木立芦荟叶内维管束发育过程的研究

采用半薄切片和组织化学方法研究了木立芦荟（Aloe arhorescetzs）叶内维管束的发育过程,并着重于维管束鞘细胞和芦荟素细胞的来源及组织类型。结果表明：维管束由原形成层发育而来,但在分化原生韧皮部筛管时,其外侧仍保留一层原形成层细胞,以后分裂、增大成为特殊的大型薄壁细胞（芦荟素细胞）,芦荟索细胞啦属于韧皮部的一部分。而维管束鞘细胞则来源于基本分生组织,属于基本组织的范畴,与维管束不同源。     

植物激素对几种禾本科植物外植体的胚胎发生及形态发生途径的影响(简报)

2,4-D对胚胎发生起着关键的作用;单独使用细胞分裂素时,外植体不能脱分化,与2,4-D配合时,抑制双穗雀稗外植体愈伤组织的诱导,而1～5mg/L的2,4-D对苏丹草有促进影响:马唐对其不敏感。细胞分裂素与2,4-D配合使用,对苏丹草胚状体的分化亦有显著的促进效果。     

杨树叶薄层培养中不定芽形态发生的细胞组织学研究

将杂种杨树(Populus nigra var.betulifolia×P.trichocarpe)NE299叶主脉用振动切片机横切成400μm或800μm的薄切片,培养在附加0.2mg/L BA和0.01mg/L NAA的木本植物培养基上。培养后,位于主脉维管束两侧中上部的维管束鞘薄壁细胞首先启动分裂。几乎同时,与其邻接的一些栅栏组织细胞也分裂,并很快形成胚性分生细胞团。主脉的愈伤组织主要由维管束鞘薄壁细胞,以及与其邻接的一些栅栏组织细胞和韧皮部的薄壁细胞分裂而来。不定芽通常发生在愈伤组织的周边区,也可以起源于维管组织结节(vascular nodules)周围的形成层状细胞。侧脉的维管束鞘细胞分裂活动很强,可不经愈伤组织直接长成不定芽。杨树叶主脉处的维管束鞘薄壁细胞在与叶肉组织相邻接的细胞中,通常含有少量较小的叶绿体,而位于背腹面的细胞中含有贮藏的淀粉。对形态发生的特定部位及其细胞进行了讨论。     

西瓜小叶脉超微结构研究

用透射电子显微技术研究了西瓜叶片小叶脉,结果表明,小叶脉是由大型维管束鞘细胞包围的维管束,维管束呈现大的头部和线形的柄部,柄部是单列细胞的木质部,由维管薄壁细胞和导管分子组成;头部是韧皮部,由维管薄壁细胞、伴胞和筛管分子组成。同一小叶脉内常见有超微结构特征显著不同的两种伴胞：一种伴胞体积小,与维管束鞘细胞接触面较小或不接触,细胞内有大液泡,细胞壁上没有胞间连丝或只有少数不分枝的胞间连丝,这种伴胞为2a型;另一种伴胞体积大,通常位于韧皮部两翼,不含大液泡而含大量小泡,与维管束鞘细胞接触面较大,接触面上有大量具分枝的胞间连丝,分枝部分比未分枝部分直径小,这种伴胞为中间细胞类型。显然,西瓜是小叶脉内兼具两种类型伴胞的植物。     

西瓜小叶脉超微结构研究

用透射电子显微技术研究了西瓜叶片小叶脉,结果表明,小叶脉是由大型维管束鞘细胞包围的维管束,维管束呈现大的头部和线形的柄部,柄部是单列细胞的木质部,由维管薄壁细胞和导管分子组成;头部是韧皮部,由维管薄壁细胞、伴胞和筛管分子组成。同一小叶脉内常见有超微结构特征显著不同的两种伴胞:一种伴胞体积小,与维管束鞘细胞接触面较小或不接触,细胞内有大液泡,细胞壁上没有胞间连丝或只有少数不分枝的胞间连丝,这种伴胞为2a型;另一种伴胞体积大,通常位于韧皮部两翼,不含大液泡而含大量小泡,与维管束鞘细胞接触面较大,接触面上有大量具分枝的胞间连丝,分枝部分比未分枝部分直径小,这种伴胞为中间细胞类型。显然,西瓜是小叶脉内兼具两种类型伴胞的植物。     

