生物质制氢技术研究进展

氢能以其清洁,来源广泛及用途广等优点成为最有希望的替代能源之一,用可再生能源制氢是氢能发展的必然趋势。由于生物质制氢具有一系列独特的优点,它已成为发展氢经济颇具前景的研究领域之一。生物质制氢技术可以分为两类,一类是以生物质为原料利用热物理化学方法制取氢气,如生物质气化制氢,超临界转化制氢,高温分解制氢等热化学发制氢,以及基于生物质的甲烷、甲醇、乙醇的化学重整转化制氢等;另一类是利用生物转化途径转换制氢,包括直接生物光解,间接生物光解,光发酵,光合异养细菌水气转移反应合成氢气,暗发酵和微生物燃料电池等技术。本文综述了目前主要的生物质制氢技术及其发展概况,并分析了各技术的发展趋势。     

微生物电合成-电能驱动的CO_2固定

CO_2代表着地球上最广泛的可再生资源,通过生物固碳途径将CO_2转化为有机物,是生产生物燃料和生物基化学品的重要方向,由于能量供给不足和微生物自身生理代谢的限制,生物固碳效率还有待提高.利用电能驱动微生物还原CO_2是实现CO_2高效转化的新策略,被称为微生物电合成.本文从电合成微生物种类、胞外电子传递、电极材料等方面综述了微生物电合成的研究进展,并对微生物电合成的未来研究方向进行了展望.     

微生物固碳的电子供给策略研究进展北大核心CSCD

随着生物化工技术的不断发展成熟,通过改造微生物已可以实现二氧化碳、甲烷等温室气体的固定、转化和利用,而电子传递及能量供给对微生物固碳效率起着决定性的作用。本文首先分析了好氧性嗜甲烷菌、化能自养微生物等天然微生物细胞内外的直接、间接电子传递系统。在此基础上,围绕微生物固碳细胞工厂的构建,进一步介绍了基于光能、电能的人工电子供给策略及其对固碳过程中代谢通量、合成路径和供能效率的影响。最后针对微生物固碳的关键共性技术难点,简要展望了可行性的解决方案及相关应用前景。     

强化产电微生物与电极间电子传递速率的研究进展

产电微生物是微生物燃料电池、电解池和电合成等微生物电化学技术(Microbial electrochemical technologies,METs)的研究基础。产电微生物与电极界面间的胞外电子传递(Extracellular electron transfer,EET)效率低以及生物被膜形成能力弱限制了METs在有机物降解、电能生产、海水淡化、生物修复和生物传感等方面的应用。因此,强化产电微生物与电极界面间的相互作用是过去几年的主要研究热点。针对近年的研究,本文系统概述了通过改造产电微生物来增强微生物-电极间相互作用的各种策略,重点分析了这些策略的适用性和局限性,并展望了强化产电微生物-电极界面作用在微生物电化学技术利用方面的研究前景。     

甾体生物转化技术研究的现状与进展

从半合成原料、菌种选育及改良和生物转化新技术与新工艺(包括底物的物理/化学助溶法,新型转化体系和细胞通透性改良法)等方面对近几年来甾体生物转化进展进行综述。可以预测,在甾体药物的工业化生产过程中,生物转化技术所占比例将大幅度提高。     

生物工程强化微生物电合成转化CO_2的研究进展

微生物电合成(Microbial electrosynthesis,MES)可直接利用电能驱动微生物还原固定CO_2合成多碳化合物,为可再生新能源转化、精细化学品制备和生态环境保护提供新机遇。但是,微生物吸收胞外电极电子速率慢、产物合成效率低和产品品位不高,限制了MES实现工业化应用。在概述阴极电活性微生物吸收胞外电子的分子机制的基础上,重点综述近5年应用生物工程的理论和技术强化MES用于CO_2转化的策略与研究进展,包括改造和调控胞外电子传递通路和胞内代谢途径以及定向构建有限微生物混合培养菌群三方面,阐明了生物工程可有效突破MES中电子传递慢和可用代谢途径相对单一等瓶颈。针对目前生物工程在改进MES所面临的主要问题,从胞外电子传递机理研究、基因工具箱开发、组学技术与现代分析技术联用等角度展望了今后的研究方向。     

