脱脂对不同生长期苜蓿膳食纤维含量及其提取得率的影响

目的：研究脱脂对苜蓿膳食纤维含量、构成及其提取得率的影响,为该方法在苜蓿膳食纤维提取中的合理应用提供科学依据。方法：以初花期和结荚期苜蓿草粉为原料,研究脱脂前后苜蓿草粉中膳食纤维含量、构成及其提取得率的变化规律。结果：苜蓿膳食纤维以水不溶性膳食纤维（IDF）为主,开花后苜蓿IDF含量占膳食纤维总量（TDF）的90%以上;脱脂后的初花期和结荚期苜蓿草粉中,IDF含量分别达72.88%、73.62%,比脱脂前分别提高61.38%、38.12%;IDF在TDF中的比例分别由90.09%、92.82%提高至95.19%、95.71%,IDF提取得率分别达61.52%、72.11%,比脱脂前分别提高69.94%、48.62%;脱脂过程中水溶性膳食纤维（SDF）流失严重、含量降低,SDF提取得率下降92.68%和92.29%。结论：脱脂方法适用于结荚期苜蓿IDF提取原料的前处理,但不适于苜蓿SDF的提取。     

双挤压膨化可提高对麦麸膳食纤维的溶解性

采用双螺杆挤压膨化机处理添加了0%、10%、20%、30%玉米的小麦麸皮及100%玉米的样品,提取各组样品中的水溶性膳食纤维（SDF）、水不溶性膳食纤维（IDF）、总麦麸纤维（TDF）,从而选出SDF含量最高的一组,并测定了100%麦麸与添加20%玉米样品的组分,研究了由该两组样品提取出来的SDF的物理性质。结果表明：水溶性麦麸纤维有了很大的变化,其中添加20%玉米的样品组相对于其他样品组提高了4.33%~7.00%,被改性的物质主要是不溶性纤维中的半纤维素。由添加20%玉米的样品组得到的SDF相对于同条件下未添加玉米的样品组的膨胀力由0.100 4增长到2.291 0mL/g,保水能力由2.098 9增长到4.274 6g/g,水溶解度由79.29%增长到84.02%。     

响应面优化沙棘果渣膳食纤维提取工艺及应用性质评价CSCD

为实现林下资源加工废弃物再利用,本实验以沙棘果渣为原料,采用超声辅助酶法,分别对纤维素酶添加量、超声温度、超声时间、料液比四个因素进行膳食纤维提取效果影响分析,以可溶性膳食纤维(soluble dietary fiber,SDF)和不可溶性膳食纤维(insoluble dietary fiber,IDF)得率比值为指标,通过响应面法对主要参数进行优化,并分析所获膳食纤维应用性质。结果得出,在最优条件纤维素酶添加量为5%,60℃下超声50 min时,SDF/IDF为0.21±0.01,总膳食纤维(total dietary fiber,TDF)溶胀力和持油力较高,分别为3.12±0.13 mL/g、(4.47±0.41)%,且对胆固醇的吸附效果良好。因此,超声辅助酶法能有效提高产物提取效率,对推进沙棘副产物资源的开发利用具有一定意义。     

马铃薯渣中膳食纤维提取工艺的优化

目的：以马铃薯渣为原料,探究提取马铃薯渣中膳食纤维的最佳工艺条件。方法：通过生物法 酶法、超声波裂解、高速剪切等技术提取马铃薯渣中所含的膳食纤维,通过单因素试验和正交试验分析试验数据。 结果：提取膳食纤维的最佳工艺条件为酶解pH为5、酶解温度45℃、酶添加量30U/g、酶解2.5h。结论：本研究膳食纤维的提取率达25.87%,并测得持水力和膨胀力分别为7.1g/g、7.5mL/g,该工艺条件可有效提取马铃薯渣中的膳食纤维。     

