变红蛇根草（茜草科）的二个新异名

根据对保存于湖南师范大学生命科学学院植物标本馆（HNNU）、中国科学院华南植物园植物标本馆（IBSC）、中国科学院昆明植物研究所植物标本馆（KUN）和中国科学院植物研究所植物标本馆（PE）的茜草科（Rubiaceae）蛇根草属（Ophiorrhiza Linn.）标本的研究,将金黄蛇根草（Ophiorrhiza aureolina Lo f. aureolina）和绿春蛇根草（O. luchunensis Lo）处理为变红蛇根草（O. subrubescens Drake）的新异名。     

《Flora of China》中蒲葵属之分类订正

通过调查,对Livistona chinensis的后选模式、L.fengkaiensis和L.jenkinsiana的主模式、L.saribus的等新模式、L.speciosa的等模式与《Flora of China》中的上述种类作比较,证实《Flora of China》中的L.jenkinsiana是L.speciosa Kurz,后者被中国分类学文献（如《海南植物志》、《中国植物志》、《福建植物志》、《云南植物志》）误定为L.saribus。L.speciosa的果倒卵形、椭圆形或卵形,而L.jenkinsiana的果肾形或近球形。源于《中国植物志》的L.saribus并非原产于中国。在中国,L.speciosa原产于云南、广东、海南和福建,L.chinensis原产于广东和台湾,而L.jenkinsiana和L.saribus仅被引种至中国的植物园。     

5种红树科植物叶片的比较解剖及其生态适应研究

用石蜡切片法对红树（Rhizophora apiculata Bl.）、红海榄（R.stylosa Griff.）、秋茄（Kandelia candel(Linn.) Druce）、木榄（Bruguiera gymnorrhiza(Linn.) Savigny）和海莲（B.sexangula(Lour.) Poir.）等5种红树科植物的叶片进行解剖学的观察和研究,结果表明：5种红树科植物叶片的表皮均有厚的角质膜和下皮层,表皮和下皮层的细胞常含有单宁;上表皮无气孔器;栅栏组织多层;木质部非常发达。说明了红树科植物的叶片具有很强的耐旱能力;同属植物的叶片在解剖结构上有着相似的特征。     

河南省丛藓科植物新纪录

报道河南省丛藓科植物新纪录4种2变种：尖叶对齿藓芒尖变种(Didymodon constrictus var. flexicuspis (Broth.) Saito),硬叶对齿藓原变种(Didymodon rigidulus var. rigidulus Hedw.),硬叶对齿藓细肋变种(Didymodon rigidulus var. icmadophyllus (Schimp. ex C. Muell.) Zand.),长肋对齿藓(Didymodon longicostata Li),橙色净口藓(Gymnostomum aurantiacum (Mitt.) Jaeg.),硬叶净口藓(Gymnostomum subrigidulum (Broth.) Chen),对这些植物的识别特征、生境和地理分布做了简要讨论,并绘制了形态解剖图。凭证标本存放于河北师范大学植物标本室(HBNU)。     

祁连山地区苔类植物的初步研究

通过对祁连山所采集苔类植物标本的鉴定和统计整理,共报道祁连山苔类植物8科10属12种,均为祁连山地区的首次报道,包括11种甘肃省苔类植物新记录。其中报道的秃瓣裂叶苔(Lophozia obtusa)和卵叶羽苔(Plagiochila ovalifolia)为青海省苔类植物新记录,这也是青海省苔类植物的首次报道。     

三种植物与紫红链霉菌组合灭螺效果

探讨了不同植物与紫红链霉菌组合的灭螺效果,为研制高效低毒植物灭螺剂提供依据。将天名精（Carpesium abrotanoides）、苍耳子（Xanthium sibiricum）、青蒿（Artemisia carvifolia）3种植物水浸液分别与紫红链霉菌液（Streptomyces violaceoruber）组合后对钉螺进行浸杀对比实验,并比较了相同植物与紫红链霉菌液的复合颗粒灭螺剂的灭螺效果。结果表明：天名精、苍耳子与紫红链霉菌复合颗粒灭螺剂7 d钉螺死亡率分别比其1%混合液提高17.6%（P=0.019）和5.3%(P=0.362);青蒿与链霉菌复合颗粒灭螺剂7 d钉螺死亡率比其1%混合液降低6.7%(P=0.022);天名精、苍耳子和链霉菌复合颗粒灭螺剂较其混合液具有一定的增效作用。     

硬毛猕猴桃（猕猴桃科）名称后选模式的指定

根据对保存于中国科学院植物研究所植物标本馆（PE）合模式标本的研究,对硬毛猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis Planch. var. hispida C. F. Liang)的名称作后选模式指定。     