蓝莓离体叶片胚状体高效发生及其组织学观察

以高灌蓝莓试管苗叶片为外植体、以改良WPM为基本培养基,研究了外源激素TDZ、ZT及其组合对离体叶片胚状体发生的影响,同时也探讨了蔗糖浓度、水解酪蛋白、椰汁等对胚状体发生、丛芽形成的影响.结果表明:不同浓度的外源激素TDZ、ZT及其组合对胚状体的发生频率、丛芽的形成和生长起重要作用;蔗糖浓度对胚状体的发生及丛芽的生长影响较大,而添加有机质则对胚状体的发生及丛芽的生长没有明显影响.适合高灌蓝莓叶片胚状体发生及成苗的培养基为WPM TDZ 0.04 mg/L ZT 0.25～2.0 mg/L 蔗糖20～40 g/L,而培养基WPM ZT 0.5～1.0 mg/L 蔗糖20 g/L适合于丛芽继代生长.组织学观察表明,蓝莓叶片胚状体发生主要起源于叶上表皮细胞和部分叶肉细胞,可能为多细胞起源,历经多细胞原胚、原球胚、梨形胚、心形胚、子叶胚等发育阶段,并能直接发育成苗.     

屋顶长生草叶的解剖结构及其离体培养形态发生的研究

对屋顶长生草叶的解剖结构及其在离体培养条件下形态发生过程进行了研究。结果表明,屋顶长生草的叶具有肉质旱生植物叶的特点,表皮细胞外有角质层,叶有较密的腺毛分布,气孔器由两个肾形的保卫细胞和两个镰刀形的护卫细胞组成;叶肉细胞没有栅栏组织与海绵组织之分,细胞比较大,有贮水作用;维管束平行排列,导管和筛管分子都很小,为一圈维管束鞘所包围。屋顶长生草叶片离体培养形态发生途径主要有两种:一种是由外植体直接产生不定芽(器官型)途径;另一种是叶肉细胞脱分化成胚性细胞,经胚性细胞团形成愈伤组织,再分化产生芽、根等器官(器官发生型),芽分化为内起源。     

甘蔗叶不同部位ATP酶活性细胞化学定位

甘蔗叶片,叶鞘和肥厚带韧皮部 ATP 酶活性定位于筛管、伴胞的质膜、内质网和某些伴胞细胞基质、小囊泡和发育成熟的液泡上;叶片韧皮部薄壁细胞、厚壁细胞和厚壁通道细胞质膜及小囊泡中亦显示有 ATP 水解产物;维管束鞘细咆与厚壁细胞或厚壁通道细胞所构成的细胞间隙上也存在有 ATP 酶活性反应产物沉淀。甘蔗叶片大、中、小三种维管束,从小维管束到大维管束,面向细胞间隙的细胞表面上的 ATP 酶活性逐渐增强,而维管束鞘细胞质膜上的 ATP 酶活性则趋于减弱;同一维管束内则以韧皮部细胞的 ATP 酶活性最强。维管束鞘细胞与叶肉细胞之间存在很多的胞间连丝,并表现出高的 ATP 酶活性。讨论了 ATP 酶活性的分布状态与叶肉细胞的光合产物向韧皮部运输的关系。     

黄瓜成熟胚离体培养中的胚状体诱导和植株再生（简报）

以10个黄瓜品种为材料,取成熟胚外植体先经MS 2,4—D 1.0mg/L(单位下同) KT0.5诱导后转入MS IAA 0.1 KT0.5上分化,胚状体发生频率高并有植株再生。材料的基因型差异显著,“农大春光”分化率最高(40％)。双层培养有效地促进畸形胚状体的正常发育,5％蔗糖和1.0mg/L ABA促进胚性愈伤组织的继代增殖和胚性保持。     

水稻愈伤组织内部胚性细胞的形成及发育

发育成胚状体的水稻愈伤组织表面胚性细胞,在继代过程中被非胚性细所包围,渐渐形成内部胚性细胞。共形态结构与表面胚性细胞相同,但周围缺乏表面细胞下面的一层至几层含丰富的淀粉粒的细胞,内部胚性细胞形成团后行然以外形成突起,产生根冠原,逐渐形成根而突出愈伤组织,内部胚性细胞可向四周同时但不同步形成根冠原,未见芽或胚状体从内部胚性细胞产生,推测胚性愈伤组织失支胚胎发生能力及分化能力可能部分与胚性细胞部分裂或分裂不旺盛、,而非胚性细胞分旺盛从而使胚性细胞被包围,。稀释有关。     

Cellular changes in early development of regenerating thin cell layer-explants of rapeseed analyzed by light and electron microscopy

