶段Ⅲ,约３１０００～３００００ａＢＰ,为针叶林和寒温性高山柳丛大发展时期,气候寒温,为一冷期;阶段Ⅳ,约３００００～２８０００ａＢＰ,为冷期过后的升温期,也是湖面扩大期,孢粉组合中藻类含量高,为草甸和沼泽植被;阶段Ⅴ,２８０００～２３０００ａＢＰ,孢粉组合显示出丘陵山地上发育温带柏和桦为主的针阔混交林,平原上生长着草原植被,湖畔、河边有柳林分布,气候较温暖湿润,但较阶段Ⅰ略干。此剖面孢粉组合所反映的气候变化特征与古里雅及格陵兰冰芯δ１８Ｏ所记录的同期气候变化特征具有良好的可比性。     

黄土高原西部4万多年以来植被与环境变化的孢粉记录

采集甘肃静宁、定西、秦安等地晚更新世晚期以来几个黄土剖面的孢粉样品,分别以晚更新世每个样品分辨率200—300年,全新世20—200年,揭示了黄土高原西部4万多年以来古植被曾经历过草原、森林草原(或疏林草原)、针叶林以及荒漠草原或荒漠几种植被的多次快速变化。在44.2—11kaBP期间,静宁地区植被主要表现为森林和草原成分的相互消长,其中44—29kaBP期间(MIS3)气候以湿润为主,发育针叶林,温度低于现在;23kaBP之后,气候冷干,以稀疏草原为主,在末次盛冰期植被甚至演化为荒漠草原。全新世大部分时间内是以草原或森林草原(或疏林草原)植被为主。在全新世中期,约7.6—5.8kaBP有近1700年时间发育有森林植被,在这个时期当地自然植被覆盖度较高,而草原或疏林草原发育时期植被往往较稀疏,反映气候相对干冷。根据出现的不同类型植物的孢粉浓度及其生态环境特性,研究区早、中全新世,约8.8—5.8kaBP沉积环境较湿润;自3.8kaBP以后气候环境总的变化趋势是逐渐变干,植被开始向草原荒漠化演变。然而,研究区整个全新世气候环境存在多次干湿交替现象,据孢粉记录,其中可能存在11次气候干寒事件。     

福建泉州湾西部晚全新世孢粉组合特征及其古环境意义

通过对泉州湾西部QZDSZK02孔的沉积孢粉及AMS14 C进行分析,对泉州地区晚全新世古植被和古环境演化历史进行了恢复。其中,共鉴定出60种孢粉类型,主要以木本植物花粉和蕨类孢子为主,含草本植物花粉。根据孢粉特征及测年结果,划分出了4个孢粉组合带,恢复了本区植被演化和气候波动的4个阶段。探讨了孢粉来源,通过研究松属与温度的关系,得出泉州地区松属树种的兴衰与温度关系比较密切的结论。泉州湾晚全新世的海侵,可能是沉积物供给的减少或沿海地区构造的下降,不一定是海面上升的结果。     

唐古拉山地区渐新世孢粉植物群及其古植被、古气候

唐古拉山地区广泛出露早新生代陆相地层,较好地记录了青藏高原北部新生代地质构造演化与古环境变迁的过程.通过在该区1:25万地质调查对雅西措组上段进行孢粉分析表明,孢粉组合以裸子植物花粉为主要成分,地质时代为早-中渐新世.在此基础上划分了3个孢粉植物群-气候期,当时植被是以松科植物为主组成的针叶林植被,从早期到中期喜湿热的蕨类植物和落叶阔叶树种增多;气候从凉爽湿润的南温带→半湿润偏干的北亚热带→偏干的南温带的转变.     

新疆乌伦古湖全新世以来高分辨率的孢粉记录与环境变迁

根据新疆乌伦古湖钻孔剖面高分辨率的孢粉研究,得出全新世以来研究区的气候经历了四个大的阶段：约9．99～7．72cal．kaBP期间,气候温暖干旱;7．72—3．62cal．kaBP,气候由温和偏湿逐渐转向温暖偏干;3．62—1．24cal．kaBP,气候由寒冷干旱逐渐转向寒冷偏湿到温和湿润;1．24cal．kaBP至今,气候总体上温和干旱。在这四个大阶段的气候背景下,还存在8．90cal．kaBP和8．35cal．kaBP左右、3．62—2．80cal．kaBP期间、0．82—0．45cal．kaBP期间和约0．23cal．kaBP时的突然变冷事件。本剖面的孢粉组合在约9．99—7．72cal．kaBP期间反映的是湖区的植被,早期为以芦苇为主的水生植物群落,随后演替成以黑三棱为主的水生植物群落;自7．72cal．kaBP以后,孢粉组合反映的是区域植被,与气候相应的区域植被依次经历了荒漠草原→荒漠→荒漠草原→草原或荒漠草原→草原→荒漠→荒漠草原的多次演替。     

