Etude preliminaire de stades de la méiose humaine dans les spermatocytes et les ovocytes

Summary Human meiotic chromosomes, from spermatocytes and ovocytes, are described after observations of whole mount preparations under E.M. Small testicular and ovarian fragments are put in distillated water, then macerated; the cell suspension is spread on the surface of sheet copper grids covered with formvar plus collodion films. After dehydratation interesting stages are selected under L.M. before observations under E.M.Zygotene and pachytene are the most common stages. During pachytene the chromomeres are well individualized; the synaptonemal complex may be observed; chromatin fibers connect the chromosomes to nuclear pores, interchromosomal fibers joint the bivalents. Zygotene and pachytene bivalents are very similar in the male and the feminine germ cells.     

Sur l'accumulation de nickel et de cobalt par les Charaées

Chara vulgaris was cultivated in a natural medium containing nickel and cobalt chloride.Growth increased in a culture solution containing Ni and Co in small amounts. Tissue analysis showed that the levels of Ni and Co in the dry matter were high. The two ions are found here as insoluble compounds, which explains why Chara vulgaris is an organism resistant to metal pollution.Université de Dijon, Laboratoire de Nutrition minérale des Végétaux     

L'escargot ou les difficultés de l'hermaphrodisme

Summary

The article summarizes the research carried out in Besançon on the stylommatophoran snail Helix aspersa, a pulmonate gastropod mollusc.

The influence that external factors like photoperiod and temperature have on growth and reproduction was studied in this animal. The obtained results made possible a great development of snail breeding.

The potentialities of the hermaphroditism emerge from the observations made on the ovotestis: differentiation and development of the different cell types, presence of fibronectin, richness in neuropeptides, existence of male and female steroids, vitellogenesis processes.

In vivo experiments as well as in vitro cultures demonstrated the involvement of the cerebral complex in the control of reproduction. The dorsal bodies (DB)—(it consists of scattered cells)—stimulate the growth of the oocytes. The DB are under an inhibitory nervous control of the cerebral green cells (CGC); the FMRF-amide might be involved in this process.

A map of the neurons of the cerebral complex has been prepared. It shows the presence and the diversity of neuropeptides. Attention was focused on met-enkephalin and somatostatin. This later peptide seems to be involved in the shell growth. The active molecule, which was isolated from hemolymph and digestive gland is structurally quite similar to vertebrate somatostatin.

The results are compared with those obtained in other molluscs, especially in basommatophora. They reveal that the biological phenomena observed in the snail model are included in the fundamental processes, known in other invertebrates or vertebrates.     

Émission de rayonnement par les œufs de Discoglosse en cours de développement

Sans résumé     

Réseaux de grains cytoplasmiques dans les cellules de l'organe de Bidder chez Bufo bufo L.

Résumé Les cellules de l'organe de Bidder, observées à l'aide du microscope électronique, contiennent dans leur cytoplasme des structures granulaires qui sont inconnues dans les ovocytes des ovaires d'Amphibiens. Ces structures sont formées de grains disposés concentriquement autour de vésicules allongées du réticulum lisse. Les grains, chacun de 140 Å, sont reliés entre eux par des fibrilles dans des plans circulaires et superposés, formant ainsi des réseaux cylindriques ou fusiformes. Ces réseaux peuvent être rassemblés et orientés pour constituer des faisceaux. Ils peuvent perdre le reticulum qui axe leur structure et fusionner, tandis que les grains s'associent étroitement et prennent l'aspect de fibres. Ils peuvent aussi être associés avec un matériel dense et amorphe, qui ressemble au ciment intermitochondrial. L'hypothèse d'une organisation de ribosomes est discutée.

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Granular networks in the cells of Bidder's organ in Bufo bufo L.

Summary The cells of the Bidder's organ, observed with the electron microscope, reveal in their cytoplasm granular structures unknown in Amphibian oocytes. These structures are formed of granules concentrically organized around lengthened vesicles of smooth reticulum. The granules, each about 140 Å, are linked to each other by fibrils in circular and superposed planes constituting cylindrical or spindle-shaped networks. These networks may be rassembled and directed in a way to constitute fasciculi. They may lose the reticulum which support their structure and blend into one another, while the granules closely associate each other and take the appearance of fibers. They may be connected with a dense and amorph material, which looks like intermitochondrial cement. The hypothesis about an organisation of ribosomes is discussed.

     

Excrétion de phosphatase acide par les cellules mucipares de la branchie de Mytilus edulis L.