朵丽蝶兰 MADS-box 基因 DtpsMADS1 的克隆与表达特性简

植物MADS-box基因家族编码高度保守的转录因子,参与了包括花器官发育和开花在内的多种发育进程。为阐释兰科植物成花的分子调控机制,根据MADS-box基因保守序列设计简并引物,用RACE方法从朵丽蝶兰花葶中克隆到1个MADS-box家族基因,该基因cDNA全长960 bp,包含37 bp 5′UTR,一个738 bp的开放阅读框(ORF)和185 bp 3′UTR,共编码245个氨基酸。序列和系统进化树分析表明,该基因与其他植物的MADS-box基因具有很高的同源性,属于AP1/FUL-like亚家族,命名为DtpsMADS1,GeneBank登录号为JQ065097。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果显示：DtpsMADS1具有明显的组织表达特异性;在根和叶中,DtpsMADS1在花前期和花后期表达量较高;苗期和盛花期表达量较低;DtpsMADS1在花葶中的表达趋势与根和叶相似;而在花器官中,DtpsMADS1只有痕量表达。由此推断,DtpsMADS1可能参与开花进程调控,而不参与花器官的形态建成。     

小檗属植物一新种——平坝小檗

报道了中国贵州小檗科小檗属植物一新种,即平坝小檗（Berberis pingbaensis M. T. An）新种与堆花小檗（B. aggregate Schineid.）相近似,但植物较小,果具白粉。     

丹参咖啡酸-O-甲基转移酶基因(SmCOMT1)的克隆及其分析

依据丹参转录组数据库得到的咖啡酸-O-甲基转移酶基因序列设计特异性引物,采用RT-PCR方法从丹参分离得到一个新的COMT基因,命名为SmCOMT1(GenBank注册号为JF693491）。该基因cDNA全长1 158 bp,包含一个长为1 095 bp的开放阅读框,编码364个氨基酸。SmCOMT1 gDNA序列长2 275 bp,包含4个外显子和3个内含子。序列分析结果表明,SmCOMT1编码的多肽具有COMT的序列保守元件,与同科植物罗勒COMT编码的多肽高度同源,同源性达到89%。系统进化树分析表明,SmCOMT1与双子叶植物的COMT亲缘关系较近。qRT-PCR结果表明,SmCOMT1基因在丹参不同组织器官中差异表达,其中茎中的表达量最高,并且其表达受茉莉酸甲酯和病原菌的诱导,显示SmCOMT1基因可能在植物防御反应中发挥作用。     

Life history traits of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hom., Aphididae) reared on four widely distributed weeds

Variation in the life history traits of cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii Glover, reared on four widely distributed weeds, Ageratum houstonianum Mill., Bidens pilosa L. var. radiata Sch. Bip., Solanum nigrum L. and Spermacoce latifolia Aubl., were investigated. Cotton aphids were reared in the laboratory at 25°C. Each host plant had a distinct effect on aphid life history traits. Cotton aphids reared on S. nigrum had a significantly shorter developmental period, and age-specific fecundity peaked early. In contrast, cotton aphids reared on S. latifolia had a long developmental period and low age-specific fecundity. Cotton aphids that fed on B. pilosa and A. houstonianum displayed intermediate rates of growth and age-specific fecundity. Because the curves of age-specific fecundity ( m_x ) and age-specific net maternity ( l_x  m _x ) on each host plant were close together, development time and the pattern of age-specific fecundity were the major factors determining the population growth potential of the cotton aphid on each weed. As a result, the intrinsic rate of population growth for aphids reared on S. nigrum was significantly higher ( r_m =0.527 ± 0.011) than it was for aphids reared on S. latifolia ( r_m =0.194 ± 0.012).     

A new species of Spermacoce (Rubiaceae) from the Manika high plateau (Katanga; R. D. Congo)

Spermacoce manikensis , a new species from Katanga (R. D. Congo) is described and illustrated. Special attention is given to anatomy of the primary root and pollen and seed morphology. The species is mainly characterised by the geoxylic habit, large flowers arranged in two-or three-flowered inflorescences, and seeds with a basal elaiosome. It is closely related to Spermacoce stipularis , from which it differs in its more robust taproot and habit, longer leaves, larger fruits, and 10–13(-14)- aperturate pollen grains. The species is found on the Kalahari sands of the Manika high plateau in suffrutex grassland.     