微生物转化技术在中药开发中的应用进展

中药现代化是目前中药研究最迫切的需要,微生物转化技术可以利用微生物的特性解决中药现代化研究中难以解决的诸多问题,我们总结了微生物转化中药的特点,转化酶系统及反应类型,分析了微生物生物转化对中药的影响,认为微生物转化技术酶系统广泛,选择性强,反应条件温和可控,反应类型广泛,适用于所有类型的中药有效成分的生物转化,经过转化后,可以提高中药药效,降低毒性,去除杂质,帮助有效成分的体内代谢及产生新的药物成分。中药微生物转化技术必定成为中药学与微生物学完美契合的典范,推进中药现代化的进程。     

新疆低阶煤本源生物甲烷转化中微生物群落组成及变化

【目的】探究新疆低阶煤生物甲烷转化过程微生物群落组成及多样性。【方法】采用厌氧培养方法和末端限制性片段长度多态性技术(Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism,T-RFLP)分析新疆低阶煤本源微生物对甲烷转化及有机酸含量的影响,分析新疆哈密大南湖长焰煤生物甲烷转化过程中微生物群落动态变化。【结果】研究表明长焰煤和褐煤对本源微生物产甲烷影响较小,随着低阶煤生物甲烷转化时间的延长,甲烷产量呈上升趋势,转化60 d后长焰煤甲烷产量高达10.28 m L/g,挥发性有机酸(VFA)浓度则最低;微生物多样性指数变化不明显,不同转化时间微生物主要类群为放线菌门(Actinobacteria),拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),变形菌门(Proteobacteria);甲烷菌的群落结构相对于细菌较简单,在整个低阶煤生物转化产甲烷过程中共有古菌类群为甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)、甲烷盐菌属(Methanohalobium)、甲烷叶菌属(Methanolobus)、甲烷食甲基菌属(Methanomethylovorans),它们是构成群落结构的基本菌群。【结论】低阶煤生物甲烷转化过程微生物群落具有丰富的多样性,且不同时期多样性有较大差异。甲烷菌群落结构相对于细菌较简单,共有类群明显。     

基于电活性微生物的芳香烃类污染物转化机制研究进展

芳香烃类化合物(aromatic hydrocarbon compounds)是一类基于苯环结构的有机物,广泛分布在自然环境中,难以自然降解、易被生物积累,且有很大的环境危害性。生物法是有机化合物转化降解的主流工艺,而电活性微生物(electroactive microorganisms, EAM)因其独特的胞外电子传递(extracellular electron transfer, EET)能力和生理代谢模式在芳香烃类化合物污染修复领域具有巨大的应用潜力。电活性微生物可以通过还原脱卤、脱硝与氧化开环过程相结合的方式,最终实现芳香烃类污染物的降解矿化。本文重点综述了电活性微生物降解芳香烃类污染物过程中主要还原/氧化反应机理,归纳了电活性微生物高效还原脱卤、脱硝的关键酶活、代谢途径及转化机理,分析了不同含氧条件下电活性微生物开环方式及降解代谢途径,并通过调控微生物胞外聚合物与添加导电材料等途径来提升电活性微生物的胞外电子传递过程,总结了电极电位、电极材料、电解液性质及温度等环境因子对芳香烃类化合物降解的影响,探讨了芳香烃类污染物的强化生物降解策略的可行性。最后,展望了电活性微生物降解技...     

CO_2固定的合成生物学

将CO2转化为燃料或化学品,实现CO2的资源化利用,是缓解化石能源枯竭和温室效应这两大问题的有效途径之一.自养生物能够以光能/氢气/硫等为能量来源,在常温常压下将CO2转化为有机物,提供了一种CO2资源化利用的途径.利用经过代谢工程改造的自养生物(如蓝藻),已经可以实现从CO2生物合成十余种化学品,但整体固碳和转化效率尚低,不能满足工业应用的需求.本文首先介绍了目前已发现的6条天然生物固碳途径,重点从固碳途径及能量供给两方面总结了近年来生物固碳合成生物学研究取得的进展,并对生物固碳的前景和未来方向进行了展望.     

