林隙对太白山牛皮桦-巴山冷杉混交林内草本植物多样性的影响

采用CCA梯度排序和随机排列(random permutation)检验方法,分析了太白山牛皮桦-巴山冷杉混交林林隙内草本植物组成随林隙梯度变化的分布特征,以及个体数≥5的55种草本植物分布与凸度、坡度、土壤全N、全P、速效N、有效P、pH值和有机质8个林隙生境变量的关联性.结果表明:太白山牛皮桦-巴山冷杉混交林中,林隙面积占林分总面积的19.8%,林隙密度为20.7个.hm-2,其大小在25.6～279.1 m2,平均面积为93.7 m2.林隙面积扩大可以增加草本层物种丰富度,但林隙内69种草本植物中,大部分在所有林隙中都有分布,有8个物种仅出现在面积120 m2的大林隙,即草本植物的分布未呈现出沿林隙大小梯度连续变化的规律.个体数≥5的55种草本植物中,27.3%的物种与生境变量显著相关.林隙面积对物种丰富度的增加作用具有随机性.     

林隙对草本植物的影响

在次生林改造过程中,对林内形成的大小不等的林隙运用斑块状造林技术,取得好的效果。运用该项技术不仅使林隙内的目的树种－红松生长发育迅速并促进了周围次生林木的生长,而且也使草本植物在种类,密度和盖度等方面有了明显的变化。本文就这一问题进行研究,认为光是影响草本植物生长和分布的一个关键因子,林隙对促进草本植物发育,提高物种多样性具有重要意义。     

环境因子对太白山高山植被物种组成和丰富度的影响

高山植被是一类具有重要生态和经济价值的植被类型,了解其物种组成和丰富度与环境因子的关系对于该类型植被保护、管理以及植物资源合理开发利用策略的制订具有重要指导意义。基于太白山高山植被和环境因子野外调查及室内实验数据,采用CCA排序法探索了环境因子对物种组成的影响,偏CCA计算了各环境因子对物种组成的总效应和净效应,GLM回归模型拟合了物种丰富度对环境因子的响应。结果表明,13个环境因子共解释了物种组成变异的31.7%,其中海拔、坡度、土壤碱解氮含量、全磷含量、坡向、岩石盖度、p H值、土壤厚度、有机质含量、有效磷含量和全氮含量对物种组成的净效应达显著水平(P0.05),但其作用强度依次减小。GLM拟合结果显示,物种丰富度与环境因子存在4种显著(P0.05)关系,即物种丰富度沿海拔和土壤厚度梯度单调递增,沿坡度和土壤全氮含量梯度单调递减,沿坡向、土壤p H值、碱解氮含量和全磷含量梯度呈单峰分布,与土壤有机质含量和全钾含量呈倒单峰关系。在这些显著的环境因子中,海拔、土壤碱解氮含量,p H值、有机质含量和坡向解释的物种丰富度变异量最大。     

西藏冷杉原始林林隙对草本植物和灌木树种多样性的影响

研究了西藏东南部亚高山原始冷杉林林隙对草本植物和灌木树种多样性的影响．结果表明,西藏东南部亚高山原始冷杉林林隙与非林隙林分内草本植物和灌木树种的种类组成、数量、密度和物种多样性均存在较大的差异．由于林隙内光照条件的改善,草本植物和灌木树种更加丰富;林隙内有喜光的草本植物和灌木,也有耐荫性较强的草本植物和灌木,而非林隙林分内仅有耐荫和较耐荫的草本植物和灌木;大部分林隙内的草本植物和灌木树种的物种多样性和均匀度大于非林隙林分;林隙内与非林隙林分的群落相似系数较小,表明林隙与非林隙林分草本植物和灌木群落组成存在差异．林隙大小在174．2～562．2m^2之间,群落相似系数与林隙大小无明显关联．林隙促进了草本植物和灌木树种的繁衍,在维持藏东南亚高山原始冷杉林的物种多样性方面起着重要作用．     

红松阔叶混交林林隙大小及光照对草本植物的影响

在小兴安岭红松阔叶混交林中选取的6个林隙内,以每个林隙中心为起点,沿东西和南北两个方向,每隔2 m平行布置1个1 m×l m的固定样方.2011年6月和9月利用估测法测定样方内不同高度等级草本植物的覆盖度和多度,记载样方内基质特征.6-9月每月选择阴天,利用冠层分析仪拍摄鱼眼照片,用Gap Light Analyzer 2.0软件计算相对光强.分析不同林隙间相对光强、草本植物覆盖度和丰富度的差异,以及各物种覆盖度与直射光、漫射光和基质的关系.结果表明:开阔区和林冠下的大林隙相对光强均大于小林隙,而且从林隙中心到林隙边缘的漫射光、直射光变化范围也大于小林隙;不同区域大、小林隙到达地面的直射光大小顺序为北部大于南部;在Z1～Z4区域内,大林隙的草本植物覆盖度和丰富度均大于小林隙,其中大、小林隙物种丰富度之间的差异达到了显著水平.另外,大多数草本植物覆盖度与漫射光和基质之间显著相关,只有少数草本植物覆盖度与直射光呈相关关系.     