Cellular changes in thin cell layer (TCL) explants of stem origin of Brassica napus L. cv. Vega were studied from 0 to 15 day by light and transmission electron microscopy. Apical and basal ends of the old explants were analysed separately. Quantitative and qualitative analyses showed that during the first culture day the parenchyma cells enlarged significantly as did the cytoplasm/vacuole ratio. The cytoplasm contained increased rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), polysomes and dictyosomes associated with both coated and uncoated vesicles. The cell enlargement continued during the first 5 days of culture. The structural organization of the cell wall became somewhat loose and inhomogeneous. Parenchyma in the basal end divided frequently, resulting in several centres of division, while cell division in apical cells was less frequent and cells there remained enlarged. Starch accumulation started on the first day and increased until the third day. i. e. until cell divisions became more frequent. The starch content of dividing cells gradually decreased and starch was almost totally lacking in 15-day-old explants. Starch grains remained numerous, however, in the large non-dividing apical cells, except in those cells adjacent to the medium. Cell divisions started close to medium in explants containing vascular tissue, but closer to the epidermis in the explants without vascular tissue.
The results show how rapid (one day) striking changes in the cells take place and suggest that optimal hormone concentration and intertissue relations between epidermis and parenchyma and between parenchyma and vascular tissues as well as intercellular relations among parenchyma cells determine the first cell division sites and planes in the explants. Although the cells change from elongated to spheroid, their original polarity remains as evidenced by the formation of more numerous basal shoot primordia than in apical shoot primordia.     

Histo-Cytological Observations on Callus and Bud Formation in Cultures of Nicotiana tabacum L.

Leaf explants of tobacco were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/ l NAA and 0.5 mg/l BA for induction of callus formation, or supplemented with 2 mg/l BA for bud formation. Histocytological observations on callus and bud formation were carried out. Three days after cultivation, mesophyll cells enlarged, the nuclei became more apparent and dark stained, and starch accumulated in the cells. Cell divisions began in the mesophyll cells at the cut ends, in the palisade cells near the vascular bundles and in the vascular parenchyma. Mitotic activity then spreaded over tbc explants, and was most active at the edges of leaf explants. Regular rows of cells appeared as a result of series of transverse divisions in the palisade. The number of chloroplast in the mesophyll cells decreased and degenerated gradually. A number of meristemoids ware initiated in the cultured leaf explants after 7 days of cultivation. They were originated from two kinds of tissues, the mesophyll and vascular bundle, including the phloem parenchyma and vascular sheath. On the medium with NAA and BA, callus formation was induced with vigorous divisions, whereas bud primordia were differentiated from the meristomoids on the medimn with 2 mg/l BA. The buds were developed from both the superficial meristemoids and the meristematic regions deep within the callused leaf explants. The accumulated starch in the cells gradually disappeared as bud formation proceeded.     

STUDIES ON THE ROOT OF HORDEUM VULGARE L.– ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE SEMINAL ROOT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PHLOEM

Seminal root tissue of Hordeum vulgare L. var. Barsoy was fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide and studied with the light and electron microscopes. The roots consist of an epidermis, 6–7 layers of cortical cells, a uniseriate endodermis and a central vascular cylinder. Cytologically, the cortical and endodermal cells are similar except for the presence of tubular-like invaginations of the plasmalemma, especially near the plasmodesmata, in the former. The vascular cylinder consists of a uniseriate pericycle surrounding 6–9 phloem strands occurring on alternating radii with an equal number of xylem bundles. The center of the root contains a single, late maturing metaxylem vessel element. Each phloem strand consists of one protophloem sieve element, two companion cells and 1–3 metaphloem sieve elements. The protophloem element and companion cells are contiguous with the pericycle. Metaphloem sieve elements are contiguous with companion cells and are separated from tracheary elements by xylem parenchyma cells. The protoplasts of contiguous cells of the root are joined by various numbers of cytoplasmic connections. With the exception of the pore-plasmodesmata connections between sieve-tube members and parenchymatic elements, the plasmodesmata between various cell types are similar in structure. The distribution of plasmodesmata supports a symplastic pathway for organic solute unloading and transport from the phloem to the cortex. Based on the arrangement of cell types and plasmodesmatal frequencies between various cell types of the root, the major symplastic pathway from sieve elements to cortex appears to be via the companion and xylem parenchyma cells.     

