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1.
Zusammenfassung An einer Reihe von normalen und pathologisch veränderten Organen wird die Porenstruktur, Porenbildung und Porenrückbildung elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Endothelpore ist eine Diskontinuität in der Endothelwand mit einem sehr konstanten Durchmesser von 500 Å. Das Diaphragma ist nur mit der äußeren Membranlamelle am Porenrand verbunden. Diaphragmalose Poren sind etwas größer (Ø650 Å), zeigen einen glatten Porenrand und kommen besonders in verdichteten Endothelteilen vor. Frustrane Poren münden blind in Vakuolen oder liegen in porösen Endothelfalten im Gefäßlumen. Die eigentliche Bildung der Poren geschieht immer in abgeflachten ( 800 Å) Endothelteilen. Die vorbereitende Abflachung geht jedoch in den verschiedenen Endothelzonen (Periksryon, dicker Endothelwand, Cytoplasmainseln) unterschiedliche Wege. Alle diese Vorgänge stellen Vesikulation in besonderer Lage und mit besonderer Fusionsrichtung der Vesikel dar. Wegen dieser Unterschiede wird die Endothelwand in 4 Zonen eingeteilt: Perikaryon; dicke, porenlose Wandteile mit cytoplasmatischen Vesikeln; dünne, porenhaltige Teile ohne Zellorganellen; dicke Cytoplasmainseln, die die porösen Wandteile voneinander trennen. Der Vorgang der Porenrückbildung bleibt unklar. Vielleicht besteht er in der Faltung des Endothels, die zu porösen Vakuolen führt. Die Porenbildung verändert die Endotheloberfläche nicht, kann aber das Cytoplasmavolumen vermindern. Der Aufbau des Diaphragmas sowie der Mechanismus und die auslösenden Faktoren der Porenbildung werden diskutiert.
Summary Ultrastructure, formation and disappearance of endothelial pores was studied electron microscopically in several normal or experimentally changed organs. Pores being discontinuies in the endothelial wall have a very constant diameter of 500 Å. The diaphragm at the margin of the pore is in contact with only the outer lamella of the unit membrane. Pores without a diaphragm being somewhat larger (Ø 650 Å) show a smoother margin and are to be found in endothelia with dense cytoplasm. Frustrated pores form blind openings in vacuoles or are situated in porous endothelial folds within the vessel lumen. Pores alway are formed in flattened parts of endothelium ( 800 Å). In thick capillary walls the endothelium previously is flattened by vesiculation, which differs in different zones of the wall (Perikaryon, thick continuous endothelium, and cytoplasmic islands in porous capillaries) in location and direction of vesicle fusion. Because of these differences the endothelial wall is divided in 4 zones: Perikaryon; thick parts without pores containing cytoplasmic vesicles etc.; flattened, porous parts containing no cytoplasmic organelles; thick cytoplasmic islands which separate porous parts. The process removing pores is not clear. Perhaps they are removed by folding of the endothelial surface and formation porous vacuoles. Formation of pores dosn't enlarge or reduce the surface, but may reduce the cytoplasmic volume of endothelium. The nature of diaphragm as well as the mechanism and releasing factors of the formation of pores are discussed.


Mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft  相似文献   

2.
3.
Summary From mature green leaves of Spinacia oleracea and Beta vulgaris a fraction has been obtained which is enriched in mitochondria. Washed leaves were crushed in a meat-mill in an isotonic or slightly hypertonic medium containing sucrose, EDTA, MgSO4, bovine serum albumin, mercaptoethanol, KH2PO4, and HEPES as a buffer substance. After squeezing through nylon the suspension was centrifuged first at 1500xg, and following removal of the sediment a second time at 25000xg. After resuspension in a washing medium, the pellet was centrifuged in a swing-out rotor for 30 min at 35000xg on a density gradient generated from a silica sol (Ludox HS 40). A temperature of 2°C was maintained during the whole procedure.Whereas the usual isolation techniques are unsatisfactory for the preparation of intact leaf cell mitochondria, the above procedure enabled us to obtain a fraction from the gradient which had the following properties. The respiration rate was 29.5 atoms O/mg protein-N/h with -ketoglutarate as a substrate. Phosphorylation rates as calculated from the phosphate measurements and P/O ratios were low. This has been interpreted as a consequence of ATPase activity in the fraction. In polarographic studies ADP/O ratios of 1.32–2.15 with succinate as a substrate were measured. Respiratory control was also observed. This indicates the presence of tightly coupled mitochondria in the fraction.The fine structure of the mitochondria was shown to be intact as far as electron microscopical evidence can be used as a criterion. The procedure appears to be suitable for isolating active mitochondria and intact chloroplasts from green leaves. It may permit the study of interrelationships between these organelles.

