太湖梅梁湾漫衰减系数季节性差异及其主导因素

利用2006-08-16、2007-3-28和2007-11-12三次在太湖梅梁湾15个样点的观测数据,对漫衰减系数(Kd)及其影响因素的时空差异性进行分析,发现:梅梁湾地区Kd的主要决定因素是总吸收系数,后向散射作用对Kd具有一定的影响作用,但非主导作用;梅梁湾地区水体Kd影响因素的主次关系并非固定不变,而是随着水体组分的季节性变化而变化,3月份Kd的主导影响因素是非色素物质,其次是有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)、色素物质和后向散射作用,而8月份的主导影响因素是色素物质,其次是非色素物质、CDOM和后向散射作用,而11月份相对较为复杂,在440nm处主导影响因素是非色素物质,其次是色素物质、CDOM和后向散射作用,595nm处主导影响因素是非色素物质吸收作用,其次是色素物质吸收作用、后向散射作用、CDOM吸收作用,675nm处主导影响因素是色素物质,其次是非色素物质、后向散射作用和CDOM.     

太湖梅梁湾冬季浮游细菌的多样性

运用分子生物学方法对太湖梅梁湾2005年3月冬季水体中的浮游细菌多样性进行了研究。提取水样中细菌基因组总DNA,以细菌的16SrDNA通用引物进行PCR扩增,扩增产物经分子克隆、酶切归类分析、测序和序列分析,对水样中的细菌群落建立了针对16SrDNA的克隆文库和系统发生树。基于细菌16SrDNA克隆文库和系统发生树的分析,结果表明,该水域的优势细菌类群为拟杆菌(Cy-tophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides,44.3%)和β、γ变形杆菌(Proteobacteria;β-Proteobacteria,25.3%和γ-Proteobacteria,27.8%),其中大部分细菌与黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和食酸菌属(Acidovorax)细菌的关系密切。与国外富营养化湖泊的研究报道相比较,γ-Proteobacteria类群为水体中的优势类群,是严重富营养化的太湖在冬季所具有的独特种群结构特征。     

太湖梅梁湾沿岸带水体生物学与光学特性

基于 1998～ 1999年周年 4季原位水下光场观测资料及中国科学院太湖湖泊生态系统研究站 1992～ 2 0 0 1年悬浮物、叶绿素 a、透明度长期历史观测资料分析了太湖梅梁湾沿岸带第 2号站点水体的生物学与光学特性 ,探讨了水下光合有效辐射(PAR)总量的日变化、垂直分布 ;光衰减系数的季节变化及光谱分布 ;影响光衰减系数的主要水色因子。结果表明 ,无论是 PAR还是光谱衰减系数其值都很高 ,其中 PAR衰减系数在 1.4 0～ 5 .30 / m间变化 ,均值为 2 .4 3± 0 .5 5 / m,秋季最大、夏季最小 ,真光层深度在 0 .87～ 3.2 9m间变化 ,均值为 1.98± 0 .4 1m;水下光谱在蓝光波段衰减最强烈 ,其次是红光、绿光 ,随着深度增加光谱成分出现绿移和红移现象 ,绿红光占得比例越来越大 ;光谱衰减系数随着波长的增加大致呈下降趋势 ,但在 6 70 nm附近有个峰值 ;基于线性相关分析发现在混浊的沿岸带水体中影响光衰减主要因子为水体中的悬浮物和有色可溶性有机物 ,叶绿素 a对 PAR衰减系数的贡献率只占到 1.5 9%～ 14 .2 1%。     

太湖梅梁湾水体中悬浮质及光谱的分布特征

在研究太湖梅梁湾水体中的悬浮质及水体中光谱分布时发现:总悬浮质中无机悬浮质含量与总悬浮质之间呈现明显的正比线形关系(R²=0.9724),而有机悬浮质与总悬浮质之间的正比线形关系较弱(R²=0.2921);在20cm处以下,总悬浮质中的藻类含量随着水深度的增加呈现下降的趋势,表面略低;有机悬浮质与叶绿素a的含量之间的线形关系较弱(R²=0.1344);光谱的分布特征是:在水体的表面,绿光最强,蓝光较强,而红光最弱;在150cm以下,红光最强,绿光较强,蓝光最弱。     

太湖梅梁湾冬季水-气界面二氧化碳通量日变化观测研究

应用静态箱式法对太湖梅梁湖区冬季(2003年12月23日8:00~26日6:00)的水气界面CO2通量进行了昼夜连续观测,共测得60组数据,分析了梅梁湾湖区CO2通量的冬季日变化规律。结果表明,在光照条件较好,风速较小情况下,白天梅梁湾湖区为CO2的汇,极大值出现在14:00时,其平均CO2通量为-3.01 mg.m-2.h-1;夜间梅梁湾湖区CO2通量值为-0.897~1.006 mg.m-2.h-1,其平均通量为-0.02 mg.m-2.h-1;在阴天、风速较大时,湖区CO2通量日变化与前面有较大差异,表现为CO2的强源,最大CO2通量达到76.53 mg.m-2.h-1。     

