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1.
Methanosarcina barkeri strain 227 produced ethane during growth on H2/CO2 when ethanol was added to the medium in concentrations of 89–974 mM; ethane production varied from 14 to 38 nmoles per tube (20 ml gas phase, 5.7 ml liquid) with increasing ethanol concentrations. Cells grown to mid-logarithmic phase (A600 0.46, protein = 64 g/ml) on H2/CO2, thoroughly flushed with H2/CO2, then exposed to ethanol, produced maximal ethane levels (at 585 and 974 mM ethanol) of about 215 nmoles per tube, with an ethane/methane ratio of 1×10-3. Mid-logarithmic-phase cultures of Methanosarcina barkeri strain Fusaro also produced ethane (up to 20 nmoles per tube) when exposed to ethanol. Cultures of strain 227 growing on methanol in the absence of H2 produced 6 nmoles per tube of ethane when supplemented with ethanol whereas those lacking ethanol but containing H2 and/or methanol produced 1.6 nmoles per tube. Cultures of Methanococcus deltae strains LH and RC, Methanospirillum hungatei or Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum produced 5 nmoles ethane per tube when grown in medium containing ethanol. Ethanol concentrations of 177–886 mM were inhibitory to growth of all methanogens examined. Production of ethane by Methanosarcina was inhibited by >62 mM methanol, and both methanogenic inhibitors tested, CCl4 and Br–CH2–CH2–SO
inf3
sup-
, inhibited ethane and methane production concurrently. The data suggest that ethanol is converted to ethane by Methanosarcina species using the terminal portion of the methanol-to-methane pathway. 相似文献
2.
During growth of Acetobacterium woodii on fructose, glucose or lactate in a medium containing less than 0.04% bicarbonate, molecular hydrogen was evolved up to 0.1 mol per mol of substrate. Under an H2-atmosphere growth of A. woodii with organic substrates was completely inhibited whereas under an H2/CO2-atmosphere rapid growth occurred. Under these conditions H2+CO2 and the organic substrate were utilized simultaneously indicating that A. woodii was able to grow mixotrophically.
Clostridium aceticum differed from A. woodii in that H2 was only evolved in the stationary phase, that the inhibition by H2 was observed at pH 8.5 but not at pH 7.5, anf that in the presence of fructose and H2+CO2 only fructose was utilized.The hydrogenase activity of fructose-grown cells of C. aceticum amounted to only 12% of that of H2+CO2-grown cells. With A. woodii a corresponding decrease of the activity of this enzyme was not observed. 相似文献
3.
The growth of the anaerobic acetogenic bacterium Acetobacterium woodii DSM 1030 was investigated in fructose-limited chemostat cultures. A defined medium was developed which contained fructose, mineral salts, cysteine · HCl and Ca pantothenate (1 mg · 1–1) supplied in a vitamin supplement. Growth at high dilution rates was dependent on the presence of CO2 in the gas phase. The
max was found to be 0.16 h–1 and the fructose maintenance requirement was 0.1 to 0.13 mmol fructose · (g dry wt)–1 · h–1. A growth yield of 61 g dry wt · (mol fructose)–1, corrected for the cell maintenance requirement and for incorporation of fructose carbon into cell biomass, was determined from the fructose consumption. A corresponding growth yield of 69 g dry wt · (mol fructose)–1 was calculated from the acetate production assuming that fructose fermentation was homoacetogenic. A YATP of 12.2 to 13.8 g dry wt · (mol ATP)–1 was calculated from these growth yields using a value of 5 mol ATP · (mol fructose)–1 as an estimate of the amount of ATP synthesised from fructose fermentation. The addition of yeast extract (0.5 g · 1–1) to the medium did not influence the
max or cell yield. After prolonged growth under fructose-limited conditions the requirement of the culture for CO2 in the gas phase was reduced.Abbreviations YE
yeast extract
- IC
inorganic carbon
- D
fermenter dilution rate : h–1
- MX
maintenance requirement for X: mmol X · (g dry wt)–1 · h–1
- X
may be fructose (Fruct), fructose consumed in energy metabolism (Fruct [E]), acetate (Ac)
- ATP
CO2, NH
inf4
sup+
or Pi
- qX
specific rate of utilisation or consumption of X: mmol X · (g dry wt)–1 · h–1
- V
fermenter volume: litre
- rC
· Cell, fermenter cell carbon production: mmol C · h–1
- YX
yield of cells on X: g dry wt · (mol X)–1
- Y
infx
supmax
the yield corrected for cell maintenance: g dry wt · (mol X)–1
- SATP
stoichiometry of ATP synthesis from fructose: mol ATP · (mol frucose)–1
- x
cell concentration: g dry wt · 1–1
-
specific growth rate : h–1
-
max
maximum specific growth rate: h–1 相似文献
4.
