植物次生代谢产物简介

阐述了植物次生代谢产物的基本概念、主要功能,主要类型和生成次生代谢产物的主要途径,最后简单介绍了植物细胞大规模培养法生产有用次生代谢产物的现状。     

落叶松体细胞胚胎发生诱导多倍体的研究

通过检测细胞系增值率及细胞分裂指数确定细胞系分裂最旺盛时期,利用秋水仙素和氨磺灵诱导落叶松多倍体体细胞胚胎的发生,揭示了两种抗微管物质对落叶松体细胞胚胎发生的影响.秋水仙素在浓度为500 mg·L-1,浸泡处理36 h时能使多倍体体细胞胚胎发生的比例达到85.2%,体细胞胚发生率达到351.1个/g;氨磺灵在1～5 mg·L-1的浓度下处理后的细胞系几乎失去体细胞胚分化能力,无法大量获得多倍体体细胞胚.通过细胞压片及去壁-低渗涂片对比观察发现氨磺灵诱导后的细胞系除了染色体数目加倍外还有部分细胞发生程序性死亡.该研究初步证明了秋水仙素较适合落叶松多倍体体细胞胚的诱导,氨磺灵对落叶松毒害明显,不适合其多倍体的诱导.     

黄芩愈伤组织诱导和细胞培养研究进展

黄芩是传统中药,近年来,由于其抗癌、抗氧化、抗HIV和清除自由基等功效而格外受到关注.本文综述了黄芩愈伤组织培养中的外植体选择、诱导条件及培养条件选择,以及悬浮细胞培养中次生代谢产物的调控等新进展,以期为大规模培养黄芩细胞生产次生代谢产物提供理论参考和技术借鉴.     

曼地亚红豆杉细胞系的建立与评价

红豆杉(Taxus)细胞内紫杉醇的含量低且不稳定,限制了利用细胞培养大规模生产紫杉醇的产业化进程。以紫杉醇含量较高的曼地亚红豆杉(Taxus m edia)为试材,诱导得到了曼地亚红豆杉愈伤组织,在添加抗坏血酸(VC)、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、活性炭(activated carbon)的改良B5培养基上,15次反复继代培养后获得了高产紫杉醇的细胞系。对新建立的曼地亚红豆杉细胞系(MC)与同期诱导的东北红豆杉细胞系(NC)及实验室继代多年的中国红豆杉细胞系(SC)在细胞生长周期、紫杉醇含量和细胞死亡率等方面进行了分析比较。结果表明,SC的生长量达5.9倍,高于MC和NC的3.6和4.2倍。在初始接种量相近的情况下,MC的悬浮培养细胞在一个周期内紫杉醇产量可达9.5 mg/L,经过茉莉酸甲酯(M J)诱导后可达到41 mg/L。     

寡聚糖诱导悬浮培养南方红豆衫细胞的凋亡

在真菌（Fusarium oxysporum f.vasinfectum(Atkinson)Snyder et Hansen）寡聚糖诱导悬浮培养南方红豆衫（Taxus chinensis(Pilger)Rehd.var.mairei(Lemee et Levl.）Cheng et L.K.Fu）细胞生产紫杉醇的体系中发现细胞出现凋亡，次生代谢增强，电镜观察到细胞核质和原生质出现凝集现象，液泡内出现大量的高电子致密林。核DNA器发达，但紫杉醇合成速率很低，加入寡聚糖后，细胞防御系统开启，细胞生长停止，次生代谢物酚类物质大量积累且次生壁加厚，多酚氧化酶活性迅速提高，苯丙烷类代谢途径的关键酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶的活性在1h后急速提高，目的产物紫杉醇在诱导后72h达到峰值，比对照组提高了6倍，且细胞凋亡的出现与紫杉醇合成的峰值具有时间上的一致性。     

寡聚糖诱导悬浮培养南方红豆杉细胞的凋亡(英)