Résumé Dans toutes les cellules mucipares de la branchie de Mytilus edulis L., quelques grains de secretion montrent une activité phosphatasique acide, décelée par la méthode cytochimique de Gomori appliquée au microscope électronique. A la proximité de ces grains se trouvent des dictyosomes golgiens où une activité phosphatasique se décèle dans les parties latérales des cisternes et dans les vésicules qui en émanent. Au moment de l'excrétion, tous les grains de sécrétion confluent et la phosphatase acide active est incluse dans l'amas de mucus expulsé dans la cavité palléale. Le rôle digestif de ces amas — et non purement mécanique — peut ainsi être considéré comme hautement probable. De telles manifestations enzymatiques sont totalement absentes dans le tapis muqueux ainsi que dans les cellules qui le constituent.

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Excretion of acidic phosphatase by the goblet-cells of the gill of Mytilus edulis L.An electron microscopic study

Summary Acidic phosphatase activity detected by the Gomori method applied to E.M., has been found in a few secretion granules of each goblet cell of the gill of Mytilus edulis L. In the close proximity of those granules golgian dictyosomes always occur, with acidic phosphatase activity in the lateral parts of the cisternae and in the vesicles arising from the latter. When the mucus is extruded, active and non active secretion granules are mixed and thus, acidic phosphatase activity is regularly found in the mucous tufts extruded into the palleal cavity. Therefore the digestive role — and not merely mechanic — of the mucous tufts may be considered as highly probable. Conversely, the secretion granules from which arises the continuous mucous cover of the epithelium and this cover also, are entirely devoid of any acidic phosphatase activity.

     

Essai d'application de certains modèles cybernétiques a la coordination chez les insectes sociaux

Conclusions Il n'est pas impossible, en toute première approximation, d'assimiler une société d'insectes à un système multistable (Ashby) et les individus qui la composent à un ensemble d'organes de base (von Neuman).Ce sont là, en effet, deux façons de raisonner qui permettent de retrouver par la théorie de nombreauses formes de comportement observées dans la nature et, surtout, d'aborder de manières complémentaires l'important problème des interactions sociales et de la transmission de l'information entre insectes sociaux.Il est clair, à la lumière des travaux d'Ashby, qu'un certain bruit de fond est nécessaire à l'intérieur d'une société d'insectes, afin de réaliser l'indépendance relative des différents sous-systèmes, dont l'ensemble est susceptible de s'adapter, dans des délais convenables, à toute modification d'environnement. Quant aux théories devon Neuman, elles permettent de comprendre comment l'existence de ce bruit de fond, si elle est cause du caractère aléatoire et plus ou moins incorrect de la transmission de l'information, n'entrave pas pour autant le fonctionnement correct et fidèle de l'ensemble de la société.Il est, par ailleurs, curieux de constater que l'étude des systèmes cybernétiques auxquels nous nous sommes constamment référé ici,visait à l'origine la mise en évidence des analogies qu'ils présentent avec le cerveau. Or, si l'on veut bien admettre le bien-fondé des considérations développées dans cet article, il existe des rapports relativement étroits entre ces systèmes et ceux que constituent les insectes sociaux. Il semble, dès lors, que l'application de la cybernétique à l'étude des sociétés d'insectes constitue une méthode d'investigation qui devrait se révéler fructueuse et conduire, en particulier, à un renouveau de la théorie du superorganisme.     

Incorporation de glycine-3H chez les glandes pétiolaires de Mercurialis annua L.

Summary Isolated young leaves of Mercurialis annua L. are successively fed with solutions of tritiated glycine and cold glycine. A radioautographic study of the cells of the petiolary glands shows sites of synthesis and translocation of proteins. Synthesis takes place in mitochondria, plastids, nucleus and ergastoplasm, including a very important part of the latter which contains big inclusions partly formed from proteins. Then, while mitochondria, plastids and nucleus remain radioactive, the newly formed proteins of the ergastoplasm successively pass to golgi bodies and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, to membranous whorls (myelin figures) and finally to external secretions. Since we know that golgi bodies contain polysaccharides, a role of these organelles might be to bind the newly formed proteins to these polysaccharides.

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Ce travail fait partie d'une thèse de doctorat d'Etat sur la cyto-physiologie des nectaires.     