The isolated cell walls of Acetobacterium woodii contain a murein of the crosslinkage type B. d-Orinithinyl residues function as interpeptide bridges between the -carboxyl group of d-glutamic acid and the carboxyl group of the terminal d-analyl residue of an adjacent peptide subunit. The usual l-alanyl residue in position 1 of the peptide subunit is replaced by a l-seryl residue. As yet this murein type was only found in Eubacterium limosum, an organism which was supposed to be related to Acetobacterium because of some metabolic similarities. 相似文献
5.
Transformation of tetrachloromethane to dichloromethane and carbon dioxide by Acetobacterium woodii 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
C Egli T Tschan R Scholtz A M Cook T Leisinger 《Applied and environmental microbiology》1988,54(11):2819-2824
Five anaerobic bacteria were tested for their abilities to transform tetrachloromethane so that information about enzymes involved in reductive dehalogenations of polychloromethanes could be obtained. Cultures of the sulfate reducer Desulfobacterium autotrophicum transformed some 80 microM tetrachloromethane to trichloromethane and a small amount of dichloromethane in 18 days under conditions of heterotrophic growth. The acetogens Acetobacterium woodii and Clostridium thermoaceticum in fructose-salts and glucose-salts media, respectively, degraded some 80 microM tetrachloromethane completely within 3 days. Trichloromethane accumulated as a transient intermediate, but the only chlorinated methanes recovered at the end of the incubation were 8 microM dichloromethane and traces of chloromethane. Desulfobacter hydrogenophilus and an autotrophic, nitrate-reducing bacterium were unable to transform tetrachloromethane. Reduction of chlorinated methanes was thus observed only in the organisms with the acetyl-coenzyme A pathway. Experiments with [14C]tetrachloromethane were done to determine the fate of this compound in the acetogen A. woodii. Radioactivity in an 11-day heterotrophic culture was largely (67%) recovered in CO2, acetate, pyruvate, and cell material. In experiments with cell suspensions to which [14C]tetrachloromethane was added, 14CO2 appeared within 20 s as the major transformation product. A. woodii thus catalyzes reductive dechlorinations and transforms tetrachloromethane to CO2 by a series of unknown reactions. 相似文献
6.
Transformation of tetrachloromethane to dichloromethane and carbon dioxide by Acetobacterium woodii. 总被引:9,自引:4,他引:5 下载免费PDF全文
Five anaerobic bacteria were tested for their abilities to transform tetrachloromethane so that information about enzymes involved in reductive dehalogenations of polychloromethanes could be obtained. Cultures of the sulfate reducer Desulfobacterium autotrophicum transformed some 80 microM tetrachloromethane to trichloromethane and a small amount of dichloromethane in 18 days under conditions of heterotrophic growth. The acetogens Acetobacterium woodii and Clostridium thermoaceticum in fructose-salts and glucose-salts media, respectively, degraded some 80 microM tetrachloromethane completely within 3 days. Trichloromethane accumulated as a transient intermediate, but the only chlorinated methanes recovered at the end of the incubation were 8 microM dichloromethane and traces of chloromethane. Desulfobacter hydrogenophilus and an autotrophic, nitrate-reducing bacterium were unable to transform tetrachloromethane. Reduction of chlorinated methanes was thus observed only in the organisms with the acetyl-coenzyme A pathway. Experiments with [14C]tetrachloromethane were done to determine the fate of this compound in the acetogen A. woodii. Radioactivity in an 11-day heterotrophic culture was largely (67%) recovered in CO2, acetate, pyruvate, and cell material. In experiments with cell suspensions to which [14C]tetrachloromethane was added, 14CO2 appeared within 20 s as the major transformation product. A. woodii thus catalyzes reductive dechlorinations and transforms tetrachloromethane to CO2 by a series of unknown reactions. 相似文献
7.