黑糯米米糠水不溶膳食纤维功能特性的研究

为提高黑糯米的综合利用价值,对黑糯米米糠中水不溶膳食纤维的功能特性进行分析,结果表明：每克黑糯米中水不溶膳食纤维（IDF）可吸附4.03 g水,持油力和膨胀力分别为3.04 g/g、1.79 mL/g;其阳离子交换能力为0.83 mmol/L,是白糯米IDF的1.66倍;pH对亚硝酸盐吸附量基本没有影响,在pH=2.0和 pH=7.0的条件下,黑糯米IDF的亚硝酸盐吸附量分别为348.59、346.96 μg/g;黑糯米IDF在pH=7.0时胆固醇吸附量为12.63 mg/g,优于模拟胃酸环境下（pH=2.0）的吸附效果;黑糯米IDF在中性条件下（pH=7.0）对重金属Cd2+体外吸附率为89.52 μg/g,远远高于模拟胃酸环境（pH=2.0）时的2.40 μg/g。     

酶水解制备山药皮可溶性膳食纤维及性能测定

本研究以山药皮为原料研究纤维素酶法制备可溶性膳食纤维工艺条件,研究考察了料液比、加酶量、提取时间、提取温度、醇沉时间等因素,确定最佳工艺条件为:料液比1∶30、酶添加量4 U/m L、提取时间2 h、提取温度50℃,醇沉时间4 h。通过响应面法对工艺条件进一步优化,确定料液比1∶35,酶添加量5 U/m L,温度48℃时,SDF制备率最高达22.87%,较初始SDF含量7.96%提高近3倍。同时对制备的SDF性能进行测定,其持水性可达到10.74 g/g,溶胀力为6.45 m L/g,具备了一定的工业应用潜力。     

脱脂对苜蓿草粉及其IDF提取物特性的影响

目的：研究脱脂对苜蓿膳食纤维提取物特性的影响。方法：以初花期和结荚期苜蓿草粉为原料,研究了脱脂处理对苜蓿草粉及其水不溶性膳食纤维（IDF）提取物膨胀力、持水力和持油力的影响。结果：脱脂可显著提高不同生长时期苜蓿草粉及初花期IDF提取物的持油力（t>t0.05）、初花期草粉持水力（t>t0.01）;显著降低初花期草粉（t>t0.01）及其IDF提取物的膨胀力（t>t0.05）;对初花期和结荚期苜蓿IDF提取物持水力、结荚期苜蓿草粉及其IDF提取物的膨胀力、结荚期IDF提取物持油力无显著影响（t相似文献   

车前草可溶性膳食纤维的提取及其对自由基清除能力的研究

本文采用超声技术提取车前草中可溶性膳食纤维;通过单因素及L9(34)正交实验获得提取最佳工艺,即用固液比1:30,pH为4的0.2 M乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲液提取,提取时间为20 min。车前草水溶性膳食纤维对.OH-自由基有较强的清除能力,其IC50为0.323 mg/mL;对.O2-和DPPH的最高清除率分别为19.2%和13.7%。     

酶解法提取甘薯茎叶中可溶性膳食纤维的研究

通过单因素以及正交实验来探讨脂肪酶、淀粉酶和木瓜蛋白酶的加入对提取甘薯茎叶中水溶性膳食纤维的影响,并在单因素基础上对提取工艺进行正交优化,得出酶法提取的最佳工艺条件是脂肪酶添加量为0．015 g·100 mL-1,淀粉酶添加量为0．035 g·100 mL-1,木瓜蛋白酶添加量为0．075 g·100 mL-1,其中正交实验中影响因素为淀粉酶＞蛋白酶＞脂肪酶.水溶性膳食纤维的最佳提取率为1．285％.提取得到的甘薯茎叶中水溶性膳食纤维纯度高,持水力为787％,溶胀力为4．10 mL·g-1,产品具有良好的性状.     