Le Paléolithique supérieur du plateau de Musashino et les hauteurs de Tama aux alentours de Tokyo

The Upper Paleolithic at the region of Tokyo that itself called also the Japanese Preceramic age that possesses a large number of excavations and those studies during the dawn of Paleolithic study in this country. The Preceramic age or the Upper Paleolithic has been raised the curtain by the discovery of a piece in obsidian, in 1949, in the loam of Kantô, at Iwajyuku site. We explain above, on the stratigraphy, the chronology and the situation and the evolution of site around Tokyo. It is a region to the highest density of the Upper Paleolithic sites in the archipelago of Japan and the systematic excavation according to the stratigraphy of loam formation has been done for the first time in the country. The authentic chronology has been proposed to the years 60s that based on the discovered lithic industries on the plateau of Sagamino and Musashino. This chronology was used for a long time that it made a role like a norm for the whole country. Not only, after again an accumulation of the research until the present, we understand the different periodic activities between the Tama hills, the plateau of Musashino, the plateau of Sagamino, the North of Kantô district and the plateau of Simôssa. Of course, there is a complex circumstance that the apparition and the disappearance of various types of lithic instruments are different, and every type tools are not universal around Tokyo area, in the district of Kantô. The final of Upper Paleolithic on the archipelago of Japan divides extensively in two parts East-west that the East of Japan is characterized by the well-organized aspect microlithic tendency and the west is characterized by the trend of microlite, trapeze and tool on transverse blade. In such general tendency, the region of Kantô is located therefore in the center on the archipelago of Japan that it showed sets of every different time.     

Nouveau système de marquage chromosomique: les bandes T

Two new techniques of controlled thermic denaturation are described. They especially show a staining of some terminal regions of chromosomes (terminal bands or T bands). — The application of these techniques to translocations, hardly analysable by the other banding techniques, allow the precise location of juxtatelomeric break points.     

Remarques sur les chênaies d'Yeuse de l'Apennin méridional et de la Sicile

Summary On the basis of the observations and the records presented, it is remarked that in the Southern Apennines and in Sicily the forests ofQuercus ilex are prevalently localised in the altimetrical band included between 650–700 and 900–950 m. But the greater extension is rejoined in the band from 800 and 950 m. This limitation above and especially below those levels is to be considered actual and caused only by man.The examination of the flowering records permits the arrangement of the forests ofQuercus ilex of the Southern Apennines and Sicily in a new association: the Querco-Teucrietum siculi, that here seems the only representative also of the Quercion ilicis. It borders upon the associations of the Oleo-Ceratonion in the lower part and upon those of the Quercion pubescentipetraeae in the higher part and often immediately with those of the Fagion. The elements of the physical environment of the present and potential surfaces of the association are distinguished in geological-pedologicals and climatics. The substratum pedogenetic is very variable therefore it doesn't seem determinant for the normal development of the Querco-Teucrietum siculi. The factors of the climate result instead determinant. At the lowest levels the limit is formed by the temperatures too high and the excessive drought. At the highest levels the limitant element is especially formed by the high atmospherical dampness, especially in the form of fogs. It is said that the association finds favourable conditions

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Zusammenfassung In den S-Apenninen und Sizilien sind die Steineichenwälder heute größtenteils auf Streifen zwischen 650–700 und 900–950 m begrenzt und zwischen 800–950 m am reichlichsten. Diese Wälder werden in eine neue Ass., das Querco-Teucrietum siculi, eingeordnet, das dort wahrscheinlich der einzige Vertreter des Quercion ilicis ist. Es grenzt unten immer an das Oleo-C eratonion und oben an das Quercion pubescenti-petraeae und oft auch unmittelbar an das Fagion.Das Substrat bringt keine großen Veränderungen im floristischen Gefüge und übt keinen Einfluß auf die Verteilung der Ass. aus. Die Klimafaktoren sind für Areal und Höhenverteilung bestimmend. Bei geringsten Höhen bilden die sehr hohen Temperaturen und die übermäßige Trockenheit einen einschränkenden Faktor. Bei den obersten Höhen besteht der wichtigste, einschränkende Faktor aus einer sehr erhöhten Luftfeuchtigkeit und sehr häufigen Nebeln. Die Gesellschaft findet günstige Bedingungen im zwischen den Regenlinien von 600 und 900–1000 mm liegenden Bezirk, bei Trockenheitsindex nachde martonne um 25–35. Das Assoziationsareal wurde noch nicht bestimmt und so bleiben die dynamischen Serien noch teilweise unbekannt.Das Bodenprofil besteht aus Horizonten A/C. Wahrscheinlich handelt es sich um mediterrane Braunerde des xerophilen Waldes.Ökologisch liegt die neue Gesellschaft zwischen dem Quercetum ilicis galloprovinciale (das durch Assoziationen des Oleo-Ceratonion ersetzt wird) und dem Quercetum mediterraneo-montanum; beide sind aber vielleicht in den S-Apenninen nicht vorhanden.