Methane formation from acetate in cell suspensions of Methanosarcina barkeri was inhibited by low concentrations (5 M) of propyl iodide. Inhibition was abolished by short exposure of the suspension to light which strongly indicates that a corrinoid enzyme is involved in methanogenesis from acetate. Propyl iodide (5M) had no effect on the exchange reaction between the carboxyl group of acetate and 14CO2, and on methane formation from methanol, from H2 and methanol, or from H2 and CO2. These findings indicate that the proposed corrinoid enzyme has a role in methyl group transfer to coenzyme M after C-C cleavage of acetate.Dedicated to Professor N. Pfennig on the occasion of his 60th birthday 相似文献
8.
We have addressed the question, whether the reduction of caffeate in Acetobacterium woodii strain NZva16 is coupled to ATP synthesis by electron transport phosphorylation. The following results were obtained: 1. Cultures of A. woodii with H2 and CO2, grew to greater cell densities, when caffeate was also present. Caffeate was reduced to give hydrocaffeate and less acetate was formed. The cell yield based on the amount of caffeate reduced was approximately 1 g dry cells/mol. 2. Non-growing bacterial suspensions catalyzed the reduction of caffeate by H2. The specific activity (0.2–1.0 mol · min–1 · mg–1 bacterial protein) was as high as expected for a catabolic reaction. 3. The ATP content of bacteria incubated, with H2 increased from < 1 to about 7 mol per g cellular protein on the addition of caffeate. The ATP yield was calculated as 0.06 mol ATP · mol–1 caffeate from the initial velocity of ATP formation and the activity of caffeate reduction. Valinomycin together with nigericin inhibited ATP formation and caused a 2–3-fold increase of the activity of caffeate reduction. Protonophores were without, effect. 4. Caffeate in the presence of H2 caused the uptake of tetraphenylphosphonium cation by the bacteria. The uptake was abolished by valinomycin plus nigericin, and was considerably enhanced by monensin. Protonophores were without effect, even in the presence of monensin. It is concluded that caffeate reduction by H2 is coupled to ATP formation by electron transport phosphorylation. However, the failure of protonophores to prevent phosphorylation and TPP uptake cannot be explained.Abbreviations Caffeate
3,4-Dihydroxycinnamate
- Hydrocaffeate
3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionate
- TPP+
tetraphenylphosphonium cation
- FCCP
carbonylcyanide-4-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
- TTGB
4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-2-trifluoromethylbenzimidazol
- TCS
3,5,3,4-tetrachlorosalicylanilide 相似文献
9.
Concentrations of 0.5% O2 immediately inhibited CH4 production from methanol by Methanosarcina barkeri. Simultaneously, the redox potential of the medium increased to about +100 mV. However, the rates of CH4 production were not significantly affected, when the redox potential of an anoxic medium was adjusted to values between -420 mV and +100 mV by addition of titanium (III) citrate, sodium dithionite, flavin adenine dinucleotide, or sodium ascorbate. When the redox potential was adjusted to values between -80 mV and +550 mV by means of mixtures of ferrocyanide and ferricyanide, CH4 production was not inhibited until a redox potential of about +420 mV was reached. M. barkeri was able to reduce 0.5 mM ferricyanide solution at +430 mV within <30 min to a value of about +50 mV, and then to start CH4 production. Higher ferricyanide concentrations were only partially reduced. The extent of reduction of ferricyanide was also dependent on the substrate concentration (methanol) and the density of the bacterial suspension. The results show that M. barkeri was able to generate to a certain extent by itself the redox environment which suited the production of CH4. However, the bacteria probably have not enough reducing power to decrease the redox potential below the critical level of +50 mV, if O2 is present at concentrations >0.005%. 相似文献
10.