Herrn Prof. Dr. W. Schumacher zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet.

Auszug aus einer Dissertationsschrift (Math.-Nat. Fakultät der Universität Bonn) von K. Gronebaum-Turck.  相似文献   

4.
J. Berlin  W. Barz 《Planta》1971,98(4):300-314
Summary The isoflavone daidzein, the coumestanes coumestrol and soyagol as well as 2,4,4-trihydroxychalcone were isolated from callus and cell suspensions of root tip tissue from Phaseolus aureus Roxb. Upon prolonged culturing callus suspensions gradually became cell suspensions, a process which was accompanied by a decrease in the accumulation of phenolics. Upon transfer of the cells into 3 different media containing -indolyl acetic acid, kinetin or -naphthalene acetic acid, a drastic increase in the amount of coumestrol was measured.The data are discussed in relation to the observed differentiation of the cultures after application of the various hormones. The cultures were shown to metabolize daidzein and other phenylpropanoid compounds. A pronounced binding of daidzein to polymeric, ethanol-insoluble material is discussed in relation to our earlier findings in isoflavone metabolism.  相似文献   

5.
Zusammenfassung Um den potentiellen Einfluß von Kurzwellen auf die Orientierung und das Heimkehrverhalten von Brieftauben zu testen, wurden zwei Schläge in der Nähe eines Kurzwellensenders eingerichtet, der eine der Strahlung voll ausgesetzt, der anderer in einem tagsüber nicht für Sendungen benutzten Sektor und zudem topographisch gegen den Sender geschützt. In beiden Schlägen wurden Jungtauben aufgezogen und im Alter von drei Monaten für Testflüge genutzt. Die mit bzw. ohne Kurzwellen am neuen Standort angewöhnten Alttauben sowie die mit bzw. ohne Kurzwellen an diesem Standort aufgewachsenen Jungtauben wurden von einem etwa 11 km entfernten Auflaßort für Heimflüge gegen den Sender mit und ohne Kurzwellen-Einfluß im relevanten Sektor eingesetzt.Es ergaben sich keine Unterschiede in der Anfangsorientierung zwischen den Versuchsgruppen. Dagegen flogen alle ohne Kurzwellen-Einfluß aufgewachsenen Gruppen tendenziell rascher heim, wenn kein aktueller Kurzwellen-Einfluß vorhanden war. Faßte man alle drei Gruppen zusammen, so wurde dieser Unterschied signifikant. Demgegenüber zeigten die beiden mit Strahlung aufgewachsenen Gruppen unter den beiden Strahlungsbedingungen keine unterschiedlichen Heimkehrgeschwindigkeiten. Die fünf Testgruppen zusammengefaßt zeigten geringere Flughöhen unter Kurzwellen-Einfluß. Diese Ergebnisse lassen darauf schließen, daß die Brieftauben die Kurzwellen fühlen können, daß aber ihre Anfangsorientierung dadurch nicht beeinträchtigt wird. Reduzierte Heimkehrgeschwindigkeiten und geringe Flughöhen unter Kurzwellen-Einfluß, deuten auf einen störenden Effekt der elektromagnetischen Felder hin. Das Verhalten der unter Kurzwellen aufgewachsenen juvenilen Gruppen erlaubt den Schluß, daß sich Tauben an gewisse Kurzwellenbedingungen gewöhnen können.
Initial orientation and homing behaviour of pigeons under the influence of short wave transmissions
Summary In order to test the potential influence of short wave radiation on the homing behaviour of pigeons we positioned two lofts with adult homing pigeons in the vicinity of a short wave transmitter. One loft was next to the transmitter and fully exposed to the radiation, the second protected against the radiation (a) by topographical features and (b) by its position in a sector that was not used for transmission during daytime. In both lofts young pigeons were raised and used for experimental flights at the age of three months. Adults accustomed to the new sites as well as young birds from the exposed and non-exposed lofts, respectively, were released some 11 km from the loft for homeward flights towards the transmitter, with and without transmission towards the relevant sector.Vanishing direction and vanishing time were not affected by the short wave radiation in any of the groups, thus corroborating earlier experiments with pigeons flying homewards from the transmitter towards distant lofts. However, all three groups raised in the absence of short wave radiation (A–, A+, J–) homed tendentially faster in situations where radiation was absent compared to situations with radiation. Pooled in one data set the three groups were significantly faster without radiation. On the other hand, the two juvenile groups raised under radiation (J1+ and J2+) homed at the same speed under both short wave situations. Furthermore, all five groups tended to choose lower flight altitudes when released under the influence of short wave radiation (significantly when groups were pooled). Besides the experiments, observations near the loft gave the impression that the pigeons kept in the exposed loft were reluctant to fly in the neighbourhood of the loft, particularly the adults.We conclude that short wave radiation can be felt by the pigeons, but does not interfere with their initial orientation. Reduced homing speeds of birds grown up without experiencing radiation, low flight levels in flights under radiation in all groups, and a general reluctance to fly of the pigeons next to the exposed loft, suggest that the radiation has an undefined negative effect on the birds. Unimpaired homing speeds in juveniles having grown up under varying field strengths suggest that homing pigeons can become accustomed to short wave radiation to a certain extent.
  相似文献   