Elaborate petals in Australian Spermacoce (Rubiaceae) species: morphology, ontogeny and function

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Australian Spermacoce species display various types of elaborate petals. Their precise morphology, ontogenetic origin, and function are hitherto unknown. The aim of the present paper is to unravel the development and nature of the diverse types of elaborate petals in Spermacoce through a floral ontogenetic study. METHODS: The floral ontogeny of six species characterized by different types of corolla appendages was studied by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. In order to elucidate the possible functions of the elaborate petals, field observations were conducted as well. KEY RESULTS: Scanning electronmicrographs show that full-grown petals of Spermacoce lignosa, S. phaeosperma and S. redacta bear appendages on their ventral side. Despite their different appearance at anthesis, the appendages develop very similarly in all three species. They are initiated at the same developmental stage and are first visible as two arcs of primordia converging from the upper margins of the petal towards its midvein and downwards. In S. brevidens, S. caudata and S. erectiloba, the full-grown petals have two long, concave protuberances, which develop from the tissue at both sides of the petal's mid-vein. In these three species, initiation of appendages on the ventral side of the petals is also observed, but they are hardly visible on the mature petals. The two types of elaborate petals tightly enclose the anthers, both in bud and during most of the flowering period. CONCLUSIONS: Among Australian Spermacoce species, two types of elaborate petals can be distinguished. The former hypothesis that the two types of elaborate petals are essentially homologous is here rejected. Field investigations point out that the elaborate petals might play a role in the pollination biology of the species.     

Pollen of African Spermacoce species (Rubiaceae) Morphology and evolutionary aspects

Pollen morphology of 43 African species of the genus Spermacoce has been investigated by scanning electron and light microscopy. The genus is eurypalynous, which is reflected in the remarkable variation of almost all pollen characters. The average equatorial diameter (E) ranges from 15.8 w m to 115.5 w m. Grains are colporate or pororate. The number of apertures varies from 3 up to more than 25. The majority of species has apertures situated only at the equator (being zonoaperturate), but a few species have pantoaperturate grains. The endoaperture is generally an endocingulum, often with a secondary lolongate or lalongate thinning at the ectocolpus; endocolpi and endopores are also observed. The sexine is usually perforate, but eutectate, foveolate, and (micro)reticulate tecta were also found. Supratectal elements are present as granules, microspines or spines. The inner nexine surface is granular, often with irregular grooves (endocracks). Among native African species, nine pollen types are recognized mainly on the basis of pollen size, aperture morphology and tectum peculiarities. In two of the pantoaperturate types, apertures are in a configuration not yet recorded for the angiosperms in general. Some evolutionary trends are proposed that await verification by further systematic study. Pollen morphological characters have a high taxonomic value in the genus Spermacoce . They provide almost unique identification marks for the species, which enables sharpening of species boundaries. Small groups of related species often share the same pollen type. The genus Borreria , previously separated from Spermacoce on the basis of its fruit morphology only, is not supported by pollen data.     

菰和菖蒲对富营养化水体净化效率的比较

研究了菰〔Zizania latifolia(Griseb.)Stapf〕、菖蒲(Acorus calamusL.)及它们的复合体系对富营养化水体的净化效果。结果表明,菰和菖蒲在供试富营养化水体中均能正常生长,二者单独种植体系或等量混合种植体系对富营养化水体均有一定的净化能力。单独种植的菰和菖蒲及二者的混合种植体系对供试水体中总氮的去除率分别为92.8%、92.7%和94.9%;对氨氮的去除率分别为95.5%、97.4%和96.6%;对总磷的去除率分别为83.9%、94.3%和84.7%;对CODCr的去除率分别为83.0%、85.5%和86.7%。单独种植的菖蒲对总磷的去除效果明显好于单独种植的菰和二者的混合种植体系。菰和菖蒲的混合种植体系对富营养化水体的净化效果与单独种植体系无明显差异。     

Genetic and clonal diversity of two cattail species, Typha latifolia and T. angustifolia (Typhaceae), from Ukraine

Genetic and clonal diversity vary between two closely related cattail species (Typha angustifolia and T. latifolia) from Ukraine. This diversity was calculated from microsatellite data. Forty-eight percent of the total variation was partitioned between species, which formed distinct clusters in a dendrogram with no indication of hybrid populations. Typha angustifolia had higher heterozygosity at the species (H(es) = 0.66) and population (H(ep) = 0.49) levels than did T. latifolia (H(es) = 0.37 and H(ep) = 0.29, respectively). The higher number of alleles in T. angustifolia may be indicative of larger effective population sizes due to its higher seed production. Clonal diversity of T. angustifolia was lower than that of T. latifolia (N(g)/N(r) = 0.40 and 0.61, Simpson's D = 0.82 and 0.94, respectively). Correlations between clonal and genetic diversity were higher for T. latifolia than T. angustifolia, suggesting that the importance of factors and their interactions affecting this relationship are different for the two species. Latitudinal and longitudinal trends were not observed in either species despite the large sampling area. Population differentiation was relatively high with F(ST) of 0.24 and 0.29 for T. angustifolia and T. latifolia, respectively. Weak isolation by distance was observed for T. latifolia but not for T. angustifolia.     

