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1.
表观遗传学是一门重要的生命学科,主要包括DNA的甲基化、组蛋白修饰以及非编码RNA等内容,其中任何一方面的表观遗传学变化对生物体的生命过程都有重要的影响。近年来随着生命科学的快速发展,表观遗传学越来越受到人们的关注,各种先进科技的应用也使得表观遗传学实验技术得到快速的发展。本文对DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰及非编码RNA的基本内容及实验方法进行了综述,并对不同的研究方法进行分析,有利于表观遗传学的深入研究。  相似文献   

2.
下一代测序技术在表观遗传学研究中的重要应用及进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
沈圣  屈彦纯  张军 《遗传》2014,(3):71-90
下一代测序技术(Next generation sequencing,NGS)的出现,极大地促进了表观遗传学的研究。将NGS技术引入表观遗传学,便形成了以NGS为基础的各种表观遗传学测序及研究方法,如:全基因组亚硫酸氢盐测序法(Whole genome bisulfite sequencing,WGBS)、简化代表性亚硫酸氢盐测序法(Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing,RRBS)、甲基化DNA免疫共沉淀测序(Methylated DNA immunoprecipitationsequencing,MeDIP-seq)、染色质免疫共沉淀测序(Chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing,ChIP-seq)、Tet辅助重亚硫酸盐测序法(Tet-assisted bisulfite sequencing,TAB-seq)、各种染色体构象捕获测序(Chromosome conformation capture sequencing,3C-seq)技术、DnaseⅠ-seq/MNase-seq/FAIRE-seq以及RNA测序(RNA sequencing,RNA-seq)。这些方法的应用和普及改变了人们对多种表观遗传现象的传统认识,使研究人员能够更加全面地深入了解各种表观遗传标志在机体内的广泛分布,以及如何在外界因素的影响下发生相应的动态变化。文章概述了当今主要商业NGS平台的原理和特点,系统介绍了以NGS方法为基础衍生出来的各种表观遗传学测序及研究方法,并在此基础上对近年来应用NGS技术在表观遗传学研究领域中取得的最新研究成果进行了综述。  相似文献   

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表观遗传学(Epigenetics)是指基因的DNA序列不发生改变的情况下,基因的表达水平与功能发生改变,并产生可遗传表型的遗传现象。主要内容包括DNA甲基化,组蛋白共价修饰,染色质重塑,非编码RNA 4个调控机制。这些表观遗传学变化与多种疾病的发生发展有关,该文就表观遗传学及其与疾病相关性作一综述。  相似文献   

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苯丙胺类兴奋剂是全世界第二大滥用程度的药物,甲基苯丙胺作为苯胺类兴奋剂中的主要药物,是中国滥用的“头号毒品”。而现有的研究对甲基苯丙胺成瘾机制尚不清晰,且临床上对药物成瘾的治疗依然存在无药可医的局面。因此,发现新的成瘾机制和治疗策略尤为迫切。甲基苯丙胺成瘾与额前叶皮质(mPFC)、中脑腹侧被盖区(VTA)和伏隔核(NAc)中的多巴胺(DA)、谷氨酸(Glu)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)和血清素(SNRIS)等神经递质的异常释放有关。研究表明,这些神经递质受到表观遗传机制中组蛋白乙酰化、甲基化、泛素化和非编码RNA等调节,某些基因的表达在甲基苯丙胺的诱导过程中增强或被抑制,导致甲基苯丙胺依赖性产生。本文将针对表观遗传学对甲基苯丙胺成瘾机制的影响进行着重论述,以期推进临床开发甲基苯丙胺戒断药物的研究。  相似文献   

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表观遗传学对于微生物的生命进程起着重要作用。由限制-修饰系统调控的DNA修饰参与微生物的免疫防御系统,无限制-修饰系统调控的DNA修饰通过调控基因表达影响表型。然而,表观遗传信息还没有被常规地作为DNA信息收集分析。基于对DNA合成反应的动力学分析,单分子实时测序技术可以在获得基本序列数据的同时实现对被修饰核苷酸的检测。这个技术为微生物中已知DNA修饰的研究提供了新的平台,也为新型DNA修饰的发现做好准备。本文综述了单分子实时测序技术及其在微生物表观遗传学中的应用。  相似文献   

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转录后修饰广泛存在于各种RNA分子中,对RNA发挥功能至关重要.目前,RNA上的化学修饰已达到160余种(https://iimeb.genesilico.pl/modomies/),其中甲基化修饰是最常见的修饰类型.薄层层析、高效液相色谱及质谱等传统的检测方法对RNA修饰的鉴定和定量做出了重要贡献.然而,RNA修饰的...  相似文献   