鹤庆深钻孢粉记录揭示的气候变化与西南季风演化

本文在鹤庆深钻孢粉分析的基础上,把各孢粉类型划分成不同的孢粉生态组,结合孢粉多样性指数,系统重建云南鹤庆地区2.78 Ma以来的占气候演化所经历的8个大的阶段,与西南季风在滇西北地区8次大的变化相对应:即在2.729-2.608Ma和0.118Ma-11.83ka BP期间,气候整体湿润,冬、夏季降水的季节性较强,反映西南季风相对较强盛;1.447-0.342Ma期间,气候整体逐渐变湿,冷暖、干湿变化幅度逐渐变大,气候组合特征逐渐变复杂,反映西南季风逐渐增强,其波动幅度也逐渐变大,并于0.991-0.342Ma期间达到最强盛,其波动幅度也最大;而在2.780-2.729Ma、2.608-1.447Ma和0.342-0.118Ma期间,气候普遍相对温暖干旱,西南季风相对较弱.     

太湖平原西北部全新世以来植被与环境变化

太湖平原西北部卜弋桥Zk01孔上部8m地层孢粉资料显示该地区自全新世以来植被与气候主要经历了三个阶段:1)11000—9500cal.aB.P.,地带性植被为壳斗科为主的亚热带常绿落叶针阔混交林。森林成分以栎属(Quercus)、青冈属(Cyclobalanopsis)、栗属(Castanea)、栲属(Castanopsis)/石栎属(Lithocarpus)和松属(Pinus)为主,同时混生有少量的枫香属(Liquidambar)、冬青属(Ilex)、水青冈属(Fagus)、桦属(Betula)、榆属(Ulmus)等乔灌木。本阶段孢粉浓度较高,气候较温暖湿润,为早全新世升温期;2)9500—3900cal.aB.P.,植被演替为中亚热带性质的常绿阔叶林。此阶段特别是8000cal.aB.P.以来,植被以青冈属为主的常绿分子获得大发展为特点。当时森林繁茂,气候暖湿且较为稳定,对应于中全新世大暖期(适宜期);3)3900cal.aB.P.以来,森林植被表现为次生性质的亚热带针阔混交林。青冈属、栎属骤减,松属、禾本科(Poaceae)及水龙骨科(Polypodiaceae)含量明显增升。本阶段孢粉浓度减为最低,据研究区周边的孢粉资料推测此时期气候温凉湿润。本阶段晚期森林植被受到人类的干扰,与人类活动密切相关的农作物如禾本科(35—45μm)、十字花科和菊科等花粉类型含量持续增多,表明研究区自全新世晚期以来出现了明显的人类活动的迹象。Zk01钻孔点位处古河道,磁化率和粒度证据揭示了研究点沉积环境全新世早期为河流相,水动力较强,中期水动力条件显著增强,晚期减弱。最后,结合孢粉资料和沉积环境简述了植被变化与沉积环境之间的关联。     

甘肃小陇山林区全新世中期以来古植被演替的研究

采用花粉孢子分析和＾１４Ｃ测定年代的方法,来研究小陇山林区植被的历史演根据小陇山林区不同地点３个剖面的孢粉资料和＾１４Ｃ数据,首次推断该区自全新世中期以来,古植被和古气候经历了３个演替阶段;距今７５００－５０００年,为以栎类为主的落叶阔叶林和局部为针阔混交林,气候温度湿润;距今５０００－２５００年,为以栎类为主的针阔混交林,气候温和略干;２５００年至今,早期为栎林和针阔昆交林,晚期是以栎类占优势的     

中国第四纪孢粉植物群事件的记录

通过总结中国不同区域现有的孢粉资料,发现和民孢粉群的演化序列中明显地存在与演化趋势和周期不符的孢粉植物群事伯,归纳起来有三种类型,时间约万年的孢粉群突变事件,延续时间约千年的孢粉群贫乏事件和延时间几百年的孢粉群颤动,突变事件有４起,Ｂｅｔｕｌａ－Ａｅｍｉｓｉａ事件（２．５ＭａＢ．Ｐ）;Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａ－Ｇｒａ,ｉｎｅａｅ事件（１．４Ｍａ．Ｂ．Ｐ．）;Ｅｐｈｅｄｒａ＝Ｃｈｅｎｏｐｏｄｉａｃｅａ事件     

