珍稀两栖动物——棘腹蛙及其保护

棘腹蛙是我国大型经济蛙类,近年,由于该蛙栖息地遭到严重破坏,及人类的大肆捕杀等因素,造成棘腹蛙种群数量严重下降,已被IUCN列为易危种.     

鄂西棘腹蛙的生活习性及其食性的初步研究

棘腹蛙为山区流溪型种类,广食性,成蛙以捕食昆虫等动物性食物为主,蝌蚪主要摄食藻类等植物食物。棘腹蛙有显著消灭为害森林的动物(昆虫),其有益系数为68.31％。     

双团棘胸蛙与棘腹蛙酯酶同工酶的比较研究

采用垂直聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对六盘水境内的双团棘胸蛙Paa yunnanensis与棘腹蛙P.boulengeri的肝、肠、胃、肺等4种组织中的酯酶(EST)同工酶进行了研究.结果 显示:两种蛙酯酶同工酶共有10条带,其中双团棘胸蛙EST同工酶有9条带,棘腹蛙EST同工酶有7条带,两种蛙EST同工酶存在较大的种间差异,同种蛙不同组织的酯酶(EST)同工酶迁移率、表达强度也不同.双团棘胸蛙酯酶同工酶酶谱较棘腹蛙的复杂.     

利用RNA-seq技术分析棘腹蛙编码区微卫星特征

: 棘腹蛙Paa boulengeri的遗传研究和基因组信息比较匮乏,致使可有效利用的分子标记非常有限。以棘腹蛙RNA-seq高通量测序数据为基础进行微卫星分子标记的大规模发掘和特征分析,结果显示:在121.6 Mb的棘腹蛙转录组序列中发现微卫星位点3165个,包含于3034条Contig序列中。在筛选到的1~6碱基重复核心的微卫星中,单碱基重复核心的比例最高,之后为三碱基、二碱基、四碱基、六碱基和五碱基重复核心,分别占29.0%、25.2%、21.7%、10.0%、10.0%和3.0%。其中A/T、AC/GT、AGG/CCT、ACAT/ATCT、AAAAT/ATTTT和AAAAAG/CTTTTT分别是单碱基、二碱基、三碱基、四碱基、五碱基、六碱基重复类型中对应的优势重复单元。棘腹蛙编码区微卫星多为重复长度小于24 bp的短序列,长度大于24 bp的微卫星仅占总数的0.92%。对编码区微卫星的侧翼序列分析发现,微卫星侧翼序列的GC含量显著低于转录组整体GC含量,且在含有微卫星上下游侧翼序列的Contig中,71.9%的序列可以设计特异引物扩增出含有微卫星序列的位点。研究结果为棘腹蛙的遗传研究和分子系统地理学研究提供了丰富的序列信息和标记资源。     

不同开口饵料对棘腹蛙幼蛙生长和存活的影响

用摇蚊Chironomidae midges幼虫、水蚯蚓Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri、蝇蛆Musca demestica、人工饵料作为棘腹蛙幼蛙的开口饵料饲养棘腹蛙幼蛙28 d,观察这些饵料对棘腹蛙幼蛙生长、存活情况的影响.结果表明,人工饵料组幼蛙生长速度最慢,存活率也最低(61.88%);摇蚊幼虫组的存活率最高(79.38%),生长最快,是棘腹蛙幼蛙适宜的开口饵料.     

棘腹蛙肌肉嫩度及营养成分的初步分析

本文对棘腹蛙与牛蛙的肌肉嫩度作了比较,并测定了棘腹蛙肌肉的营养成分,且与甲鱼和田鸡的相应成分作了对照分析。结果表明,棘腹蛙肉质细嫩、营养价值高、风味较好,具有开发养殖前景。     

棘腹蛙(Rana boulengeri Günther)早期胚胎发育与分期的研究

本文研究了湘西地区棘腹蛙（Ｒ．ｂｏｕｌｅｎｇｅｒｉＧ．）的早期胚胎发育与分期．用人工诱导排卵、人工授精的方法获得受精卵,在控制水温为（２３±０．５）℃下发育,棘腹蛙的胚胎发育从人工授精开始到蝌蚪的鳃盖完全闭合需要２６１ｈ;以胚胎形态变化和主要生理特征的出现为基础,该蛙早期胚胎发育可分为２５个时期．棘腹蛙发育过程中的形态特征和其它无尾两栖类相似,但在某些方面也呈现出与适应山地溪流环境有关的一些特点．     

湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区棘腹蛙种群初探

2004年5～10月,在湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区,采用标志-重捕法对棘腹蛙种群进行了初步的研究.结果发现,棘腹蛙种群在一年之内的种群变化呈“∧”形,即从出蛰到繁殖高峰期呈上升趋势;高峰期后由于气温、人类的捕捉、洪水等的影响呈下降趋势,同时分析了种群数与海拔、生境等因素的关系.     