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表观遗传学研究进展   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
表观遗传学是在基因组DNA序列不发生变化的条件下,基因表达发生的改变也是可以遗传的,导致可遗传的表现型变化。表观遗传学主要包括DNA甲基化作用、组蛋白修饰作用、染色质重塑、遗传印记、随机染色体(X)失活及RNA世界等。与表观遗传学相关的疾病主要有肿瘤、心血管病、精神病和自身免疫系统性病等。现就表观遗传学与疾病进行综述。  相似文献   

8.
上皮细胞转分化现象及其与疾病发生发展的关系,近年已成为细胞生物学、免疫学等多学科关注的聚焦点。转分化作为细胞分化发育的基本生物学现象,存在于机体诸多生理病理过程,也受表观遗传学的调控。相对于经典遗传学而言,表观遗传学作为一门新兴学科,其为生物体的基因表达调控及遗传现象提供了新的理论阐释。现知,DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰及非编码RNA等均可导致上皮细胞基因发生表观遗传改变,与上皮细胞转分化的发生发展密切相关,并在该过程中发挥重要的调控作用。进一步阐明细胞转分化的分子基础及其表观遗传学调控机制,将有助于认识生命现象基本过程,并可为炎症性疾病、自身免疫病、器官纤维化,以及肿瘤发生与转移等机制的研究与防治,提供新的思路和应对策略。对上皮细胞转分化与表观遗传学调控关系作一简述。  相似文献   

9.
表观遗传学和基于表观遗传机制的生物医药技术的研究已经成为后基因组时代生命科学技术领域的重要组成部分。围绕肿瘤、心脑血管疾病、糖尿病及中老年神经退行性疾病等过程中DNA甲基化修饰、组蛋白翻译后修饰及非编码RNA等表观遗传学改变的深入研究,不仅有利于理解相关疾病的分子病理机制,而且,更有助于探寻基于表观遗传机制的有效治疗手段。在阐释表观遗传学修饰机制的基础上,对疾病过程中异常的表观遗传学修饰及相关生物医药技术的研究现状进行了归纳总结。  相似文献   

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表观遗传是指在不改变DNA核苷酸序列的前提下,通过DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰和非编码RNA等形式引起基因表达的可遗传性改变,并参与多种生命过程。最新研究发现,多种表观遗传修饰形式可影响胰腺β细胞的发育和功能,从而导致糖代谢紊乱,在糖尿病的发生发展中起到了重要的作用。现将对β细胞分化与功能中的表观遗传调控机制进行综述。  相似文献   

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In the First German-Catalan Workshop on Epigenetics and Cancer held in Heidelberg, Germany (June 17–19, 2013), cutting-edge laboratories (PEBC, IMPPC, DKFZ, and the Collaborative Research Centre Medical Epigenetics of Freiburg) discussed the latest breakthroughs in the field. The importance of DNA demethylation, non-coding and imprinted genes, metabolic stress, and cell transdifferentiation processes in cancer and non-cancer diseases were addressed in several lectures in a very participative and dynamic atmosphere.

The meeting brought together leading figures in the field of cancer epigenetics to present their research work from the last five years. Experts in different areas of oncology described important advances in colorectal, lung, neuroblastoma, leukemia, and lymphoma cancers. The workshop also provided an interesting forum for pediatrics, and focused on the need to improve the treatment of childhood tumors in order to avoid, as far as possible, brain damage and disruption of activity in areas of high plasticity. From the beginning, the relevance of “omics” and the advances in genome-wide analysis platforms, which allow cancer to be studied in a more comprehensive and inclusive way, was very clear. Modern “omics” offer the possibility of identifying metastases of uncertain origin and establishing epigenetic signatures linked to a specific cluster of patients with a particular prognosis. In this context, invited speakers described novel tumor-associated histone variants and DNA-specific methylation, highlighting their close connection with other processes such as cell-lineage commitment and stemness.  相似文献   