太湖梅梁湾水体悬浮颗粒物和CDOM的吸收特性

通过测定滤膜上悬浮颗粒物和过滤液中CDOM吸光度的方法计算得到太湖梅梁湾总颗粒物和CDOM的光谱吸收系数,并计算了各吸收组份的贡献份额以及吸收与PAR衰减的比值。总颗粒物的吸收系数从400 nm到600 nm大致呈下降趋势,到675nm附近由于叶绿素a的特征吸收会出现明显峰值,峰值高低随叶绿素a浓度的变化而变化,ap(440)在3.58~9.86 m-1间变化。非藻类颗粒物和CDOM的吸收随波长增加大致按指数规律下降,ad(440)和ag(440)的变化范围分别为2.23~7.07m-1和1.06~1.70 m-1。非藻类颗粒物在400~700 nm波段的指数函数斜率Sd的平均值为(10.91±0.62)μm-1;CDOM在280~500 nm波段指数函数斜率Sg的平均值为(15.52±0.49)μm-1。浮游藻类的光谱吸收表现为在440、675 nm附近存在两个明显的峰值,分别为(2.55±1.14)、(1.34±0.69)m-1。ap(440)与TSS、OSSI、SS均存在显著性正相关,而ad(440)则只与TSSI、SS有显著性相关,aph(440)只与OSS、Chla有显著性相关。CDOM吸收系数与DOC浓度没有显著正相关,但与Chla存在显著幂函数关系,浮游藻类降解产物是水体中CDOM的重要来源之一。水体中物质吸收主要以颗粒物为主,对总吸收的贡献率在70%以上,而颗粒物中又以非藻类颗粒物占主导,一般超过40%,总吸收对漫射衰减的贡献也在40%以上。     

太湖梅梁湾夏季水体组分光谱吸收特性

2006年8月16、17日对太湖梅梁湾湖区15个样点水体进行采样,利用分光光度计和定量滤膜技术测量了水体要素CDOM、非藻类颗粒物和浮游植物的吸收系数,同时进行水质参数的测定,分别对各水体要素的光谱吸收特性进行分析,并结合水质参数建立相应的区域模式.其中,分UV-C(250～290nm)、UV-B (290～320nm)、UV-A(320～400nm)和蓝光(400～500nm)4个波段建立CDOM光谱吸收的关系模式,同时发现曲线斜率值S与440nm处吸收系数存在很好的二次函数关系,在紫外和蓝光波段R2分别达到0.958和0.835;总悬浮物的光谱吸收特征在不同深度处有些相近,有些则存在明显差异,主要是由有机和无机颗粒物剖面分布的不确定性和总悬浮物浓度所引起;非藻类颗粒物吸收系数在400～700nm的指数函数拟合斜率值S的变化范围为0.0056～0.0090nm-1(平均值(0.0070±0.0008)nm-1),各样点指数函数拟合的R2在0.91以上.在可见光波段范围各水体要素对总吸收系数的贡献大小顺序是:浮游植物＞非藻类颗粒物＞CDOM.浮游植物在蓝、绿和红光波段的平均贡献率都在0.5以上,是水体吸收的主要贡献者;在蓝、绿和红光波段,非藻类颗粒物的平均贡献率分别为0.350±0.145、0.412±0.162和0.232±0.125,CDOM的分别为0.121±0.052、0.088±0.059和0.050±0.038.     

不同风浪条件下太湖梅梁湾光合有效辐射的衰减

基于2003年7月12～17日在太湖梅梁湾进行的连续6d原位水下光场观测资料,分析了不同风浪条件下光合有效辐射(PAR)的衰减和真光层深度,探讨了影响水下光合有效辐射的主导因子.结果表明,整个观测期间向下PAR衰减系数为2.63～4.71·m^-1(均值为3.63±0.47·m^-1),对应的真光层深度为0.98～1.75m(均值为1.29±0.18m),显示1.5m以下深度浮游植物、沉水植物基本上无法获取足够的太阳光能进行光合作用.从小风浪到中风浪、大风浪向下PAR衰减系数分别是2.63、3.72和4.37·m^-1,衰减系数分别增加了41%、66%.透明度、PAR衰减系数、真光层深度与悬浮物浓度存在显著性线性相关,并且与悬浮物中无机颗粒物相关性最好,而与叶绿素a、脱镁叶绿素及溶解性有机碳相关性很低.多元逐步线性回归表明,叶绿素a和溶解性有机碳最先被剔除方程,说明在梅梁湾由于风浪扰动引起悬浮物浓度的改变是影响水下光场的主导因素.     