Bioconversion of carbon dioxide to methane using hydrogen and hydrogenotrophic methanogens

Biogas produced from organic wastes contains energetically usable methane and unavoidable amount of carbon dioxide. The exploitation of whole biogas energy is locally limited and utilization of the natural gas transport system requires CO₂ removal or its conversion to methane. The biological conversion of CO₂ and hydrogen to methane is well known reaction without the demand of high pressure and temperature and is carried out by hydrogenotrophic methanogens. Reducing equivalents to the biotransformation of carbon dioxide from biogas or other resources to biomethane can be supplied by external hydrogen. Discontinuous electricity production from wind and solar energy combined with fluctuating utilization cause serious storage problems that can be solved by power-to-gas strategy representing the production of storable hydrogen via the electrolysis of water. The possibility of subsequent repowering of the energy of hydrogen to the easily utilizable and transportable form is a biological conversion with CO₂ to biomethane. Biomethanization of CO₂ can take place directly in anaerobic digesters fed with organic substrates or in separate bioreactors. The major bottleneck in the process is gas-liquid mass transfer of H₂ and the method of the effective input of hydrogen into the system. There are many studies with different bioreactors arrangements and a way of enrichment of hydrogenotrophic methanogens, but the system still has to be optimized for a higher efficiency. The aim of the paper is to gather and critically assess the state of a research and experience from laboratory, pilot and operational applications of carbon dioxide bioconversion and highlight further perspective fields of research.     

湿地微生物介导的甲烷排放机制

湿地生态系统是陆地上巨大的有机碳库,同时也是大气中甲烷(CH_4)的主要排放源。由于CH_4对全球的增温潜能是CO2的34倍,因此关于湿地CH_4排放在全球气候变化中有关碳汇、碳源的研究具有极其重要的意义。全球80%–90%的CH_4排放离不开微生物活动,湿地生态系统中产CH_4菌和CH_4氧化菌的种类组成、数量及功能与CH_4通量密切相关,但基于湿地生态系统中介导CH_4循环的功能微生物对甲烷排放通量的影响及作用机制研究相对比较分散。为更好地认识微生物介导的CH_4排放过程的微生物调控机制,本文综述了湿地生态系统中参与CH_4循环的功能微生物,对介导CH_4循环相关微生物活性的影响因子进行了回顾,重点总结了湿地生态系统微生物介导的CH_4排放机制,并对未来的相关研究方向进行了展望。由于湿地微生物介导的碳循环过程也可能决定了湿地生态系统对全球气候变暖的反馈,因此本文也能为全球气候变化研究提供微生物方面的参考。     

吸收胞外电子的电活性微生物

可吸收胞外电子的电活性微生物(Electroactive microorganisms,EAMs)可利用胞外固态载体的电子将二氧化碳或其他氧化态物质还原成胞外有机物、还原态无机物或自身生命活动所需的有机物。该类EAMs的出现拓宽了人们对微生物多样性的认识,在生物质能合成、污染物治理与化学物质检测等方面具有重要的应用价值。本文介绍了代表性的可吸收胞外电子EAMs的物质转化与电能转化率等基本特性,重点阐述该类EAMs基于膜蛋白的直接吸收电子机制,及基于电子穿梭体的间接吸收电子机制,提出了其在微生物电合成系统与微生物传感器中的应用前景,并从EAMs机理研究、生物膜微观机制及工程应用的角度展望其今后的研究方向。     

Factors affecting rumen methanogens and methane mitigation strategies

The rumen is a highly diverse ecosystem comprising different microbial groups including methanogens that consume a considerable part of the ruminant’s nutrient energy in methane production. The consequences of methanogenesis in the rumen may result in the low productivity and possibly will have a negative impact on the sustainability of the ruminant’s production. Since enteric fermentation emission is one of the major sources of methane and is influenced by a number of environmental factors, diet being the most significant one, a number of in vitro and in vivo trials have been conducted with different feed supplements (halogenated methane analogues, bacteriocins, propionate enhancers, acetogens, fats etc.) for mitigating methane emissions directly or indirectly, yet extensive research is required before reaching a realistic solution. Keeping this in view, the present article aimed to cover comprehensively the different aspects of rumen methanogenesis such as the phylogeny of methanogens, their microbial ecology, factors affecting methane emission, mitigation strategies and need for further study.     