Herbarium studies on the distribution of anther-smut fungus (Microbotryum violaceum) and Silene species (Caryophyllaceae) in the eastern United States

We used herbarium specimens of Silene virginica, S. caroliniana, S. rotundifolia, and S. latifolia to survey the incidence of anther-smut disease (caused by Microbotryum violaceum sensu lato) in the eastern USA. We found no evidence of a collector bias against diseased specimens. Diseased specimens were frequently found in collections of S. virginica and S. caroliniana, but not in those of S. rotundifolia or S. latifolia. Disease incidence in S. virginica and S. caroliniana increased significantly over the past century and was higher in marginal populations. The absence of disease in specimens of S. rotundifolia is consistent with field observations, but its presence in natural populations of S. latifolia (especially in Virginia) suggests that the disease is recently introduced. Changes in the host distributions were also evident. The relative abundance of S. caroliniana declined over time (especially further north), while the relative abundance of S. virginica increased. Silene latifolia was absent or rare south of Pennsylvania before ca. 1920, indicating that S. latifolia and its anther smut are likely to be recent introductions in Virginia. Methods are also presented that quantify the completeness of coverage provided by herbarium specimens.     

Effects of nutrient and soil moisture on competition between shape Carex stricta,shape Phalaris arundinacea,and shape Typha latifolia

We investigated the importance of nutrients, soil moisture, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and interspecific competition levels on the biomass allocation patterns of three wetland perennial plant species, Carex stricta Lam., Phalaris arundinacea L., and Typha latifolia L. A factorial experiment was conducted with high-low nutrient levels, high-low soil moisture levels, and with and without AMF inoculation. Under the experimental conditions, plant inoculation by AMF was too low to create a treatment and the AMF treatment was dropped from the total analysis. P. arundinacea and T. latifolia biomass were 73% and 77% higher, respectively, in the high nutrient treatment compared to the low nutrient treatment. Biomass allocation between shoots and roots remained relatively constant between environmental treatments, although shoot:root ratios of P. arundinacea declined in the low nutrient treatment. For C. stricta, the high nutrient and soil moisture treatments resulted in an increase in biomass of 50% and 15%, respectively. Shoot:root ratios were nearly constant among all environmental conditions. Biomass of T. latifolia and C. stricta was greatly decreased when grown with P. arundinacea. The rapid, initial height growth of P. arundinacea produced a spreading, horizontal canopy that overshadowed the vertical leaves of T. latifolia and C. stricta throughout the study. This pattern was repeated in both high and low nutrient and soil moisture treatments. When grown with P. arundinacea, C. stricta and T. latifolia significantly increased their mean shoot height, regardless of the nutrient or soil moisture level. The results of this experiment suggest that C. stricta and T. latifolia were light limited when growing with P. arundinacea and that canopy architecture is more important for biomass allocation than the other environmental conditions tested. The results also suggest that Phalaris arundinacea is an inherently better competitor (sensu Grime 1979) than C. stricta or T. latifolia.     

Independent origin of sex chromosomes in two species of the genus Silene

Here we introduce a new model species, Silene colpophylla, that could facilitate research of sex chromosome evolution and sex-determining systems. This species is related to the well-established dioecious plant model Silene latifolia. Our results show that S. colpophylla is, similarly to S. latifolia, a male heterogametic species, but its sex chromosomes have evolved from a different pair of autosomes than in S. latifolia. The results of our phylogenetic study and mapping of homologs of S. latifolia X-linked genes indicate that the sex determination system in S. colpophylla evolved independently from that in S. latifolia. We assert that this model species pair will make it possible to study two independent patterns of sex chromosome evolution in related species.     

云南高原湖滨带3种挺水植物对水体N的净化能力及响应

以云南常见湖滨带挺水植物水葱、芦苇、茭草为待试植物,通过静水培养试验,分析了3种湖滨带挺水植物在TN浓度为10～10.5mg·L^-1污水中的生长特征及其与净化能力的相互关系.研究表明,植物的生长、生理反应和净化能力间有较好的相关性,水葱、茭草和芦苇的相对生长速率分别为0.0023/d、0.0012/d和0.0017/d,水葱株高增长率为茭草的1.4倍,芦苇的1.84倍,水葱的生长量为(干重)3.53g,为芦苇的1.76倍,茭草的2.22倍;对N的累积能力分别比芦苇和茭草高1.1倍和1.3倍,对氮的同化利用率显著高于芦苇和茭草.水葱、芦苇、茭草对污水氮的净化率分别为86.59%、76.32%和74.83%,对氮的吸收率分别为23.81%、8.55%、11.30%;电导率和MDA比值分别为1.136,2.214和1.413;0.962,1.629和2.06,水葱均表现出较好的净化效果和较强的抗逆性.结果表明,植物对环境的适应及功能的发挥,一方面取决于自身的生物学特性,另一方面受生长环境的影响,环境胁迫导致其生长不良,不能有效发挥其湖滨水体净化功能.