Origin of somatic embryos from cultured shoot tips ofSorghum bicolor (L.) moench

Summary Histologic examination of shoot-tip explants, 1 wk after culture initiation on Murashige and Skoog medium with 2.5 mg/liter 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.05 mg/liter kinetin, reveals active meristematic centers inside cultured tissue. Clusters of cells in these meristematic centers exhibit remarkable resemblance to the initial three divisions in the zygotic embryo. Several such meristematic groups of cells are observed in the cultured explant at this stage. Embryogenesis is obviously initiated very early in this tissue in the presence of 2,4-D. A well-defined, white globular embryogenic callus develops in culture in about 4 wk, and it consists of clusters of embryoids with large cells characterized by thick cell walls, numerous lipoidal vesicles, and localized areas of carbohydrate storage. These cells resemble the scutellar tissue of the embryo. However, there are cells within this tissue that themselves appear embryogenic. They undergo cell division giving rise to small clusters of cells. As long as 2,4-D is present in the medium, the cells apparently retain the capacity to proliferate and to produce more cells capable of embryogenesis. Embryogenesis seems to occur via two processes, initiation of somatic embryos early in culture and secondary embryogensis from the scutellar tissue that forms in vitro.     

STRUCTURE OF THE LEAF OF PYROSSIA LONGIFOLIA—A FERN EXHIBITING CRASSULACEAN ACID METABOLISM

The leaf of Pyrossia longifolia (Burm.) Morton, an epiphytic fern known to exhibit CAM, was examined by light and electron microscopy. The relatively thick leaf contains a single-layered epidermis, “water-storage” tissue, and a reticulate vascular system embedded in mesophyll tissue not differentiated into palisade and spongy layers. Mesophyll is composed of large, slightly elongate cells each with a thin, parietal layer of cytoplasm and a large central vacuole. The chloroplast-microbody ratio in mesophyll cells indicates that Pyrossia may be a high photorespirer and thus similar in that sense to C₃ plants. Mesophyll is separated from the vascular tissue by a tightly-arranged layer of endodermal cells with Casparian strips. The inner layer of mesophyll cells and the endodermal cells lack suberin lamellae. The collateral veins contain sieve elements, tracheary elements, pericycle and vascular parenchyma cells, the latter conspicuously larger than the sieve elements. The vascular parenchyma is the only cell type in the leaf which contains plastids with a peripheral reticulum. The parenchymatic elements of the leaf are connected by plasmodesmata, all of which lack neck constrictions and sphincters, or sphincter-like structures. The connections between sieve elements and adjacent parenchymatic elements are pore-plasmodesmata characterized by prominent wall thickenings on the parenchymatic-element side of the wall. The distribution and relative frequencies of plasmodesmata between the various cell types of the leaf indicate photoassimilates may move either symplastically or by a combination of symplast and apoplast from the mesophyll to the site of phloem loading in the veins.     

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE SUBGLANDULAR CELLS FROM THE FOLIAR NECTARIES OF COTTON IN RELATION TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF PLASMODESMATA AND THE SYMPLASTIC TRANSPORT OF NECTAR

Foliar nectaries on the midveins of 7-cm leaves from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L., cv. Stoneville 213) were examined by light and electron microscopy. The nectaries consist of external multicellular papillae and internal subglandular tissue that extends from the bases of the papillae to the vascular tissue of the midveins. The subglandular tissue is composed of small parenchyma cells; it does not contain sieve elements or xylem vessels. The parenchyma cells are rich in mitochondria, and their walls contain numerous pit fields having a high concentration of plasmodesmata. The absence of vascular tissue and the significance of the pit fields in the subglandular tissue are discussed in relation to symplastic transport of nectar secretions.     

何首乌体细胞胚的诱导及植株再生研究

以何首乌茎尖、茎段为外植体,经体细胞胚发生途径,进行胚性愈伤组织诱导、体细胞胚的诱导、植株再生的研究.并采用临时压片法对体细胞胚的发育过程进行观察.结果表明愈伤组织诱导最适培养基为Ms＋6-BA 2.0 mg/L＋NAA 0.5 mg/L,体细胞胚诱导最适培养基为MS＋6-BA 1.0 mg/L＋NAA 0.2 mg/L.将产生的体细胞胚首先接种于MS基本培养基使其充分发育后转入MS＋6-BA 2.0 mg/L培养基中诱导出芽,出芽率高于直接采用Ms＋6-BA 2.0 mg/L培养基诱导.体细胞胚的发育过程是首先在愈伤组织表面形成许多瘤状突起即胚性细胞团,胚性细胞团继续发育成球形胚、盾形胚,球形胚、盾形胚成熟后发育成植株.     