6.
Zusammenfassung Entgegen der Behauptung vonFahrenkamp ergibt eine fehlerstatistisch gesicherte Untersuchung bei keiner Konzentration herzwirksamer Glykoside eine Förderung der Samenquellung, der Keimung, der Katalaseaktivität, des Keimwurzelwachstums und des Ernteertrags von Kulturpflanzen. Das gilt sowohl für die nachFahrenkamp in den Handel gebrachten Viviflor-Präparate, wie fürDigitalis-, Adonis-, Scilla- undConvallaria-Tinkturen,Digitalis-Preßsaft und wäßrige Lösungen von Digitalin und Digitonin. Die bei höheren Konzentrationen auftretenden Hemmungswirkungen gehen auf den Alkoholgehalt der Viviflorpräparate und Tinkturen zurück. Diese Schädigung nimmt mit steigender Temperatur ab; sie beruht nicht auf einer entquellenden Wirkung und auch nicht auf einer Hemmung der Katalaseaktivität, da diese Erscheinungen erst bei viel höheren Konzentrationen auftreten als die Wachstumsschädigungen. Die Schädigung durch wäßrige Digitoninlösung höherer Konzentration nimmt entgegengesetzt der Alkoholschädigung mit steigender Temperatur zu. Auch diese Wirkung geht nicht über die Quellung oder Katalaseaktivität. Abschließend ergibt sich, daß keinerlei Aussicht besteht, auf dem vonFahrenkamp vorgeschlagenen Weg einer Glykosidbehandlung eine Erntesteigerung zu erzielen.Mit 9 Abbildungen.Auszug aus meiner Dissertation: Kritische Untersuchungen über die vonFahrenkamp angegebene Methode einer Wachstumsbeschleunigung und Ernteerhöhung durchDigitalis und verwandte Glykoside, Darmstadt 1945. Den Herrn Professoren Dr.O. Stocker und Dr.L. Schmitt, welche die Arbeit angeregt und in ihren Instituten Betreut haben, bin ich zu großem Dank verpflichtet.  相似文献   