Ether-cleaving enzyme and diol dehydratase involved in anaerobic polyethylene glycol degradation by a new Acetobacterium sp. 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A strictly anaerobic, homoacetogenic bacterium was enriched and isolated from anoxic sewage sludge with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1000 as sole source of carbon and energy, and was assigned to the genus Acetobacterium on the basis of morphological and physiological properties. The new isolate fermented ethylene glycol and PEG's with molecular masses of 106 to 1000 to acetate and small amounts of ethanol. The PEG-degrading activity was not destroyed by proteinase K treatment of whole cells. In cell-free extracts, a diol dehydratase and a PEG-degrading (ether-cleaving) enzyme activity were detected which both formed acetaldehyde as reaction product. The diol dehydratase enzyme was oxygen-sensitive and was stimulated 10–14 fold by added adenosylcobalamine. This enzyme was found mainly in the cytoplasmic fraction (65%) and to some extent (35%) in the membrane fraction. The ether-cleaving enzyme activity reacted with PEG's of molecular masses of 106 to more than 20000. The enzyme was measurable optimally in buffers of high ionic strength (4.0), was extremely oxygen-sensitive, and was inhibited by various corrinoids (adenosylcobalamine, cyanocobalamine, hydroxocobalamine, methylcobalamine). This enzyme was found exclusively in the cytoplasmic fraction. It is concluded that PEG is degraded by this bacterium inside the cytoplasm by a hydroxyl shift reaction, analogous to a diol dehydratase reaction, to form an unstable hemiacetal intermediate. The name polyethylene glycol acetaldehyde lyase is suggested for the responsible enzyme.Abbreviations EG
ethylene glycol
- DiEG
diethylene glycol
- TriEG
triethylene glycol
- TeEG
tetraethylene glycol
- PEG
polyethylene glycol (molecular mass indicated) 相似文献
11.
During growth of Methanosarcina barkeri strain Fusaro on a mixture of trimethylamine and acetate, methane production and acetate consumption were biphasic. In the first phase trimethylamine (33 mmol x l-1) was depleted and some acetate (11–14 from 50 mmol x l-1) was metabolized simultaneously. In the second phase the remaining acetate was cleaved stoichiometrically into CH4 and CO2. Kinetic experiments with (2-14C)acetate revealed that only 2.5% of the methane produced in the first phase originated from acetate: 18% of the acetate metabolized was cleaved into CH4 and CO2, 23% of the acetate was oxidized, and 55% was assimilated. Methane produced from CD3–COOH in the first phase consisted of CD2H2 and CD3H in a ratio of 1:1. 相似文献
12.
Hydrogenase was solubilized from the membrane of acetate-grown Methanosarcina barkeri MS and purification was carried out under aerobic conditions. The enzyme was reactivated under reducing conditions in the presence of H2. The enzyme showed a maximal activity of 120±40 mol H2 oxidized · min–1 · min–1 with methyl viologen as an electron acceptor, a maximal hydrogen production rate of 45±4 mol H2 · min–1 · mg–1 with methyl viologen as electron donor, and an apparent K
m for hydrogen oxidation of 5.6±1.7 M. The molecular weight estimated by gel filtration was 98,000. SDS-PAGE showed the enzyme to consist of two polypeptides of 57,000 and 35,000 present in a 1:1 ratio. The native protein contained 8±2 mol Fe, 8±2 mol S2–, and 0.5 mol Ni/mol enzyme. Cytochrome b was reduced by hydrogen in a solubilized membrane preparation. The hydrogenase did not couple with autologous F420 or ferredoxin, nor with FAD, FMN, or NAD(P)+. The physiological function of the membrane-bound hydrogenase in hydrogen consumption is discussed.Abbreviation CoM-S-S-HTP
the heterodisulfide of 7-mercaptoheptanoylthrconine phosphate and coenzyme M (mercaptoethanesulfonic acid) 相似文献
13.