棘复蛙肌肉营养成份与能量含量

我们在棘腹蛙能流模型及人工繁殖技术研究中,对其营养成份及含肉率进行了初步研究。 材料 棘腹蛙幼娃和成蛙,均来自湘西的溪流中。 方法 1.将12只活蛙擦干称重后处死,除去皮肤与内脏,然后分成头、躯干、前肢和后肢等部分,并除去非肌肉质后称重,得各部分的肌肉含量。2.用索氏提取法测定脂肪含量,用微量凯氏定氮法测定蛋白质含量。3.用日立835—50型氨基酸分析仪测定肌肉蛋白质的各种氨基酸含量。4.用GR3500-B1微电脑热量计测定肌肉的能量含量。     

棘胸蛙的生态习性与人工养殖方法

本文根据我们在福建省邵武市将石自然保护区开展棘胸蛙人工养殖研究过程中多次野外调查结合人工养殖条件下的观察所获得的第一手材料,对棘胸蛙的生态习性从栖息环境、生活习性和天敌等三方面作一补充报道,并着重从准备工作、饲养管理工作和繁殖管理工作等三方面,介绍我们养殖棘胸蛙获得初步成功的经验与方法.     

猕猴桃种质资源保存及育种研究

收集保存猕猴桃属植物３５种或变种、变型,并将它们分为抗寒?喜凉、喜温３种类型。从保存的中华猕猴桃优株中系统选育出“武植２号”、“武植３号”２个优良品种。以中华猕猴桃为母本,毛花猕猴桃为父本进行种间杂交,从杂种Ｆ１代中培养出“江山娇”、“满天星”、“重瓣”３个具有园艺观赏价值的优良株系。这些研究工作为猕猴桃种质资源的保存及新品种的培育奠定了工作基础。     

Comparing strategies to preserve evolutionary diversity

The likely future extinction of various species will result in a decline of two quantities: species richness and phylogenetic diversity (PD, or ‘evolutionary history’). Under a simple stochastic model of extinction, we can estimate the expected loss of these quantities under two conservation strategies: An ‘egalitarian’ approach, which reduces the extinction risk of all species, and a ‘targeted’ approach that concentrates conservation effort on the most endangered taxa. For two such strategies that are constrained to experience the same expected loss of species richness, we ask which strategy results in a greater expected loss of PD. Using mathematical analysis and simulation, we describe how the strategy (egalitarian versus targeted) that minimizes the expected loss of PD depends on the distribution of endangered status across the tips of the tree, and the interaction of this status with the branch lengths. For a particular data set consisting of a phylogenetic tree of 62 lemur species, with extinction risks estimated from the IUCN ‘Red List’, we show that both strategies are virtually equivalent, though randomizing these extinction risks across the tip taxa can cause either strategy to outperform the other. In the second part of the paper, we describe an algorithm to determine how extreme the loss of PD for a given decline in species richness can be. We illustrate the use of this algorithm on the lemur tree.     

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE BREEDING BEHAVIOUR OF LABEO UMBRATUS (SMITH) (PISCES: CYPRINIDAE)

SUMMARY

Breeding behaviour of Labeo umbratus was observed in the Modder River, Orange Free State, and ova were collected from below the site and hatched. Fry were reared for 12 months to confirm the identification of the ova collected. The behaviour of spawning fish and the oviposition site are described.     