在真菌 (Fusariumoxysporumf.vasinfectum (Atkinson)SnyderetHansen)寡聚糖诱导悬浮培养南方红豆杉(Taxuschinensis (Pilger)Rehd .var.mairei (LemeeetL啨ｖｌ.)ChengetL .K .Fu)细胞生产紫杉醇的体系中发现细胞出现凋亡 ,次生代谢增强。电镜观察到细胞核质和原生质出现凝集现象 ,液泡内出现大量的高电子致密体。核DNA经琼脂糖凝胶电泳 ,呈 2 0 0bp的整数倍的梯状条带 (ladders) ;而对照组细胞核DNA完整 ,呈大片段 ,细胞完整 ,细胞器发达 ,但紫杉醇合成速率很低。加入寡聚糖后 ,细胞防御系统开启 ,细胞生长停止 ,次生代谢物酚类物质大量积累且次生壁加厚 ,多酚氧化酶活性迅速提高 ,苯丙烷类代谢途径的关键酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶的活性在 1h后急速提高 ,目的产物紫杉醇在诱导后 72h达到峰值 ,比对照组提高了 6倍 ,且细胞凋亡的出现与紫杉醇合成的峰值具有时间上的一致性。     

寡聚糖诱导悬浮培养南方红豆杉细胞的凋亡

在真菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.vasinfectum (Atkinson) Snyder et Hansen)寡聚糖诱导悬浮培养南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis (Pilger) Rehd.var.mairei (Lemee et Lévl.) Cheng et L.K.Fu)细胞生产紫杉醇的体系中发现细胞出现凋亡,次生代谢增强.电镜观察到细胞核质和原生质出现凝集现象,液泡内出现大量的高电子致密体.核DNA经琼脂糖凝胶电泳,呈200 bp的整数倍的梯状条带(ladders);而对照组细胞核DNA完整,呈大片段,细胞完整,细胞器发达,但紫杉醇合成速率很低.加入寡聚糖后,细胞防御系统开启,细胞生长停止,次生代谢物酚类物质大量积累且次生壁加厚,多酚氧化酶活性迅速提高,苯丙烷类代谢途径的关键酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶的活性在1 h后急速提高,目的产物紫杉醇在诱导后72 h达到峰值,比对照组提高了6倍,且细胞凋亡的出现与紫杉醇合成的峰值具有时间上的一致性.     

紫杉醇生物合成酶的研究进展

抗癌药紫杉醇是具有萜类环状结构的天然次生代谢产物.研究紫杉醇生物合成酶,特别是其合成关键酶,将为利用基因工程手段大量生产紫杉醇打下基础.对紫杉醇生物合成过程中参与酶的研究进展作一综述.     

诱导子对红豆杉培养细胞紫杉醇产量的影响

利用红豆杉细胞培养技术生产紫杉醇是目前紫杉醇生产的研究热点之一,并已取得了较大进展,其中如何提高紫杉醇的产量是研究的关键。目前通过促进紫杉醇代谢来提高产量最常用、最重要的方法之一是添加诱导子。这是来源于病原微生物的一类化学物质,具有诱导植物细胞中防卫基因表达诱发植物过敏反应和促进植物细胞中特定次生代谢产物的合成等多种功能。就近年来在红豆杉细胞培养生产紫杉醇方面的研究进展进行简要论述,着重介绍了添加诱导子在促进紫杉醇生物合成中的应用。     

植物细胞悬浮培养影响因子研究

植物细胞悬浮培养已广泛应用于育种和生产次生代谢产物,在生物工程中发挥着重要作用。本文综述了愈伤组织继代改良的措施,影响胚性悬浮细胞系建立的几个因素,存在问题及前景展望。     

Factors affecting the frequency of tetraploid cells in a predominantly diploid suspension culture ofDaucus carota

Summary Tetraploid clones were isolated from a predominantly diploid culture line ofDaucus carota by plating alone or after colchicine treatment. Although individually these tetraploid clones had similar growth rates to the diploid culture, they were progressively eliminated from mixtures with the diploid line. As the diploid culture line always contained a low frequency of tetraploids, the selective elimination of tetraploids must have been balanced by their continuous production. The frequency of endoreduplication detected was too low to maintain the equilibrium frequency of tetraploids and it is proposed that polyploidisation also occurred by endomitosis. The mean frequency of tetraploid metaphases within the diploid culture line was reduced by shortening the interval between subcultures from 14 to 7 days. This 7-day regime also eliminated linear growth and stationary phase periods, but did not alter the maximum growth rate or mitotic index of the culture. It is argued that the change in mean tetraploid metaphase frequency is indicative of a change in the number of tetraploid cells within the culture, brought about by an alteration in the equilibrium between production and elimination of tetraploid cells.     