中国北方黄土地层中的哺乳动物群及在磁性地层中的位置

本文研究了中国黄土地层中有确切层位的哺乳动物化石记录,并进行了生物地层学与磁性地层学对比,将黄土地层中的动物化石归纳成如下哺乳动物群：早更新世（2．50─0．73Ma）：午城动物群（2．50─1．20Ma）、公王岭动物群（1．20─1．10Ma）和阳郭动物群（1．10─0．90Ma）、中更新世（0．73─0．13Ma）：陈家窝子动物群（0．73─0．40Ma）;晚更新世（0．13─0．01Ma）：柔远─靖远动物群（0．13─0．01Ma）;全新世（0．01Ma─Rec）:半坡动物群。结果表明：早更新世许多森林习性的化石动物虽然反映出气候较第三纪的寒冷,但比后期温暖湿润。中更新世出现了较多的草原、干旱草原习性的动物,气候更为寒冷干旱,森林逐渐减少或消失,草原或干旱草原得到发展;晚更新世出现的沙鼠、跳鼠等动物,表明气候更加寒冷、干旱,部分地区甚至沙化。     

Ecological change in the lower Omo Valley around 2.8 Ma

Late Pliocene climate changes have long been implicated in environmental changes and mammalian evolution in Africa, but high-resolution examinations of the fossil and climatic records have been hampered by poor sampling. By using fossils from the well-dated Shungura Formation (lower Omo Valley, northern Turkana Basin, southern Ethiopia), we investigate palaeodietary changes in one bovid and in one suid lineage from 3 to 2 Ma using stable isotope analysis of tooth enamel. Results show unexpectedly large increases in C₄ dietary intake around 2.8 Ma in both the bovid and suid, and possibly in a previously reported hippopotamid species. Enamel δ¹³C values after 2.8 Ma in the bovid (Tragelaphus nakuae) are higher than recorded for any living tragelaphin, and are not expected given its conservative dental morphology. A shift towards increased C₄ feeding at 2.8 Ma in the suid (Kolpochoerus limnetes) appears similarly decoupled from a well-documented record of dental evolution indicating gradual and progressive dietary change. The fact that two, perhaps three, disparate Pliocene herbivore lineages exhibit similar, and contemporaneous changes in dietary behaviour suggests a common environmental driver. Local and regional pollen, palaeosol and faunal records indicate increased aridity but no corresponding large and rapid expansion of grasslands in the Turkana Basin at 2.8 Ma. Our results provide new evidence supporting ecological change in the eastern African record around 2.8 Ma, but raise questions about the resolution at which different ecological proxies may be comparable, the correlation of vegetation and faunal change, and the interpretation of low δ¹³C values in the African Pliocene.     

The magnetic properties of loess and paleosol samples from the Chinese Loess Plateau spanning the last 22 million years

Magnetic measurements (susceptibility, isothermal and anhysteretic remanence, and quotients derived from these) are presented for a suite of loess and paleosol samples from sites on the Chinese Loess Plateau. The three sites, Xifeng, Dongwan and Qinan (QA-I), together span most of the last 22 million years. The results provide the first multi-parameter magnetic measurements from pre-Pleistocene loess/paleosol sequences that began accumulation in the early Miocene. Mass specific measurements have been corrected for carbonate concentrations which peak in the loess layers and range up to 57%. All the magnetic properties recorded indicate variability on both orbital and supra-orbital timescales. The changing magnetic properties allow the record to be divided into a sequence of eight sample groups that broadly parallel the main supra-orbital changes in magnetic susceptibility. The pre-Pleistocene parts of the record include intervals (mainly late Miocene and Pliocene) during which loess as well as paleosol layers are characterized by high values for properties such as frequency dependent susceptibility (χ_fd), usually associated with strong weathering. Most of the Miocene record prior to 8.5 Ma, with the exception of a brief interval from ca. 14.4 to 15.9 Ma, shows reduced values for indicators of pedogenic ferrimagnetic concentrations in both the loess and paleosol layers, as well as a low amplitude of variability between loess and paleosol values. The palaeoenvironmental implications of this part of the sequence are unclear since they hinge on the type of model of pedogenic magnetic mineral formation adopted. High-field remanence measurements indicate that the coercivity of the antiferromagnetic minerals represented declined progressively throughout the whole period in both the loess and the paleosol samples, though there is no unambiguous evidence for long-term diagenetic alteration of the magnetic properties on timescales beyond the orbital ones that drive the loess/paleosol alternations. The present results suggest caution in applying existing climofunctions based on magnetic susceptibility to deposits spanning the whole of the last 22 Ma.     