7.
Zusammenfassung Hyalodiscus simplex zeigt während der normalen Fortbewegung eine auf den Uroidbereich beschränkte permanente Endocytoseaktivität, durch die kontinuierlich Zellmembran und extrazelluläres Milieu ins Innere der Zelle aufgenommen wird. Nach unter-schiedlich langer Inkubation in einer 2.5% igen Thorotrastlösung kann die Markierungssubstanz bei ihrer Passage durch die Zelle morphologisch verfolgt werden. Das endocytierte Thorotrast gelangt in ein intrazelluläres Membransystem, welches für die Verdauung verantwortlich ist und dessen Gesamtoberfläche in der Größenordnung der Zelloberfläche liegt. Verschiedene, funktionell miteinander in Verbindung stehende Vakuolen stellen die charakteristischen Komponenten des intrazellulären Verdauungssystems dar.Die morphometrische Auswertung der Markierungsversuche hat gezeigt, daß der Membran-Turnover etwa 2% pro Minute beträgt. Hyalodiscus simplex benötigt demnach bei normaler Lokomotion zur vollständigen Regeneration der Zellmembran eine Zeit von 7,5–8 Std. Da die Oberfläche trotz permanenter Endocytoseaktivität auch nach unterschiedlich langer Thorotrastinkubation stets konstant bleibt, darf vermutet werden, daß die endocytotisch aufgenommene Zellmembran durch einen noch unbekannten Mechanismus wieder regeneriert wird.
Pinocytosis and locomotion of amoebaeVII. Quantitative studies on membrane-turnover in Hyalodiscus simplex
Summary During locomotion Hyalodiscus simplex is active in permanent endocytosis at the uroid region. Thereby plasma membrane and extracellular medium are translocated into the cell interior. After different periods of incubation in a 2.5% solution of thorotrast the tracer can morphologically be followed during the passage through the cell. The ingested thorotrast is collected within a vacuolar system. This system is involved in intracellular digestion and composed of different types of vacuoles, which are structurally separated but functionally interconnected. Its total surface area approximately corresponds to the surface area of the entire cell. As demonstrated by morphometric analysis, the membrane turnover is about 2% per minute. Therefore, in the migrating amoebae 7.5–8 hours are required for the complete regeneration of the plasma membrane. Since the surface area of the cell remains constant despite of permanent endocytotic activity the ingested plasma membrane must be continuously regenerated by an unknown mechanism.
Prof. Dr. W. Stockem, Institut für Cytologie und Mikromorphologie der Universität Bonn, 53 Bonn 1, Gartenstr.61a. Das Landesamt für Forschung des Landes NRW unterstützte die Untersuchungen durch eine Sachbeihilfe.  相似文献   

8.
9.
The meaning of optimality and economy in phylogenetics and evolutionary biology is discussed. It can be shown that the prevailing concepts of optimality and economy are equivocal as they are not based on strict theoretical positions and as they have a variable meaning in different theoretical contexts. The ideas of optimality and economy can be considered to be identical with the expectation of a relatively simple order in a particular field of study. Although there exists no way of inferring one or several methods of solving scientific problems from the presupposed idea of economy and optimality, a lack of motivation for scientific investigations would result if the concepts of economy and optimality in nature were dropped. By reference to several examples, it is shown that the concepts of optimality and economy are only useful against the background of indispensable theories. If there is a shift from one theory to another, a restriction on the use of these concepts is necessary. Optimality and economy in the sense of operations research in engineering or economical sciences depend on the principle of minimum costs. Both theoretical concepts: technical efficiency in relation to the energy required to run a machine and profit maximation in an economical framework must be shown to be realistic assumptions. In the field of biology processes of optimization and economization are normally discussed under two different views:
  1. The concept of economy is used in cases of functional adaptation when the organism makes good use of the building material which is available to fulfill one (or more) functions. The theoretical background must be seen in the energy-consuming aspect of the organism.
  2. In evolutionary change and phylogeny ‘economization’ and ‘optimization’ are deduced from the evolutionary theory, and evolution is shown to produce a special kind of biological economy in biological systems (Bock & von Wahlert, 1965). The ‘Okonomie-Prinzip’ or ‘Lesrichtungskriterium’ points out the arguments needed to state a phylogenetic theory and to construct a dendrogram (Peters & Gutmann, 1971).
In every phylogenetic theory concerning the adaptational change in the evolving biological system an explanation for the function of all stages is required. Only those statements should be accepted as phylogenetic theories which are characterized by the demonstration of the process of economization in the functional relations of the evolving organism. The process of adaptation can be determined by the improved chance of some mutants to propagate their genetical information. In this process all functional systems in their interrelations — i.a. mutual dependence — and their relation with the environment add their functional efficiency to the information to be delivered to their progeny, because the more economical biological system in a certain environment will have a better chance to produce offspring. This outcome is affirmed by natural selection which works on all levels of the evolving biological systems (Gutmann & Peters 1973). Nevertheless a judgment about adaptation cannot be taken as a scale of measurement in the phylogenetic process. The conditions in the organism itself and in the environment or in the organic system alone can change in so profound a manner that the marginal conditions of the earlier stages of the process of adaptation are not the same as in the derived ones. During phylogenetic change of the evolving organism the selective strains are also continuously changing. As a consequence no state or invariant concept of economy can cover the different stages of the phylogenetic process. The pragmatical meaning of the theoretical consideration is substantiated by the example of the hydrostatic skeleton theory in which the chordates are derived from metameric worms with a fluid skeleton. Herrn Professor Dr. P. Dullemeijer sind die Verfasser für kritische Lektüre und wertovolle Hinweise zu Dank verpflichtet.  相似文献   