Cage restraints for rhinoceroses

Captive breeding programs for the rhinoceros can be enhanced by studying their reproductive physiology. To do so requires repetitive manipulations under physically controlled circumstances. To facilitate these procedures, zoos throughout the world have constructed restraint devices, or chutes. Chute designs are usually determined by the space in which they are to be situated and the budget available for their construction. In this study, eight chute designs at seven institutions were compared for efficiency in controlling rhinoceroses during ultrasonography, semen collection, and blood sampling. Procedures were conducted on 16 rhinoceroses of four species: the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum), the black (Diceros bicornis), the greater one-horned Asian (Rhinoceros unicornis), and the Sumatran (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis). Chutes were evaluated for dimensions, fabricating materials, procedures to be attempted, and structural features such as shoulder restraints. Permanent, indoor, side-adjustable, pass-through chutes were determined to be the most efficient and convenient type because they saved time and reduced stress on the animals. Zoo Biol 17:343–359, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

MATLAB 7.X生物信息工具箱的应用--系统发生分析(五)

MATLAB 7.X生物信息工具箱为广大用户提供了一个用于系统发生分析的综合环境,它能利用数据库资源,方便获取DNA/蛋白质序列数据,所有操作简单高效,结果可视化程度高。在工具箱提供的开放环境里,用户还可以根据自己的目标来设计和利用分析工具。本文介绍MATLAB7.X生物信息工具箱在构建系统发生树方面的应用,以人科线粒体基因序列作为分子标记构建一株人科系统发生树为例,说明在MATLAB环境下对系统发生树的分析和处理。     

Crane reproductive physiology and conservation

Some unique features of crane reproduction, management, and conservation are described. Because cranes are sexually monomorphic, sexing is difficult and must be accomplished using behavior, laparoscopy, cloacal examination, genetic techniques, or fecal steroid analysis. Although husbandry techniques for cranes are similar to those used with other nondomestic birds, a number of basic characteristics, such as extreme aggressiveness, imprinting by the crane chick on man, a delayed molt in the immature crane, delayed sexual maturity, and infertility, pose special problems for the propagator. Artificial insemination is a practical solution to crane infertility. Vigorous captive management and propagation efforts must become increasingly important if several endangered crane species are to survive the continuing decline in wild populations. The ultimate goal is the restoration of suitable habitat and sustainable native populations.     

Allocation from capital and income sources to reproduction shift from first to second clutch in the flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis

Understanding how resources are allocated between survival and reproduction is fundamental to the study of the evolution of life histories. Reproductive resources can come from two intrinsic resource pools, stored reserves (capital) acquired before reproduction or income acquired during reproduction. The variety of reproductive strategies in insects is remarkable and reproductive allocation encompasses the complete range of allocation strategies from pure capital breeders to pure income breeders. However, most organisms probably use a blend of capital and income and this blend is likely dynamic, changing between reproductive bouts in response to internal and external conditions. We used stable isotopes to quantify the allocation of capital and income resources to reproduction in the flesh fly, Sarcopha crassipalpis and assessed how allocation patterns change over multiple bouts of reproduction. Sarcophaga crassipalpis shifts from a slight investment of capital in the first clutch to an almost pure income breeder in the second clutch. We discuss the relationship between activity and allocation, and the potential for this system to understand how allocation patterns change in response to environmental stress.     

Population ecology of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) at Nanwan Nature Reserve,Hainan, China

Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) at the Nanwan peninsula of Hainan Island, China, have been observed in the field for 25 years, and have been studied intensively for eight years, beginning in 1981. There were about 115 monkeys in 5 natural groups when the Nanwan Reserve was founded in 1965. From 1965 to 1984, the number of groups increased from 5 to 19, and the total population increased from 115 to 930 individuals, an annual population increase of 12.7%. From 1984 to 1987, the population continued a slower rate of increase (8.9%) to approximately 1200 monkeys in 20 groups. The home ranges of each monkey group at Nanwan varied from 0.16 to 0.72 km², with a mean and standard deviation of 0.37 ± 0.18. The size of the home range of the rhesus was affected by the quality of vegetation and rhesus population density. The average birth rate per year was 77.8 ± 13.9%, varying from 53.8% to 100% since 1978. From 1978, the birth rates of two food provisioned groups were higher in alternate years (x? = 91.7%) and lower in intervening years (x? = 68.8%; P = <0.01). A minority (26.5%) of females have given birth at 4 years of age, most at 5 years. The sex ratio of newborns in any one year varied from 0.3 to 3.5 males to females, with a mean and standard error of 1.09 ± 0.37 males to females.