西藏羊湖地区近1.4万年以来孢粉植物群及古气候研究

通过对西藏羊湖地区ZK1和卡拉苏代牙剖面（IP16）的孢粉分析和总有机碳（TOC）、元素含量分析等,建立了羊湖地区近1.4万年以来的孢粉组合带、重建当时的植被类型及古气候演变序列。结果显示：该时期经历了5次植被类型的更替,即草原型→疏林草原型→草原型→疏林草原型→草原型,与之相对应的气候经历了5次波动（2个半旋回）, 即11 220 a.B.P.左右的第一气候旋回：由干旱→半干旱半湿润转化;8 970a.B.P.左右的第二气候旋回,同样由干旱→半干旱半湿润转化,然后进入半个气候旋回,即干旱气候期,推测今后有可能进入半干旱半湿润气候期。     

Temporal Change in Functional Richness and Evenness in the Eastern African Plio-Pleistocene Carnivoran Guild

We analyze functional richness and functional evenness of the carnivoran guild in eastern Africa from 3.5 Ma to 1.5 Ma, and compare them to the present day. The data consist of characters of the craniodental apparatus of 76 species of fossil and extant carnivorans, divided into four 0.5 Ma time slices from 3.5 to 1.5 Ma, together with the modern fauna. Focus is on large (>21.5 kg) carnivores. Results show that the large carnivore guild has lost nearly 99% of its functional richness since 3.5 Ma, in a process starting prior to 2 Ma. Measurement of functional evenness shows the modern large carnivore guild to be unique in being randomly distributed in morphospace while in all past time slices there is significant clustering of species. The results are analyzed in the light of known changes to climate and environment in eastern Africa. We conclude that climate change is unlikely to explain all of the changes found and suggest that the evolution of early hominins into carnivore niche space, especially the evolution of derived dietary strategies after 2 Ma, played a significant part in the reduction of carnivore functional richness.     

Astronomical dating of the Xiantai, Donggutuo and Maliang Paleolithic sites in the Nihewan Basin (North China) and implications for early human evolution in East Asia

Magnetostratigraphic studies have established a first-order chronological framework for the Paleolithic sites in the Nihewan Basin (North China), which enabled tracking early human evolution in East Asia. However, to fully understand how well early humans were adapted to climate change, a truly precise dating of the Paleolithic sites is required. Here, we established a high-resolution astronomical timescale for the Xiantai and Donggutuo fluvio-lacustrine successions at the eastern margin of the Nihewan Basin employing low-field magnetic susceptibility (χ) as a climatic indicator, aiming to further refine the ages of the Xiantai, Donggutuo and Maliang Paleolithic sites. Starting from an initial age model constrained by geomagnetic reversals, larger-scale χ cycles were firstly tuned to orbital obliquity using an automatic orbital tuning method. This first-order tuning was followed by simultaneously tuning χ to both obliquity and precession. The finally tuned χ records can be correlated almost cycle-by-cycle with the quartz grain-size record of the Chinese loess sequence and the marine δ¹⁸O record. The astronomically estimated age of the Xiantai Paleolithic site is ca. 1.48 Ma, corresponding to paleosol layer S₂₀ of the Chinese loess sequences or marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 49, an interglacial period. The astronomical estimate for the Donggutuo Paleolithic site ranges from ~ 1.06 Ma to 1.12 Ma, corresponding to paleosol/loess layers S₁₁-S₁₂ or MIS 31-33, spanning both interglacial and glacial periods. The astronomically estimated age of the Maliang Paleolithic site is ~ 0.79 Ma, corresponding to loess layer L₈ or MIS 20, a glacial period. This astronomical finding further implies that early humans may have permanently occupied China as far north as 40^oN since at least 1.1 Ma, and before this time the occupation may be intermittent.     