10.
Due to infections with moulds already in the vineyards, the formation of mycotoxins is possible under certain circumstances during the process of red wine making. At this, metabolites ofPenicillium spp. are of major importance, as this species are to be found frequently on grapes. Beside the nephrotoxic citrinin, which is often co-occurring with ochratoxin A, the occurrence of mycophenolic acid (MPA), a substance of immunosuppressive action, was investigated since it is formed by a great number of Penicillium-species. The detection of these compounds was carried out by means of ELISA and LC-MS. As testing material 44 red wine samples of different provenience and vintages were used. Mycophenolic acid could be detected in 91 % of the samples. The maximum content amounted to 130 ng/ml, yet most of the samples resulted in much lower concentrations of between 3 and 20 ng/ml. The extent of contamination seems to depend rather on the origin of the wine than on the vintage. In particular samples from Southern Europe were most contaminated. This could be due to different practises in wine-making. Citrinin was not detectable in any sample (< 0,2 ng/ml). Regarding the detected concentrations of MPA and citrinin, there is probably no concern for consumers’ health. However, the degree of contamination of wine with MPA may well serve as an indicator for hygiene in production.  相似文献   

11.
Both chlorcholinchloride and ethrel are used as growth retardants in cereal cultivation. Wheat seedlings were cultivated in nutrient solutions containing 10-3M CCC, CEPA or 5 × 10-4M CCC and CEPA, respectively. The epidermis of full-grown primary leaves was analysed. CCC relatively equally decreases the length of leaves and long epidermal cells, whereas CEPA mainly inhibits cell division. Leaf growth is always a little more inhibited than the number of stomata and trichomes is reduced by CCC or CEPA. This results in an increased frequency of stomata and trichomes by about 14 to 16 per cent. This means that retardants can strongly influence the length of leaves and the length or number of long epidermal cells but, due to the mechanism of programmed determination, the frequency of stomata and trichomes is kept constant within relatively narrow limits. Furthermore it can be concluded that long epidermal cells function as pace-makers in the growth of leaves of monocotyledonous plants.   相似文献   

12.
Ohne ZusammenfassungAuszug aus der Dissertation Der Einfluß des CO2-Partialdruckes auf Wachstum und Stickstoffbindung von Azotobacter chroococcum der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Göttingen 1961.  相似文献   