太湖梅梁湾湖岸带浮游植物群落演替及其与水华形成的关系

利用2009～2010年周年观测数据,结合江苏太湖湖泊生态系统研究站15年监测数据,分析了太湖梅梁湾湖岸带浮游植物群落演替及其与蓝藻水华形成的关系.50次周监测结果表明:蓝藻门(Cyanophyta)、绿藻门(Chlorophyta)、硅藻门(Bacillariophyta)分别占浮游植物总生物量的60%、16%和22%.冬春季绿藻、硅藻为主要优势种,夏秋季蓝藻门的微囊藻占绝对优势.4月下旬～6月初,平均温度低于20℃,蓝藻没有大规模生长,硅藻门、绿藻门生物量急剧降低,总生物量小于1mg·L^-1;随后温度超过25℃,蓝藻迅速增长并很快成为绝对优势,蓝藻增加滞后于绿藻、硅藻的减少.在营养盐充足、物理因素合适的条件下,浮游植物群落结构自然演替是蓝藻水华形成的主要原因之一.     

春季太湖梅梁湾水体中藻类光量子产额的变化规律

藻类光量子产额是表征藻类对环境因素响应的重要参数之一.利用中国科学院太湖生态网络站栈桥头测定的水体初级生产力及水下辐照度数据,计算了4个观测时段藻类的光量子产额,结果表明,自表层至30 cm处,藻类的光量子产额随深度基本呈现线性增加的趋势,但随深度的进一步增加,光量子产额增加的趋势变缓,直至接近于平直状态(在到60～80 cm之间),该最大值也基本为0.12 mol(O2)/mol(光子),且该处的光量子产额是表层的10倍左右.春季,在太湖梅梁湾60 cm以上,光并不是藻类生长的限制条件,而在60 cm以下,由于光的衰减,使得光成为限制其光合作用的条件.     

Evaluation of chronic toxicities from sediments before and after ecological project in Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu, using cell bioassays

An ecological project for water purification was conducted in Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu, which supplies one-third of the drinking water for Wuxi City, China. Sediment dredging was employed. The floating-leaf and floating macrophytes were planted, combined with wave-attenuating, algal bloom blocking to improve the water quality. At the same time, large amounts of fish net were placed in the experimental zone, to which massive periphytes adhere. To evaluate the effectiveness of remediation, many studies were based on chemical analysis or acute toxicity test. In this study, chronic toxicities before and after the ecological project in Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu, China, were evaluated based on a battery of in vitro bioassays, including EROD bioassay, recombined yeast assay, as well as umu test for detection of Ah-receptor (AhR) agonists, estrogenic chemicals and genotoxic chemicals, respectively. Before remediation, AhR effect, estrogenic effect and indirect genotoxicity were all detected in sediments of Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake. After amelioration, levels of AhR agonists decreased by 42.3–80.7%, estrogenic chemicals decreased by 71.6–93.9% and indirect genotoxic chemicals decreased by 23.2–75.0%. Results showed that the ecological project effectively removed the chronic toxicants from the sediments.     

The effects of short-term exposures to ultraviolet radiation in the Hawaiian Coral Montipora verrucosa

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 290–400 nm) is an important abiotic factor that tropical marine organisms have been exposed to over evolutionary time. Additionally, UVR is known to cause coral bleaching independently and is an important synergistic factor in bleaching caused by thermal stress. Corals can avoid some of the damage associated with exposure to UVR by producing UVR-absorbing compounds such as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). To examine the role of MAAs in the UVR photobiology of corals we conducted experiments on the Hawaiian coral Montipora verrucosa. M. verrucosa colonies were collected from 1, 5 and 10 m and exposed to three different UVR treatments for 3 days under constant visible irradiances equivalent to a depth of 0.15 m depth in Kane'ohe Bay. In addition to quantifying the MAA concentration of these corals several types of UVR-induced damage were measured to assess whether MAAs were providing protection. Quantum yields of photosystem II (PSII) fluorescence and excitation pressure on PSII were measured for each coral, and the formation of direct UVR damage to DNA was measured as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and (6-4) pyrimidine–pyrimidone photoproducts for the holobiont. All corals exhibited midday depressions in quantum yields, developed DNA photoproducts, and increased their MAA concentrations significantly as a result of UVR exposures. CPD accumulation in M. verrucosa was highest in corals from 1 m, which had the lowest MAA concentrations at the end of the experiment. Corals originally from 10 m showed the highest MAA concentration and lowest DNA damage in response to exposure to UVR. While corals from all collection depths displayed some sensitivity to increased irradiances of UVR, their respective levels of tolerance were clearly dependant on their previous light history.     