Three strains of new mesophilic homoacetogenic bacteria were enriched and isolated from sewage sludge and from marine sediment samples with methoxyacetate as sole organic substrate in a carbonate-buffered medium under anoxic conditions. Two freshwater isolates were motile, Gram-positive, non-sporeforming rods. The marine strain was an immotile, Gram-positive rod with a slime capsula. All strains utilized only the methyl residue of methoxyacetate and released glycolic acid. They also fermented methyl groups of methoxylated aromatic compounds and of betaine to acetate with growth yields of 6–10 g dry matter per mol methyl group. H2/CO2, formate, methanol, hexamethylene tetramine, as well as fructose, numerous organic acids, glycerol, ethylene glycol, and glycol ethers were fermented to acetate as well. High activities of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (0.4–2.2 U x mg protein–1) were detected in all three isolates. The guanine-plus-cytosine-content of the DNA of the freshwater isolates was 42.7 and 44.4 mol %, with the marine isolate it was 47.7 mol %. The freshwater strains were assigned to the genus Acetobacterium as new strains of the species A. carbinolicum. One freshwater isolate, strain KoMac1, was deposited with the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen GmbH, Braunschweig, under the number DSM 5193. 相似文献
14.
This study aimed to obtain natural cultures of anaerobic fungi and their indigenously associated methanogens from herbivores and investigate their ability to degrade lignocelluloses to methane. Eight natural cultures were obtained by Hungate roll tube technique. The fungi were identified as belonging to Piromyces, Anaeromyces and Neocallimastix respectively by microscopy, and the methanogens as Methanobrevibacter spp. by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In vitro studies with rice straw showed that these cultures degraded 33.5-48.3% substrate and produced 0.33-0.84 mmol/(100 ml culture) methane. Two cultures were further selected for their ability to degrade different lignocellulosic materials and could produce 0.38-1.27 mmol/(100 ml culture) methane. When methanogens were inhibited, the lignocellulose-degrading ability of cultures significantly reduced. In conclusion, natural cultures of anaerobic fungi with indigenously associated methanogens with high fiber degradation ability were obtained, and these cultures may have the potential in industrial use in lignocelluloses degradation and methane production. 相似文献
15.
Coenzyme A-linked acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ACDH) of ethanol-grown cells of Acetobacterium woodii was purified to apparent homogeneity; a 28-fold purification was achieved with 13% yield. The enzyme proved to be oxygen-sensitive and was inactive in the absence of dithioerythritol. During the purification procedure addition of 1 mM MgCl2 was necessary to maintain enzyme activity. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity was separated from ACDH during anion exchange chromatography using DEAE Sephacel. A part of the ACDH activity coeluted with ADH, but both could be separately eluted from a Cibacron Blue 3GA-Agarose column, revealing the same subunit structure and activity band for ACDH as found before and, thus, indicating an aggregation of the enzyme. The remaining ADH activity could be separated by gel filtration. For the native ACDH a molecular mass of 255 kDa was determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and of 272 kDa by gel filtration using Superose 12. The enzyme subunit sizes were 28 kDa and 40 kDa, respectively, indicating a 44 structure for the active form. The enzyme catalyzed the oxidation of several straight chain aldehydes although it was most active with acetaldehyde. NADH strongly inhibited oxidation of acetaldehyde whereas NADPH had no effect. The inhibition was noncompetitive.Non-standard abbrevations ACDH
acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
- ADH
alcohol dehydrogenase
- CHES
2-(N-cyclohexylamino)-ethanesulfonate
- DTE
dithioerythritol
- KP-buffer
25 mM K-PO4, pH 7.5, containing, 4 mM DTE
- MES
2-(N-morpholino)-ethanesulfonate
- TAPS
N-Tris-(hydroxymethyl)-methyl-3-aminopropa-nesulfonate 相似文献
16.
17.
Coenzyme M derivatives and their effects on methane formation from carbon dioxide and methanol by cell extracts of Methanosarcina barkeri. 总被引:2,自引:8,他引:2 下载免费PDF全文
T J Hutten M H De Jong B P Peeters C van der Drift G D Vogels 《Journal of bacteriology》1981,145(1):27-34
Extracts of Methanosarcina barkeri reduced methanol and CO2 to CH4 in the presence of H2 and converted methanol stoichiometrically into CH4 and CO2 in the absence of H2. In dialyzed cell-free extracts these reactions were stimulated by 2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid (coenzyme M) and some derivatives (acetyl and formylcoenzyme M and the oxidized form of coenzyme M), which could be converted to coenzyme M by enzyme systems present in the extracts. Methylcoenzyme M could not be used in these systems. 相似文献
18.