13.
Zusammenfassung Während der aktiven Fortbewegung von Amoeba proteus zeigt das Uroid einen charakteristischen Formwandel, der aus vier Stadien besteht. Im Verlaufe dieser sich rhythmisch wiederholenden Phasen treten bei der normalen Wanderung der Zellen Pinocytosevorgänge auf, die lieht- und elektronenmikroskopisch durch die Entstehung schmaler Kanäle charakterisiert sind. Die Lebensdauer der schlauchförmigen Plasmalemm-Einstülpungen beträgt in der Regel nur wenige Minuten. Die Ingestion von Zellmembran am caudalen Pol von Amoeba proteus ist an die amöboide Bewegung der Zellen gebunden. Es wird vorgeschlagen, diesen Vorgang als Permanente Pinocytose zu bezeichnen, um ihn von dem schon länger bekannten Prozeß der induzierten Pinocytose zu unterscheiden. Die Plasmalemminvaginationen der permanenten Pinocytose sind cytomorphologisch mit den Kanälen der induzierten Pinocytose identisch. Unterschiede bestehen lediglich in quantitativer und topographischer Hinsicht.Das Schicksal der durch die permanente und induzierte Pinocytose aufgenommenen Zellmembran ist mit Ausnahme zeitlicher Unterschiede weitgehend identisch.In Übereinstimmung mit der Lokalisation der permanenten Pinocytose in der Uroidregion konnte ein von der Mucoidschicht bewirkter Transport größerer, an der Zelloberfläche adsorbierter Markierungspartikel an das Hinterende der Tiere festgestellt werden.Die an der Mucoidschicht der Zellmembran anhaftenden, aber von den Amöben nicht ingestierten Markierungssubstanzen werden an den Boden des Versuchsgefäßes abgegeben.
Summary During active locomotion of Amoeba proteus, the uroid shows characteristic changes in shape and behaviour consisting of four different stages. In the course of these rhythmically repeated transformations of the uroid, pinocytotic processes can be demonstrated, which are bound to the normal locomotion of the cells. This sort of pinocytosis is characterised by the formation of small channels as revealed by light- and electron-microscopy. The tube-like invaginations exist only for a few minutes.The ingestion of cell membrane at the caudal pole of A. proteus is bound to the amoeboid movement. In order to distinguish this process from the well known induced pinocytosis, the term permanent pinocytosis is proposed. Cytomorphologically, the plasmalemminvaginations of induced as well as of permanent pinocytosis are identical. The differences found are of quantitative and topographic nature. With the exception of temporal differences, the fate of the cell membrane ingested by permanent and induced pinocytosis is identical as well.In agreement with the localisation of permanent pinocytosis in the uroid region, a transport of particles (adhering to the mucous layer of the cell membrane) to the uroid could be demonstrated.Tracer particles, transported in this way to the uroid, accumulate at the caudal pole of the cell. In the case they are not incorporated by the process of permanent pinocytosis, they are deposited to the bottom of the glass vessel.


Mit dankenswerter Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft im Rahmen des Schwerpunktprogrammes Molekulare Biologie.  相似文献   

14.
15.
Josef Weigl 《Planta》1969,84(4):311-323
Summary The efflux of 36Cl and 86Rb and the fluxes of these ions into the xylem were investigated using the device shown in Fig. 1.Efflux of 36Cl is stimulated by external KCl while transport into the xylem is inhibited. Stimulation of the efflux appears to be stronger than inhibition of the transport.The stimulation of the efflux of 36Cl was also observed with roots of intact seedlings.Assuming that the mode of transfer of Cl into the xylem (flux 3, Fig. 8) is diffusion exhibiting a linear isotherm (Luttge and Laties, 1966), these results suggest that the primary action of external salts is on the efflux across the plasma-lemma (Weigl, 1967, 1968). We were unable, however, to find a linear relationship between concentration and rate of chloride transport to the shoots of intact seedlings.With respect to the mode of ion transfer to the xylem (Weigl and Lüttge, 1965; Luttge and Laties, 1966) we have to be aware of the following facts:A linear isotherm cannot be taken to signify diffusive permeation (Torii and Laties, 1966; Luttge and Laties, 1966). If the Michaelis constant is extremely high relative to the ion concentration, the relationship between the ion concentration and the rate of a metabolic or mediated transport approaches linearity.The isotherm of the transport into the xylem may primarily reflect the difference of two large fluxes (4 and 5; Fig. 8).The transport data of Luttge and Laties (1966) need not be presented as a straight line (Fig. 6).If at high external ion concentrations the ratio of the ion concentration in the exudation sap to the external ion concentration approaches unity, diffusive permeation into the stele is still not proved to be the mode of migration, since at high stelar ion concentration flux 6 tends to become equal to flux 3.Considerations on radial ion transfer into the xylem depend on contemporary knowledge of the location of transport systems. Cl-uptake into root tips (2 mm) from solutions of 1–10 mM KCl did not exhibit a linear isotherm. These results are unpublished since the discrepancy to the results of Torii and Laties (1966) may be due to a higher content of vacuoles in our root tips. We feel it unlikely, however, that a linear isotherm of Cl-uptake into root tips is adequately explained by assuming that it is due to a lack of vacuoles while the sensibility to inhibitors is assumed to be due to the presence of vacuoles in root tips.Transport of Cl into the xylem is susceptible to inhibitors of oxydative phosphorylation, suggesting that this process, even at high external ion concentrations, is dependent on metabolic energy in contrast to the passive efflux from the cortical cells across the plasmalemma into the environment of the root. The precise location of the metabolic step(s) on the pathway of ions from the environment of the root to the xylem is unknown.The observed effects of Ca++, EDTA and IAA may be considered in relation to the theory that auxin exerts its influence on growth by altering the diffusion potential across cell membranes (Brauner and Diemer, 1967). Growth is susceptible to the effect of Ca++ and EDTA (Adamson, 1962; Setterfield, 1963; Thimann, 1963). Nevertheless, since IAA exerts no influence on ion fluxes in corn roots, it is not clear whether IAA really exerts its influence on growth by altering the diffusion potential across plant cell membranes. We might be dealing with occasional effects of secondary importance.  相似文献   