Methanogenesis from Methanol and Methylamines and Acetogenesis from Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide in the Sediments of a Eutrophic Lake

¹⁴C-tracer techniques were used to examine the metabolism of methanol and methylamines and acetogenesis from hydrogen and carbon dioxide in sediments from the profundal and littoral zones of eutrophic Wintergreen Lake, Michigan. Methanogens were primarily responsible for the metabolism of methanol, monomethylamine, and trimethylamine and maintained the pool size of these substrates below 10 μM in both sediment types. Methanol and methylamines were the precursors for less than 5 and 1%, respectively, of the total methane produced. Methanol and methylamines continued to be metabolized to methane when the sulfate concentration in the sediment was increased to 20 mM. Less than 2% of the total acetate production was derived from carbon dioxide reduction. Hydrogen consumption by hydrogen-oxidizing acetogens was 5% or less of the total hydrogen uptake by acetogens and methanogens. These results, in conjunction with previous studies, emphasize that acetate and hydrogen are the major methane precursors and that methanogens are the predominant hydrogen consumers in the sediments of this eutrophic lake.     

甲烷代谢古菌分离培养研究进展

全球变暖是全人类面临的一个巨大挑战,而温室气体排放持续上升是全球变暖的关键因素,并引发一系列生态环境问题。甲烷是第二温室气体,对全球变暖的贡献达20%。然而,在甲烷代谢中发挥重要作用的产甲烷古菌和厌氧甲烷氧化古菌(anaerobic methanotroph,ANME)较难培养,极大地限制了人们对甲烷代谢及其影响碳源-汇关系与机制的研究。本文综述了最新产甲烷古菌和ANME富集、分离和培养方法,包括富集培养、原位培养、共培养、微流控技术、稀释分离和固体分离技术、ANME反应器和培养瓶富集培养,以及宏基因组预测和反向基因组学,并对这些方法的优缺点进行了评估,对未来甲烷代谢古菌的富集、分离和培养提出新的建议。     

Evidence of a common pathway of carbon dioxide reduction to methane in methanogens.

The roles of methanofuran and tetrahydromethanopterin as carriers of C1 moieties in the reduction of carbon dioxide to methane were studied in representatives of diverse groups of methanogens, confirming that these roles, first reported for Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, are common for methanogenesis in general. Extracts of the methanogens tested converted formyl-methanofuran and methyl-tetrahydromethanopterin to methane; the extractable cofactors derived from the same methanogens, with one exception, complemented a methanofuran- and tetrahydromethanopterin-deficient enzyme system from M. thermoautotrophicum. The amounts of extractable methanofuran and tetrahydromethanopterin were determined for each representative methanogen.     

Novel microbial community composition and carbon biogeochemistry emerge over time following saltwater intrusion in wetlands

Sea level rise and changes in precipitation can cause saltwater intrusion into historically freshwater wetlands, leading to shifts in microbial metabolism that alter greenhouse gas emissions and soil carbon sequestration. Saltwater intrusion modifies soil physicochemistry and can immediately affect microbial metabolism, but further alterations to biogeochemical processing can occur over time as microbial communities adapt to the changed environmental conditions. To assess temporal changes in microbial community composition and biogeochemical activity due to saltwater intrusion, soil cores were transplanted from a tidal freshwater marsh to a downstream mesohaline marsh and periodically sampled over 1 year. This experimental saltwater intrusion produced immediate changes in carbon mineralization rates, whereas shifts in the community composition developed more gradually. Salinity affected the composition of the prokaryotic community but did not exert a strong influence on the community composition of fungi. After only 1 week of saltwater exposure, carbon dioxide production doubled and methane production decreased by three orders of magnitude. By 1 month, carbon dioxide production in the transplant was comparable to the saltwater controls. Over time, we observed a partial recovery in methane production which strongly correlated with an increase in the relative abundance of three orders of hydrogenotrophic methanogens. Taken together, our results suggest that ecosystem responses to saltwater intrusion are dynamic over time as complex interactions develop between microbial communities and the soil organic carbon pool. The gradual changes in microbial community structure we observed suggest that previously freshwater wetlands may not experience an equilibration of ecosystem function until long after initial saltwater intrusion. Our results suggest that during this transitional period, likely lasting years to decades, these ecosystems may exhibit enhanced greenhouse gas production through greater soil respiration and continued methanogenesis.