沙果渣膳食纤维超高压处理条件优化及其微观结构表征

为制备高品质的沙果渣膳食纤维,研究超高压处理对沙果渣中膳食纤维的影响。以沙果渣为原料,采用响应面试验优化了超高压处理的料液比、压力和时间等条件,对优化后沙果渣膳食纤维的持水力、持油力、膨胀力和功能特性等理化性质进行了分析,并借助扫描电镜和红外光谱等方法分别对其微观结构与官能团进行表征。结果表明:最佳处理条件为处理压力300 MPa,时间15 min,料液比1∶19.30(g/mL),该条件下沙果渣膳食纤维的可溶性膳食纤维含量、持水力、持油力、膨胀力、阳离子交换能力、对胆固醇吸附量、吸附葡萄糖能力分别为21.71%、7.81 g/g、8.03 g/g、7.20 mL/g、0.78 mmol/g、14.31 mg/g和8.20 mg/g,与未处理样品相比,均有了显著提高(P0.05)。扫描电镜显示经超高压处理后的沙果渣膳食纤维样品与未经处理样品相比,呈现不规则形状,表面变得更加疏松多孔,网状及层状结构增多;红外光谱分析表明超高压处理后的沙果渣膳食纤维中有纤维素、半纤维素和木质素等的特征吸收峰。     

An investigation on glutathione derived from spinach and red cabbage leaves and their effects of adding to meat patties

Plants that produce leaves have been cultivated by humans for thousands of years because of the benefits they provide in terms of food and other necessities. Because of their high nutritional value and key phyto-components like glutathione, Leaf producing vegetables (LPVs) are being studied for their potential uses and health benefits. As a result, the focus of this study was using efficient methods for isolating and identifying glutathione from spinach and red cabbage. Glutathione was extracted using three extraction solvents: water (100%), ethanol (100%), and a combination of ethanol and water (30% and 70%, respectively) by volume (v/v), while separation was accomplished using ultrafiltration equipment. In our investigation, the best extraction solvent was a mixture of ethanol and water at a ratio of 30:70% (v/v), which extracted 951 µg/g glutathione. The antioxidant activity of plant leaf extract was measured using DPPH, with butylated hydroxytoluene serving as a comparative standard. Identification and characterization of glutathione from plant leaf extracts were revealed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectrophotometry studies, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In addition, the physical and chemical properties (pH, water holding capacity, extracted liquid volume, peroxide value, free fatty acids, and thiobarbituric acid) of meat patties prepared with three different concentrations of determined glutathione were tested for susceptibility to preservation during 10 days of refrigeration at 4 ± 1 °C. The findings of the current study provide vast prospects for subsequent research to researchers and scientists that the glutathione obtained from leaf extract has no toxicity that might be applied to developed functional foods and other food formulations. Because foods containing plant-derived glutathione improve health, biological function, and food spoilage. It may be utilized as high-quality antioxidants that are safe and non-toxic. Furthermore, glutathione preserves food quality and prevents oxidation.     

Design of a biofilter packed with crab shell and operation of the biofilter fed with leaf mold solution as a nutrient

After measuring toluene adsorption (15.7 mg-toluene/g-material), water holding capacity (18.5%), organic content (53.8%), specific surface area (18.1 m²/g-material), and microbial attachment, crab shells were chosen as the main packing material for a biofilter design. The crab shells, cheap and abundant in the Gangneung area, also have relatively rigid structure, low density, and ability to neutralize acids generated during mineralization of toluene. Since towel scraps have water holding capacity as high as 301.2%, 10% of the total packing was supplemented with them to compensate for low water holding capacity of the crab shells. The biofilter fed with defined chemical medium under 0.8∼1.3 mg/L of inlet toluene concentration and 18 seconds of residence time showed satisfactory removal efficiency of over 97% and 72.8 g/h·m³ of removal capacity. For the purpose of deceasing operation costs, leaf mold solution was tried as an alternative nutrient instead of a defined chemical medium. The removal efficiency and removal capacity were 85% and 56.3 g/h·m³, respectively, using the same inlet toluene concentration and residence time. This research shows the possibility of recycling crab shell waste as packing material for biofilter. In addition, leaf mold was able to serve as an alternative nutrient, which remarkably decreased the operating cost of the biofilter.     