COMPARATIVE LEAF STRUCTURE OF SEVERAL SPECIES OF HOMOSPOROUS LEPTOSPORANGIATE FERNS

The structure of the mature leaves of 13 species from 9 families of homosporous leptosporangiate ferns was examined by light and electron microscopy. In 11 species (Adiantum pedatum L., Athyrium angustum Roth., Cyathea dregei Sm., Lygodium palmatum Sw., Mohria caffrorum (L.) Desv., Oleandra distenta Kuntae, Pellaea calomelanos (Sw.) Link, Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link var. austro-americana (Domn.) Farw., Trichomanes melanotrichum Schlechtend., Vittaria guineensis Desv., and Woodwardia orientalis Sw.) the lamina veins are collateral; in two (Phlebodium aureum and Platycerium bifurcatum), bicollateral as well as collateral veins are present. The vascular bundles in the midribs of C. dregei and those in the petioles and midribs of Phlebodium and Platycerium are concentric. All of the vascular bundles in the homosporous leptosporangiate ferns studied are delimited by a tightly arranged cylinder of endodermal cells with Casparian strips. Within the veins without parenchymatic xylem sheaths, some sieve elements commonly abut tracheary elements with hydrolyzed primary walls. The majority of vascular parenchyma cells contact both sieve elements and tracheary elements, although some parenchyma cells are associated with only one type of conducting cell. Transfer cells (parenchyma cells with wall ingrowths) occur in the veins of 6 species examined. Most of the vascular parenchyma cells, however, have no distinctive structural characteristics. The sieve elements of the homosporous leptosporangiate ferns are very similar structurally and each consists of a plasmalemma, a parietal, anastomosing network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and variable numbers of refractive spherules, plastids and mitochondria. The sieve elements of L. palmatum also contain plasmalemma tubules. The parenchymatic cells of the leaf (mesophyll, endodermal and vascular parenchyma cells) are united by desmotubule-containing plasmodesmata. The sieve elements are connected to each other by sieve pores and to parenchymatic cells by pore-plasmodesma connections. The sieve-area pores contain variable amounts of membranous material, apparently ER membranes, but do not occlude them. These membranes commonly are found in continuity with the parietal ER of the lumen. Based upon the relative frequencies of cytoplasmic connections between cell types, the photosynthates may move from the mesophyll to the site of phloem loading via somewhat different pathways in different species of homosporous leptosporangiate ferns.     

蛇床幼茎离体培养中体细胞胚胎形成的观察

蛇床幼茎外植体经诱导产生了愈伤组织。在ＭＳ＋２,４－Ｄ,０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＺＴ０．４ｍｇ／Ｌ培养基中,愈伤组织转变成胚性愈伤组织。转入ＭＳ＋ＮＡＡ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＺＴ０．８ｍｇ／Ｌ培养基以后,胚性愈伤组织分化出体细胞胚胎。体细胞胚胎在ＭＳ＋ＮＡＡ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ培养基中可直接发育成为完整植析。显微观察表明,体细胞胚胎产生于愈伤组织的表层细胞或内部细胞。在鱼雷胚期已有螺纹导管的分化。子叶期的维管组织从两     

Initiation of dedifferentiation and structural changes in in vitro cultured petiole of Arabidopsis thaliana

Although the method of tissue culturing has been used widely in practice for a long time, and there are numerous hypotheses to explain the dedifferentiation phenomenon in the tissue culturing, many details of mechanism of dedifferentiation remain unclear. In the study, dedifferentiation process is initiated in the residual procambium, followed by the procambium-derived cells and finally xylem parenchyma cells under the culturing of Arabidopsis thaliana petiole explants. The procambium may induce its derivative cells to undergo dedifferentiation, which in turn induce the xylem parenchyma cells to dedifferentiate. This phenomenon is very similar to the activity of interfascicular cambium induced by intrafascicular cambium in secondary growth of plant stems. In the present study, only the paired procambium-derived cells and xylem parenchyma truly underwent dedifferentiation, whereas the initial changes in the procambium simply recovered the inherent meristematic capacity of those cells. In transverse section of petiole of A. thaliana, parenchyma cells outside the vascular bundle did not participate in dedifferentiation and gradually disintegrated under the culture conditions. Obviously, the time for initiation and difficulty underlain for undergoing dedifferentiation are dependent on the differential degree and location of parenchyma cells in the petiole.