Toxicity evaluation of Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu, China—a drinking water source

In this study, potential toxicity in organic pollutants in Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu, a drinking water source, was investigated using the comet assay and zebrafish embryo test, and two control sites in Lake Changdang and the Changjiang (Yangtze) River were established. For the genotoxicity assay, results showed that organic extracts from water samples induce DNA damage on human lymphocytes and mouse testicular cells. A statistically significant difference (p < 0.01) was observed versus the solvent control, as shown by multiple comparisons at a dose of 100 ml tube⁻¹. The degree of DNA damage caused by Meiliang Bay water was most serious (human lymphocytes cells—184 arbitrary units (AU); 234 AU on mouse testicular cells). Organic extracts also affected zebrafish embryo development. Embryo coagulation, axis abnormality, slow absorbability of vitellicle, and multi-edema related to teratogenesis at 96 hpf were observed. In the high dose group, there was obvious edema in the hearts and vitellicles for most dysplastic embryos. Toxic potential in organic pollutants in drinking water sources from the Yangtze River and Lake Changdang were less serious than Meiliang Bay. Therefore, the drinking water source in Meiliang Bay was unsafe compared to the Changjiang River and Lake Changdang, and it is exigent that Meiliang Bay water quality should be ameliorated further.     

Spectral gradients of downwelling light in a fluvial lake (Lake Saint-Pierre, St-Lawrence River)

Large fluvial lakes are understudied with respect to their underwaterlight climates. Fluvial lakes pose unique challenges for photobiologistsinterested in the interactions amongst light climate, nutrients and microbialcommunity structure and biodiversity. This is because fluvial lakes are typifiedby highly dynamic flow regimes often incorporating different inflows anddischarges each characterized by their own unique physico-chemical composition.These compositional characteristics include the concentrations of chromophoricdissolved organic matter (CDOM), suspended solids, and pigments such aschlorophyll. Together these factors contribute to the distribution andcomposition of the water masses that make up fluvial lakes. These water masses,in turn, flow over lakebeds that are typically complex in their morphometry andfeature extensive macrophyte beds, further enhancing the habitat heterogeneityof these ecosystems. We here report on the spectral attenuation of ultravioletradiation (UVR = 280–400 nm) and photosyntheticallyactive radiation (PAR = 400–700 nm) in the three mainwater masses of Lake Saint-Pierre and evaluate the relative contribution ofCDOM, and particulate organic material to UVR attenuation. We demonstrate thatUVR penetrates 18 to 30% of the water column (1% penetration depth) in the LakeSaint-Pierre ecosystem, and show how the underwater spectral UVR varies withinthe three water masses.     

Analysis of proteins involved in the production of MAA?s in two Cyanobacteria Synechocystis PCC 6803 and Anabaena cylindrica

Mycosporine- like amino acids (MAAs) are small (<400Da), colourless, water soluble compounds composed of cyclohexenone or cyclohexinimine chromophere conjugated with the nitrogen substituent of amino acid or its amino alcohol. These compounds are known for their UV- absorbing role in various organisms and seem to have evolutionary significance. The biosynthesis of MAAs is presumed to occur via the first part of shikimate pathway. In the present work two cyanobacteria Synechocystis PCC 6803 and Anabaena cylindrica were tested for their ability to synthesize MAAs and protein involved in the production of MAAs. It was found that protein sequence 3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase is involved in producing mycosporine glycine in Synechocystis PCC 6803 and 3-dehydroquinate synthase is involved for producing shinorine in Anabaena cylindrica. Phylogenetic and bioinformatic analysis of Mycosporine like amino acid producing protein sequence of both cyanobacterial species Synechocystis PCC 6803 and Anabaena cylindrica provide a useful framework to understand the relationship of the different forms and how they have evolved from a common ancestor. These products seem to be conserved but the residues are prone to variation which might be due the fact that different cyanobacteria show different physiological process in response of Ultraviolet stress.     

太湖梅梁湾浮游植物叶绿素a和初级生产力

1998年5月～1999年8月对太湖梅梁湾4站点进行了每季1次、为期1年的初级生产力及相关因子研究,分析了梅梁湾叶绿素a含量和初级生产力的时空分布特征．结果表明,梅梁湾的叶绿素a含量、初级生产力均存在明显的季节变化和空间差异,春、夏季浮游植物叶绿索a含量和初级生产力要比秋、冬季高,空间上位于污染严重的直湖港口6#点叶绿索a含量和初级生产力要高,并大致呈现从湾内向湾口递减的趋势;在春、夏、秋季光照较强时,初级生产力最大指值出现在水下20～50cm处。到冬季垂直差异不明显;10～30℃之间初级生产力基本上随温度的上升而呈指数增加趋势．浮游植物生物现存量与初级生产力存在显著的正相关．营养盐与初级生产力相关性变化很大．光照显著地影响初级生产力的日变化。春、夏季强光作用下表面光抑制现象比较明显．