红豆杉细胞培养生产紫杉醇产量稳定性的探讨

通过磷酸盐双饥饿和秋水仙碱这两种经典的同步化方法处理悬浮培养的红豆杉细胞 ,以实现培养物的均一性 ,并比较了同步化与非同步化细胞及不同同步化方法处理的细胞紫杉醇产量。结果表明 ,不同同步化方法处理的细胞紫杉醇产量有差异 :秋水仙碱同步处理处于中期的细胞紫杉醇产量高于非同步化细胞 ,而磷酸盐双饥饿同步处理处于间期的细胞紫杉醇产量则相反。这表明紫杉醇产量与培养物的均一性有关 ,且与细胞同步的周期时相有关 ,采用同步化方法来选择合适的细胞周期时相有利于紫杉醇产量的稳定 ,通过比较不同同步化方法处理对细胞生物量和 POD活性的影响进一步探讨紫杉醇产量产生差异的原因     

Stimulation of taxol production and excretion in Taxus spp cell cultures by rare earth chemical lanthanum

The trivalent ion of a rare earth element, lanthanum, was tested for elicitor-like effects on taxol production in suspension cultures of four different Taxus spp cells. In T. yunnanensis cell cultures, the lanthanum ion at concentrations from 1.15 to 23.0 microM stimulated taxol production. The lanthanum ion also promoted taxol excretion by the T. yunnanensis cells considerably. The maximum stimulation of taxol production was achieved by the addition of 5.8 microM La3+ to the culture during mid-log growth phase, increasing the volumetric taxol yield by nearly threefold, from 2.61+/-0.37 to 9.89+/-1.92 mg l(-1) over a 28 day culture period. At higher concentrations, i.e. 23.1 and 46.2 microM, however, the lanthanum ion caused significant growth inhibition. For the other three Taxus cell lines, namely an embryo and a leave cell of T. chinensis and a stem cell of T. chinensis marv, the addition of lanthanum ion to the culture only had a significant effect on taxol production by the T. chinensis marv stem cells, increasing the volumetric yield by about threefold to 4.69+/-0.76 mg l(-1). These results suggest that lanthanum has elicitor-like effects on secondary metabolite synthesis of plant cell cultures.     

Enhancement of paclitaxel content in induced tetraploid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Corylus avellana</Emphasis> L. cell suspension culture with regulating the expression of genes in paclitaxel biosynthetic pathway

During recent years, hazel cell suspension culture has been significantly considered as a new important source of paclitaxel. Artificial polyploidy alters different characters in plants which results in amplifying the secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. In this paper, the effects of tetraploidy induction on paclitaxel content and gene expression in hazel cell suspension culture were investigated. Various concentrations of colchicine and duration of exposure in solid and liquid media were examined and the ploidy level of cells was determined using flow cytometric analysis. The tetraploid cells were obtained from 0.2% colchicine in the exposure time of 5 and 6 days in solid medium and 0.3% colchicine in the exposure time of 3 and 4 days in liquid medium. Tetraploid cells were employed to prepare cell suspension. 3 µM of phenylalanine and 0.05 mM of vanadyl sulfate were added to both tetraploid and diploid (control) suspension to elicit paclitaxel induction. High performance liquid chromatography analysis demonstrated that the tetraploid cell suspensions produced paclitaxel of about [9.88 µg g^?1 (DW)] 1.7-fold compared with diploid cells [5.74 µg g^?1 (DW)]. The application of phenylalanine and vanadyl sulfate increased the concentration of paclitaxel in both diploid and tetraploid cells. Moreover, qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of GGPPS gene was significantly increased and PAL gene expression was altered after tetraploidization.     