16.
Hans Komnick 《Protoplasma》1962,55(2):414-418
Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

17.
Zusammenfassung Das Papillon-Léage-Psaume-(Oro-facio-digitales-)Syndrom und das Mohr-Syndrom sind genetisch eigenständige und auch klinisch unterscheidbare Symptomenkomplexe. Einige Patienten, die früher als dem Papillon-Léage-Psaume-Syndrom zugehörig betrachtet wurden, müssen auf Grund heutiger Kenntnis dem Mohr-Syndrom zugeordnet werden. Die differentialdiagnostisch entscheidenden Gesichtspunkte werden diskutiert und zusammengestellt. Ein von Helbig (1958) und ein von Koberg u. Schettler (1966) beschriebener Patient gehören möglicherweise einem anderen, selbständigen Fehlbildungskomplex an.
Differential diagnosis between Papillon-Léage-Psaume-Syndrome and Mohr-Syndrome
Summary The oro-digito-facial syndrome (Papillon-Léage-Psaume) and the Mohr-Syndrome are genetically seperate entities and can be distinguished clinically. Several patients previously thought to belong to the Papillon-Léage-Psaume Syndrome can now be diagnosed to represent cases of the Mohr-Syndrome. The differentialdiagnosis is discussed. A case described by Helbig (1958) and a case published by Koberg and Schettler (1966) may represent another related type of malformation.


Direktor: Prof. Dr. Dr. R. Ritter

Nach einem Vortrag, gehalten anläßlich der Tagung der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Kieferchirurgie in Bad Homburg v. d. Höhe am 17. 5. 1969.

Herrn Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. Hans Nachtsheim zum 80. Geburtstag gewidmet  相似文献   

18.
Horizontal voluntary eye-movements based on Gaussian random noise inputs are analyzed by way of auto-and crosscorrelation-functions and power spectra. The essential rules in applying these methods are pointed out, and the elimination of instationary trends is demonstrated. It becomes evident by these techniques that eye-tracking-movements can have a higher upper frequency limit than the movements of the corresponding target. On the other hand, they are correlated in a higher degree regarding longer delay-times. The typical delay-time of the system for processing stochastic signals is obtained by cross-correlation. The power spectra of eye-movements reveal two peaks in relation to the spectra of the target which are due to the quick saccadic components of eye-movement.