Scholten JC Culley DE Brockman FJ Wu G Zhang W 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2007,352(1):48-54
The sulfate reducing bacteria Desulfovibrio vulgaris and the methanogenic archaea Methanosarcina barkeri can grow syntrophically on lactate. In this study, a set of three closely located genes, DVU2103, DVU2104, and DVU2108 of D. vulgaris, was found to be up-regulated 2- to 4-fold following the lifestyle shift from syntroph to sulfate reducer; moreover, none of the genes in this gene set were differentially regulated when comparing gene expression from various D. vulgaris pure culture experiments. Although exact function of this gene set is unknown, the results suggest that it may play roles related to the lifestyle change of D. vulgaris from syntroph to sulfate reducer. This hypothesis is further supported by phylogenomic analyses showing that homologies of this gene set were only narrowly present in several groups of bacteria, most of which are restricted to a syntrophic lifestyle, such as Pelobacter carbinolicus, Syntrophobacter fumaroxidans, Syntrophomonas wolfei, and Syntrophus aciditrophicus. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all three individual genes in the gene set tended to be clustered with their homologies from archaeal genera, and they were rooted on archaeal species in the phylogenetic trees, suggesting that they were horizontally transferred from archaeal methanogens. In addition, no significant bias in codon and amino acid usages was detected between these genes and the rest of the D. vulgaris genome, suggesting the gene transfer may have occurred early in the evolutionary history so that sufficient time has elapsed to allow an adaptation to the codon and amino acid usages of D. vulgaris. This report provides novel insights into the origin and evolution of bacterial genes linked to the lifestyle change of D. vulgaris from a syntrophic to a sulfate-reducing lifestyle. 相似文献
19.
Abstract Methane formation from formaldehyde and H2 or from carbon dioxide and H2 , as performed by cell suspensions of Methanosarcina barkeri , was coupled to ATP synthesis. In correspondence with this, methane formation was inhibited by N , N '-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), which at the same time, caused a decrease of the intracellular ATP concentration but only a slow decrease of the membrane potential. Addition of the uncoupler tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCS) led to a relief of the inhibition of methane formation from CH2 O + H2 , but not from CO2 + H2 . 相似文献
20.
We measured F420-dependent N5,N10-methylenetetrahydro-methanopterin dehydrogenase, N5, N10-methenyltetrahydro-methanopterin cyclohydrolase, and F420-reducing hydrogenase levels in Methanosarcina barkeri grown on various substrates. Variation in dehydrogenase levels during growth on a specific substrate was usually <3-fold, and much less for cyclohydrolase. H2–CO2-, methanol-, and H2–CO2+ methanol-grown cells had roughly equivalent levels of dehydrogenase and cyclohydrolase. In acetate-grown cells cyclohydrolase level was lowered 2 to 3-fold and dehydrogenase 10 to 80-fold; this was not due to repression by acetate, since, if cultures growing on acetate were supplemented with methanol or H2–CO2, dehydrogenase levels increased 14 to 19-fold, and cyclohydrolase levels by 3 to 4-fold. Compared to H2–CO2- or methanol-grown cells, acetate-or H2–CO2 + methanol-grown cells had lower levels of and less growth phase-dependent variation in hydrogenase activity. Our data are consistent with the following hypotheses: 1. M. barkeri oxidizes methanol via a portion of the CO2-reduction pathway operated in the reverse direction. 2. When steps from CO2 to CH3-S-CoM in the CO2-reduction pathway (in either direction) are not used for methanogenesis, hydrogenase activity is lowered.Abbreviations MF
methanofuran
- H4MPT
5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin
- HS-HTP
7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine phosphate
- CoM-S-S-HTP
heterodisulfide of HS-CoM and HS-HTP
- F420
coenzyme F420 (a 7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deaza-riboflavin derivative)
- H2F420
reduced coenzyme F420
- HC+=H4MPT
N5,N10-methenyl-H4MPT
- H2C=H4MPT
N5,N10-methylene-H4MPT
- H3C=H4MPT
N5-methyl-H4MPT
- BES
2-bromoethanesulfonic acid 相似文献