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A metabolic problem occurs when regular functions of the body are disrupted due to an undesirable imbalance. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered as one of the most common in this category. NAFLD is subclassified and progresses from lipid accumulation to cirrhosis before advancing to hepatocellular cancer. In spite of being a critical concern, the standard treatment is inadequate. Metformin, silymarin, and other nonspecific medications are used in the management of NAFLD. Aside from this available medicine, maintaining a healthy lifestyle has been emphasized as a means of combating this. Epigenetics, which has been attributed to NAFLD, is another essential feature of this disease that has emerged as a result of several sorts of research. The mechanisms by which DNA methylation, noncoding RNA, and histone modification promote NAFLD have been extensively researched. Another organelle, mitochondria, which play a pivotal role in biological processes, contributes to the global threat. Individuals with NAFLD have been documented to have a multitude of alterations and malfunctioning. Mitochondria are mainly concerned with the process of energy production and regulation of the signaling pathway on which the fate of a cell relies. Modulation of mitochondria leads to elevated lipid deposition in the liver. Further, changes in oxidation states result in an impaired balance between the antioxidant system and reactive oxygen species directly linked to mitochondria. Hence mitochondria have a definite role in potentiating NAFLD. In this regard, it is essential to consider the role of epigenetics as well as mitochondrial contribution while developing a medication or therapy with the desired accuracy.  相似文献   

14.
杨帆  黄立华  张爱兵 《昆虫学报》2014,57(8):991-1000
转录组是指组织或者细胞在某一特定状态下转录出来的所有RNA的集合。高通量第2代测序技术使转录组学的研究模式发生了巨大的改变,所衍生出的转录组测序迅速成为研究非模式生物的先进技术。转录组测序能够在整体水平上探究细胞内基因表达的种类和数量,揭示在特定条件下机体生理生化发生过程以及其中的分子机理。本文简要阐述了转录组测序技术的基本概念、技术流程与原理,详细介绍了转录组测序在解决鳞翅目昆虫的分类、毒理、发育、与寄主互作以及非编码RNA调控等问题上做出的贡献,并对该技术现存的困难进行了系统的阐述并对其未来的发展趋势作出了简要的预测与剖析。  相似文献   

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The Second German-Catalan Workshop on Epigenetics and Cancer was held in Barcelona on November 19–21, 2014. The workshop brought together, for the second time, scientists from 2 German and 2 Catalan research institutions: the DKFZ, from Heidelberg, the CRCME, from Freiburg, and the IMPPC and PEBC/IDIBELL, both from Barcelona. The German-Catalan Workshops are intended to establish the framework for building a Research School to foster collaborations between researchers from the different institutions. Exchange programs for graduate students are among the activities of the future School. The topics presented and discussed in 33 talks were diverse and included work on DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin biology, characterization of imprinted regions in human tissues, non-coding RNAs, and epigenetic drug discovery. Among novel developments from the previous Workshop are the report of the epigenetics angle of the Warburg effect and the long-range trans-acting interaction of DNA methylation and of nucleosome remodeling. A shift in the view on DNA methylation became apparent by the realization of the intertwined interplay between hyper- and hypo-methylation in differentiation and cancer.  相似文献   

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表观遗传学: 生物细胞非编码RNA调控的研究进展   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
于红 《遗传》2009,31(11):1077-1086
表观遗传学是研究基因表达发生了可遗传的改变, 而DNA序列不发生改变的一门生物学分支, 对细胞的生长分化及肿瘤的发生发展至关重要。表观遗传学的主要机制包括DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰及新近发现的非编码RNA。非编码RNA 是指不能翻译为蛋白的功能性RNA分子, 其中常见的具调控作用的非编码RNA包括小干涉RNA、miRNA、piRNA 以及长链非编码RNA。近年来大量研究表明非编码RNA在表观遗传学的调控中扮演了越来越重要的角色。文章综述了近年来生物细胞非编码RNA调控的表观遗传学研究进展, 以有助于理解哺乳动物细胞中非编码RNA及其调控机制和功能。  相似文献   

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表观遗传和蛋白质翻译后修饰在细菌耐药中的作用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
日益严重的细菌耐药性有可能使人类重回前抗生素时代。细菌的耐药机理多样,深入研究细菌的耐药性形成机理有助于开发控制耐药细菌感染的新措施。表观遗传和蛋白质翻译后修饰在细胞代谢、信号转导、蛋白质降解、调控DNA复制、应激反应等方面都具有重要作用。近年来研究表明表观遗传和蛋白质翻译后修饰在细菌耐药中也扮演着重要的角色。本文总结了DNA甲基化、调控型RNAs等表观遗传因素和磷酸化、琥珀酰基化等蛋白质翻译后修饰因素在细菌耐药性中的调控作用,以期为抗生素靶标选择和抗生素开发设计提供新思路。  相似文献   

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