Im Rahmen des Sonder-Forchungsbereichs BIONACH.  相似文献   

19.
20.
Zusammenfassung Die lokomotorische Aktivität der ostafrikanischen WinkerkrabbenUca urvillei undU. annulipes wurde mit Hilfe einer radioaktiven Markierung (Co-60-Draht) in einer Gezeitenanlage (Tidenhub 1 m, 12,5stündige Zyklen) über mehrere Wochen registriert.Der Lokomotionsrhythmus ließ sich an die künstlichen Gezeiten ankoppeln. Das tidale Muster von Substratvibrationen war ein besonders wirksamer Zeitgeber.Licht-Dunkel-Zyklen waren gleichfalls als Zeitgeber wirksam: im LD 6,256,25 ergab sich ein tidaler, im LD 1212 ein diurnaler Lokomotionsrhythmus. Wurden gleichzeitig Gezeiten und LD 1212 geboten, so richteten sich die Tiere nach den Gezeiten.Nach dem Übergang von Gezeitenbedingungen in Konstantbedingungen (LL, DD) zeigte nur eines von 15 Tieren einen circadianen Lokomotionsrhythmus. Alle anderen hatten arhythmische Muster, in denen nur gelegentlich circadiane Fronten angedeutet waren. Auch eine Periodenanalyse ergab keine Hinweise auf circadiane oder circatidale Rhythmen.Um diese arhythmischen Muster zu analysieren, wurde ein neuer Ansatz gewählt: jeder Aktivitäts- und Ruheschub (A bzw. R) wurde als Einzelereignis betrachtet, ohne nach einer periodischen Folge zu suchen.Aktivitätsmuster in Konstantbedingungen: Die Häufigkeitsverteilungen der Dauer von Aktivitäts- und Ruheschüben konnten bei der Mehrzahl der Tiere durch Exponentialfunktionen wiedergegeben werden. Zwischen der Dauer aufeinanderfolgender Aktivitäts- und Ruheschübe bestand keine Korrelation. Daraus folgt, daß der einzelne Schub nach seinem Beginn zu allen folgenden Zeitpunkten mit einer bestimmten, gleichbleibenden Wahrscheinlichkeit beendet werden kann. Diese Gesetzmäßigkeit ist als stochastischer Prozeß zu beschreiben.Aus den ermittelten Wahrscheinlichkeitswerten für A und R ergeben sich für die Dauer von A+R, am häufigsten Werte die mit 9–12 Std in der Größenordnung des Gezeitenzyklus liegen.Aktivitätsmuster in Gezeitenbedingungen: Die tidalen Zeitgeber kontrollierten die Dauer der Ruheschübe (vermutlich über eine endogene Instanz); die Dauer der Aktivitätsschübe blieb dagegen bei vielen Tieren unbeeinflußt.
Tidal and spontaneous activity patterns in fiddler crabsI. A new approach to a quantitative analysis of locomotor rhythms
Summary The East African fiddler crabsUca urvillei andU. annulipes were exposed to artificial tides (cycle 12.5 hrs, tidal range of 1 m). Locomotor activity patterns were recorded by means of a radioactive marker (60Co).The activity patterns could be synchronized by the artificial tides. Vibrations of the substratum connected with the tides were one of the effective Zeitgebers.Light-dark cycles also acted as Zeitgebers. An LD of 6.25 6.25 initiated a tidal activity pattern, an LD of 1212 a diurnal one. When the crabs were exposed simultaneously with artificial tides and an LD of 1212 their activity was distinctly correlated with the tides.In constant conditions following tidal treatment only one of 15 individuals showed a circadian rhythm. All other animals showed arhythmic activity patterns. Though circadian fronts could occasionally be seen on visual inspection, there was no evidence for either circadian or circatidal rhythms when the data were arranged by a periodogram method. Therefore, a new approach was used to analyze these arhythmic patterns, measuring the duration of each activity burst (A) and of each resting period (R) separately.Activity patterns in constant conditions: The class frequency of both A and R followed exponential functions. No significant correlation was found between the duration of A and the following R. Thus each event (A or R) is terminated by a distinct probability. This principle can be described as a stochastic process.The probability values found for A and R are such that the resulting duration of A+R is usually in the range of the tidal cycle.Activity patterns in tidal conditions: There is evidence that the tidal zeitgebers control the duration of the resting period only and that the duration of activity is usually independent of the Zeitgebers.


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