Spontaneous mutation rate to thioguanine resistance is decreased in polyploid hamster cells

The mutation rate to thioguanine resistance was 3.11 X 10(-6) in a near diploid V79 hamster cell line and 7.58 X 10(-8) in a near tetraploid derivative produced with colchicine. The specific activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase of the tetraploid line were greater than that of the diploid which suggests that twice the number of active X chromosomes were present in the tetraploid. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that spontaneous variants resistant to thioguanine arise through mutation and chromosomal segregation, as has been suggested for induced mutations in tetraploid hamster cells.     

大花蕙兰四倍体的离体诱导和鉴定

采用组织培养方法研究了秋水仙素处理对大花蕙兰类原球茎增殖、分化和四倍体诱导的效应.结果表明,秋水仙素处理明显抑制类原球茎的增殖和分化,提高类原球茎褐变率和死亡率;在试验浓度和时间范围内,秋水仙素浓度越高,处理时间越长,抑制作用越强,解除抑制作用所需的继代次数越多.所有秋水仙素处理均能诱导出四倍体,但不同处理的四倍体诱导率不同,当处理浓度为0.05%、时间为5 d时,四倍体诱导率最高,为23.7%.二倍体及其四倍体的气孔保卫细胞长度和气孔密度均存在极显著的差异.四倍体植株比二倍体矮,茎部较粗壮,株型紧凑,叶片颜色浓绿、质地变硬.秋水仙素处理和组织培养相结合是创建大花蕙兰多倍体的有效方法.     

Preferential generation of human T cell hybrids with a tetraploid fusion partner

The factors determining successful derivation of human T lymphocyte hybrids are largely unknown. This report describes diploid and tetraploid clones of the T cell line CEM which were fused with either a human T cell line (Jurkat) or with peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Fusions of all CEMR clones with the Jurkat cell line yielded hybrids at a very high frequency (1 X 10(-4)). Fusion of diploid clones of CEM with PBL yielded no hybrids, whereas fusion of tetraploid clones of CEM with PBL resulted in growth frequencies of 1 to 3 X 10(-6). Enumeration of hybrids immediately after fusion indicated that in all cases, fused cells represented 5 to 10% of the population. That the ability to yield viable hybrids after fusion was a characteristic of tetraploid cells was indicated by the finding that tetraploid variants of a diploid clone could also yield viable hybrids after fusion. Possible mechanisms for the difference in results generated with diploid and tetraploid cells, and characteristics of the hybrid cells generated, are also discussed.     

Tetraploid Artemisia annua hairy roots produce more artemisinin than diploids

Hairy root cultures of diploid Artemisia annua L. (clone YUT16) grow rapidly and produce the antimalarial sesquiterpene artemisinin. Little is known about how polyploidy affects the growth of transformed hairy roots and the production of secondary metabolites. Using colchicine, we produced four stable tetraploid clones of A. annua L. from the YUT16 hairy root clone. Analysis showed major differences in growth and artemisinin production compared to the diploid clone. Tetraploid clones produced up to six times more artemisinin than the diploid parent. This study provides an initial step in increasing our understanding of the role of polyploidy in secondary metabolite production, especially in hairy roots.     

Variation of cell cycle duration within suspension cultures ofDaucus carota and its consequence for the induction of ploidy changes with colchicine

Summary Continuous exposure to colchicine was used to estimate the variation in cell cycle time between cells within suspension cultures ofDaucus carota. Observations were made of the pattern of disappearance of cells of the initially predominant ploidy levels in diploid and tetraploid cultures having markedly different aggregation patterns. Both cultures showed a similar range of cycle times, normally distributed about the culture mean. Shorter colchicine treatments, followed by regrowth in colchicine-free medium, showed that spread of cycle times in the diploid culture prevented uniform induction of tetraploidy, and that the resulting mixoploid suspensions showed a gradual reversion to diploidy during subsequent subculture.