��-Glucan content and hydration properties of filamentous fungi

The aim of this work was to isolate and identify filamentous fungi from several sources to study the dietary fiber and ??-glucan content. The fungal hydration properties such as water absorption and water holding capacities were also evaluated. Total dietary fiber of isolates exhibited a noticeable variability from 16 to 53% and the highest values were obtained for the genera Paecilomyces and Penicillium, a fact consistent with a higher content of ??-glucans (24 and 17%, respectively), higher than previously reported for Basidiomycetes and yeast. We observed a large decrease (75%) in the water holding capacity when the mycelia were dried. Isolates of filamentous fungi with greater water holding capacity also exhibited greater absorption capacity. Paecilomyces variotii and Penicillium nalgiovense had the best hydration properties. Our results contribute to the search for new unconventional ingredients providing a high protein and ??-glucans content. The addition of these dried mycelia could change the hydration properties in the food system.     

莲的非可食用部分中生物碱分布

研究了莲的非可食用部分荷叶、莲子心、莲房、藕节、莲子壳和藕皮中生物碱的组分及含量。采用乙醇水溶液从非可食用部分提取生物碱,然后用高效液相色谱法进行测定。结果表明莲子心提取物中含有5种主要的生物碱,其中4种为莲心碱、异莲心碱、荷叶碱和甲基莲心碱。除莲子心外的其他部分的提取物组分较相似,都含有6～8种主要的生物碱。荷叶碱在荷叶中的含量最高,可达149.64μg/g;莲心碱、异莲心碱和甲基莲心碱在莲子心中的含量最高,分别为457.76、6155.85、1420.90μg/g。莲的六个非可食用部分中都含有5～8种主要的生物碱,有很好的开发利用价值。     

Evaluation of physicochemical and antioxidant properties of peanut protein hydrolysate

Peanut protein and its hydrolysate were compared with a view to their use as food additives. The effects of pH, temperature and protein concentration on some of their key physicochemical properties were investigated. Compared with peanut protein, peanut peptides exhibited a significantly higher solubility and significantly lower turbidity at pH values 2-12 and temperature between 30 and 80°C. Peanut peptide showed better emulsifying capacity, foam capacity and foam stability, but had lower water holding and fat adsorption capacities over a wide range of protein concentrations (2-5 g/100 ml) than peanut protein isolate. In addition, peanut peptide exhibited in vitro antioxidant properties measured in terms of reducing power, scavenging of hydroxyl radical, and scavenging of DPPH radical. These results suggest that peanut peptide appeared to have better functional and antioxidant properties and hence has a good potential as a food additive.     

西藏高寒区不同土地利用方式下土壤持水能力差异及其影响因素

研究高寒地区不同土地利用方式下土壤持水能力变化特征及其影响因素可为评估高寒生态系统水源涵养能力分异特征及其调控机制提供依据。本研究选取西藏高寒区3种土地利用方式(农、林、草地)下不同深度(0～10、10～20、20～30 cm)土壤为对象,测定土壤最大持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量及土壤基本理化性质,并提取环境因子(年均降雨量、植被归一化指数、海拔、坡度和地表粗糙度),分析不同土地利用方式下土壤持水能力的变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明: 农、林、草地土壤持水能力(最大持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量)均随土层深度增加而逐渐降低。草地0～30 cm土壤最大持水量、毛管持水量和田间持水量均值分别为379.79、329.57和194.39 g·kg^-1,显著高于农地(301.15、259.67和154.91 g·kg^-1)和林地(293.09、251.49和117.01 g·kg^-1)。冗余分析结果表明,不同土壤理化性质对土壤持水能力变异的解释量由大到小依次为总孔隙度(44.6%)、土壤有机质(42.7%)、毛管孔隙度(37.6%)和土壤容重(35.8%)。主成分分析结果显示,年均降雨量、植被归一化指数和地形因子(海拔、坡度和地表粗糙度)是影响土壤持水能力空间变异的主要环境因子,累积贡献率高达72.4%。西藏高寒区草地土壤具有更强的持水能力,能够有效防止水土流失。因此,在高寒地区实施退耕还草措施、对退化草地进行封育管理,有助于改善高寒地区土壤水源涵养能力。     