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Riassunto In base alle osservazioni ed ai rilevamenti presentati, si constata che nell'Appennino meridionale ed in Sicilia le Leccete sono localizzate prevalentemente nella fascia altimetrica comprese fra 650–700 e 900–950 m. La maggiore estensione però viene da esse raggiunta in una fascia più stretta, compresa fra 800 e 950 m. Al di sotto delle quote inferiori menzionate la limitazione è tuttavia da considerare per lo più solo attuale e determinata dall'uomo.L'esame dei rilevamenti floristici consente l'inquadramento delle Leccete suddette in una nuova associazione, il Querco-Teucrietum siculi, che per l'Appennino meridionale e la Sicilia può essere considerata l'unica rappresentante del Quercion ilicis. Essa confina in basso con l'Oleo-Cerationon ed in alto con il Quercion pubescenti-petraeae, o spesso direttamente con il Fagion.I fattori dell'ambiente fisico riferibile all'associazione vengono distinti in geo-pedologici e climatici. Il substrato pedogenetico è molto variabile, dunque non sembra influenzare apprezzabilmente il suo corteggio floristico normale, nè limitarne l'estensione. Più importanti risultano invece i fattori del clima. Alle quote più basse il limite è costituito dalle temperature troppoelevate e da una eccessiva siccità. Alle quote più alte il fattore limitante più importante sembra essere costituito da una umidità atmosferica abbastanza elevata, specialmente sotto forma di nebbie. Quanto alle precipitazioni, si può dire che l'associazione trova condizioni favorevoli di svilluppo nell'area compresa fra le isoiete di 600 e 900–1000 mm; qui l'indice di aridità diDe Martonne si aggira sui valori di 25–35, o poco più.L'area geografica dell'associazione non viene per il momento definita. Anche le serie dinamiche ad essa collegate restano ancora parzialmente sconosciute.Il profilo del suolo può essere considerato di tipo A/C. Le sue caratteristiche fanno pensare alla terra bruna mediterranea della foresta xerofila.In base alle sue caratteristiche, sopratutto ecologiche, il Querco-Teucrietum siculi può essere considerato intermediario fra il Quercetum ilicis galloprovinciale (qui rimpiazzato da associazioni dell'Oleo-Ceratonion) ed il Quercetum mediterraneo-montanum, entrambe probabilmente mancanti nell'Appennino meridionale.

     

Variations saisonnières de la production primaire dans les eaux de surface de la rivière du Saguenay

Experiments of primary production were carried out at weekly intervals in the surface waters at one station (maximum depth of 20 m) in the Saguenay River, near Chicoutimi, during May–December 1978. The photic zone was very thin (maximum depth of 2 m). Phosphates are very low during the season sampling (maximum of 0.1 µat-g.^–1). Maximum of production rates and biomass are respectively 3.5 mg C.m^–3.h^–1 and 3.7 mg.m^–3. The river receives both industrial and urban runoff. Trace metals (Mercury, Copper, Lead, and Iron) seemed to be one of the important limiting factors for phytoplankton growth.

     

Aperçu phytosociologique sur les pâturages naturels aux environs de castelo de vide

Résumé Etudiant les jachères pâturées de la zone de culture du seigle, aux environs de Castelo de Vide, l'auteur définit une association nouvelle — le Lupineto-Astrocarpetum purpurascentis — appartenant à l'Helianthemion guttati Br.-Bl. (1931) 1940 em.Cette association occupe les sols siliceux, nettement acides, frais pendant l'hiver et une partie du printemps. Elle présente un caractère floristique méditerranéen très net, tout en montrant aussi quelques influences atlantiques et septentrionales. Elle est intermédiaire entre les groupements de mauvaises herbes des moissons (Secalinetalia) auxquels elle succède dans l'assolement, et les groupements des pelouses d'Helianthemetalia auxquels elle tend.Le Lupineto-Astrocarpetum purpurascentis comprend une variante spéciale à Juncus bufonius et Scirpus setaceus, confinée aux sols plus humides.Reçu par la rédaction le 18.V.1954.