新疆阿尔泰红山嘴地区的表土孢粉与现代植被

在新疆阿尔泰山中段的红山嘴地区选取一条沿海拔745-2 413 m的不同植被带群落样方进行调查, 对应采集37个表土样品进行孢粉统计和排序分析, 初步探究了红山嘴地区的植被与表土孢粉之间的对应关系, 并将之与新疆阿尔泰西部的喀纳斯西坡孢粉垂直带进行对比。结果表明, 红山嘴地区表土孢粉谱依照海拔高度自上而下划分为4个孢粉组合类型, 分别对应亚高山草甸、山地森林、灌丛草原和荒漠草原。乔木植物中云杉属(Picea)和松属(Pinus)花粉, 灌木植物中麻黄属(Ephedra)及草本植物中的苋科和蒿属(Artemisia)因受到自然风力、水流及人为活动的影响, 表现出明显的超代表性; 乔木植物中的落叶松属(Larix)花粉, 草本植物中的禾本科及莎草科花粉, 却在其自身为优势种的群落中呈现低代表性; 蒿属与苋科花粉百分含量的比值(Ar/Am)能较好地反映该区气候垂直带的干湿状况, 灌丛草原带的Ar/Am低, 在一定程度上反映了人类活动对草原灌丛化的影响。与新疆阿尔泰西部的喀纳斯西坡孢粉垂直带相比, 红山嘴垂直带的孢粉类型偏少, 同时相似的孢粉带在该区的分布高度比喀纳斯西坡高。此外, 排序分析(RDA)结果表明, 年降水量是影响该区表土孢粉组合的主要环境因子。     

Floristic turnover in Iceland from 15 to 6 Ma – extracting biogeographical signals from fossil floral assemblages

Aim This study aims to document the floristic changes that occurred in Iceland between 15 and 6 Ma and to establish the dispersal mechanisms for the plant taxa encountered. Using changing patterns of dispersal, two factors controlling floristic changes are tested. Possible factors are (1) climate change, and (2) the changing biogeography of Iceland over the time interval studied; that is, the presence or absence of a Miocene North Atlantic Land Bridge. Location The North Atlantic. Methods Species lists of fossil plants from Iceland in the time period 15 to 6 Ma were compiled using published data and new data. Closest living analogues were used to establish dispersal properties for the fossil taxa. Dispersal mechanisms of fossil plants were then used to reconstruct how Iceland was colonized during various periods. Results Miocene floras of Iceland (15–6 Ma) show relatively high floristic turnover from the oldest floras towards the youngest; and few taxa from the oldest floras persist in the younger floras. The frequencies of the various dispersal mechanisms seen in the 15‐Ma floras are quite different from those recorded in the 6‐Ma floras, and there is a gradual change in the prevailing mode of dispersal from short‐distance anemochory and dyschory to long‐distance anemochory. Two mechanisms can be used to explain changing floral composition: (1) climate change, and (2) the interaction between the dispersal mechanisms of plants and the increasing isolation of proto‐Iceland during the Miocene. Main conclusions Dispersal mechanisms can be used to extract palaeogeographic signals from fossil floras. The composition of floras and dispersal mechanisms indicate that Iceland was connected both to Greenland and to Europe in the early Middle Miocene, allowing transcontinental migration. The change in prevalence of dispersal modes from 15 to 6 Ma appears to reflect the break‐up of a land bridge and the increasing isolation of Iceland after 12 Ma. Concurrent gradual cooling and isolation caused changes in species composition. Specifically, the widening of the North Atlantic Ocean prevented taxa with limited dispersal capability from colonizing Iceland, while climate cooling led to the extinction of thermophilous taxa.     

Stratigraphic modelling of carbonate platform-to-basin sediments (Maastrichtian to Paleocene) in the Eastern Desert, Egypt

In the Galala Mountains of the Eastern Desert, Egypt, carbonate platform and basin deposits have excellent exposure. These exposures show a late Campanian–early Paleocene rimmed platform evolving into a late Paleocene distally steepened ramp. We modelled the evolution of the platform–basin transition from the Maastrichtian to Selandian (68.7–59 Ma) with the 2-D stratigraphic simulation program PHIL and compared the modelled results with outcrop sections. Stratigraphic, facies, and environmental data are summarized and operate as input and control parameters for the computer simulation. The most important parameters that control the depositional geometries of the late Cretaceous mixed carbonate siliciclastic platform and the Paleogene carbonate platform are changes in relative sea level, sediment flux and initial topography. The simulation provides an understanding of platform growth and slope to basin deposition, particularly in areas of the platform that are poorly exposed or have been eroded. Moreover, the simulated geologic parameters like lithology, overall thickness and palaeowater depth closely resemble field and laboratory measurements of the individual sections. In an earlier study, the Maastrichtian slope angle was calculated to be 5–8° and this was confirmed in this study. In this earlier study also the timing of the transition from a rimmed platform to a distally steepened ramp was established to be during latest Maastrichtian–early Paleocene. The present study shows that the rimmed platform persisted at least until the late Paleocene (59 Ma), as indicated by the relatively high slope angle of 6°.