酸法脱酰胺修饰对刺芹侧耳蛋白质消化性和功能特性的影响

为研究酸法脱酰胺修饰对刺芹侧耳蛋白质的功能特性和消化性的影响,本研究以刺芹侧耳粉为原料,通过碱提酸沉法提取刺芹侧耳蛋白质,并采用0.175mol/L盐酸、57.5℃改性,改性时间为121min 5s,制备出脱酰胺修饰蛋白质,探索脱酰胺改性对蛋白质的消化性及功能特性的影响。结果表明：脱酰胺修饰可提高刺芹侧耳蛋白质的溶解性、持油性、起泡性和乳化性,但对其持水性的改善作用不明显;同时脱酰胺修饰蛋白质表面疏水性和荧光强度增大,蛋白质巯基和二硫键含量变化不明显;体外消化率提高,消化产物的多肽含量降低,游离氨基酸含量增大。酸法脱酰胺修饰可在一定程度上有效改善蛋白质的功能特性和提高蛋白质的体外消化水平。     

Ionic liquid extraction of silkworm pupa protein and its biological characteristics

Silkworm (Bombyx mori) pupa protein (SPP) is a high-quality source of animal protein with substantial nutritional benefits and health value. To develop an efficient extraction method for SPP that is environmentally friendly, we selected choline hydroxide ionic liquid (CH-IL) as the extraction solvent and performed orthogonal experiments to optimize the extraction conditions. We demonstrated that 3% CH-IL, a solid-to-liquid ratio (g/mL) of 1:30, an extraction temperature of 40 °C, and an extraction time of 1 h facilitated the most efficient extraction. Compared to the conventional alkali solubilization–acid precipitation method, the CH-IL extraction increased protein content by 12.14%. Protein structure analysis showed that the β-sheet content increased by 10.98% and that of disulfide bonds reduced by 16.4%. The processing properties of the CH-IL extracted protein showed that the solubility, emulsification, and foaming capacity were enhanced by 82.87%, 15.44%, and 18.97%, respectively. The physical properties of SPP remarkably improved relative to the increased stretching of the polypeptide chains. The findings of this study provide technical knowledge that will enhance the processing performance of pupal proteins.     

荷叶水提物对实验性肥胖大鼠脂代谢的影响及机制

目的：探讨荷叶水提物的减肥降脂作用及机制。方法：通过离体脂肪组织灌流实验观察荷叶水提物对正常SD大鼠离体脂肪组织游离脂肪酸（FFA）释放的影响;利用高糖高脂饮食诱导建立实验性肥胖大鼠模型,探讨荷叶水提物给药4周后,大鼠体重和血脂水平的变化,并采用RT-PCR和免疫组化技术对脂肪组织过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（PPAR-γ）和瘦素（leptin）表达进行检测。结果：离体实验发现荷叶水提物可明显促进离体脂肪组织FFA的释放。在体实验发现中剂量荷叶（60 mg/kg）与奥利斯他相似,可使实验性肥胖大鼠体重、血脂水平明显下降（P<0.05）,使脂肪组织PPAR-γ和瘦素的表达明显下降（P<0.05）。结论：荷叶水提物可通过改善大鼠脂肪组织PPAR-γ和leptin的表达,促进脂肪的动员和分解,降低肥胖大鼠体重和血脂水平,有望研发为减肥药物。     

Long-term ingestion of insoluble dietary fiber increases luminal mucin content, but has no effect on nutrient absorption in rats

We reexamined the hypothesis that increased mucin secretion by the ingestion of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) could affect small intestinal nutrient absorption. Polystyrene foam (PSF) was used as IDF. Rats were fed a diet with or without 90 g of PSF/kg for 1, 2 and 4 wk. At the end of each period, a glucose and ovalbumin (OVA) solution was intubated after 12 h of food depletion, and the changes in serum concentrations of these components were monitored. Luminal mucin was measured as O-linked oligosaccharide chains and also determined by ELISA. In all periods, the luminal mucin content was greater in the PSF-fed group than in the fiber-free control. However, the changes in serum glucose and OVA concentrations were comparable between the groups at any time during any period. These results show that the enhancement of luminal mucin secretion lasted even after chronic ingestion of IDF, but that the increased luminal mucin content had no effect on the rate of luminal nutrient absorption.