中国不同地理区域鸟兽物种丰富度的相关性

生物类群之间物种丰富度的相关性研究是当前物种多样性研究中的热点问题之一,目前,中国尚无相关的研究报道。我们收集了中国三种区域类型：动物地理亚区、行政区和保护区的鸟兽名录,分析了行政区与保护区、动物地理区和经纬度带中鸟兽物种数比值及其相关性。 结果表明：不同区域、动物地理区和经纬度带中鸟兽物种数都显著相关。保护区尺度鸟兽物种 数的相关系数为0.818和动物地理区中的华北区为0.768,其他所有区域和地理区域的鸟兽物 种数的相关系数都高于0.850。因此,鸟兽物种数的相关关系在一定程度上具有预测价值。我们发现不同区域鸟兽物种数比值无显著性差异;但是,不同区域间鸟兽物种数 比值差异显著。该比值在中国呈中间低四周高的分布趋势,其中东北地区最高。我们还利用历史累积调查数据与非历史累积调查数据进行了鸟兽物种数比值及其相关性分析,发现利用累积数据计算的相关性低于非累积数据计算的相关性,但利用累积数据计算的鸟兽物 种数比值高于非累积数据计算的比值。最后,探讨了为什么鸟类与兽类的物种数目会相关。我们根据物种－面积公式,S=CA^Z,导出了两个生物类群物种丰富度的相关关 系式。利用全国不同区域数据拟合,得到Z₁/Z₂＝0.913,Z₁/Z₂接近于1。于是 ,C₁/C2可视为近似等于R_am。本研究可推广到其他不同生物类群物种。物种数量的相关关系为快速评估区域的物种多样性提供了一条途径。     

局域和区域过程共同控制着群落的物种多样性:种库假说

解释群落的物种多样性大小是生态学研究的一个重要的理论和实践问题。人们提出了群落物种多样性的多种假说, Zobel等人提出的种库假说(species pool hypothesis)是生物多样性理论研究的重要发展。该假说认为, 一个群落的物种多样性不仅与环境条件和生态过程(ecological process)(如竞争、捕食)有关, 也受区域种库(regional species pool)的限制。区域种库是指一个地区可进入某一群落的潜在物种数量, 它由地史过程(如冰期、地质年代)和区域过程(物种形成、迁移扩散以及消亡)所决定。按照种库假说, 某一生境类型的面积越大, 地质年代越古老, 物种形成的机会也就越多, 因而能适应和分布于该生境的物种也就越多, 实际群落中的物种丰富度也就越高。种库在空间上主要有两个层次: 区域种库和实际种库, 前者指某一生境所拥有的潜在物种数量, 主要由生物地理过程(biogeographic processes)所决定; 后者则为调查的群落中实际出现的物种数量, 主要由竞争等生态过程和区域种库共同决定。本文对种库假说的基本概念、主要内容、种库确定方法等作了介绍, 并阐述了作者对这些问题的理解和认识。     

林隙干扰对森林生态系统的影响

林隙干扰通过改变森林微生境异质性和群落演替进程,对森林物种组成、林分结构和系统功能产生重要影响.本研究评述了有关林隙干扰对森林生态系统影响的最新研究进展,从物种生物学特性和环境因素两个方面分析了林隙干扰对森林物种组成变化的影响规律,基于群落组件和群落架构阐述了林隙干扰对森林结构的作用关系,梳理了林隙干扰对森林生态系统功...     

煤炭开采对野生植物物种丰富度和物种组成的影响

煤炭开采引发的生态环境破坏早已引起关注,对其破坏机理和修复方法进行研究显得非常重要。本文探讨了煤炭开采对野生植物物种丰富度和物种组成成分的影响。从分布在晋西北地区的338个煤矿中,随机选择16个煤矿作为研究对象,调查了煤炭采空区和非采空区地面的野生植物物种,用Gleason丰富度指数分析了煤矿采空区和非采空区的野生植物物种丰富度差异,同时用Srensen指数分析了煤炭采空区野生植物物种组成成分和非采空区植物物种组成成分的相似性。结果表明:煤炭开采造成了野生植物物种数的减少,采空区的野生物种丰富度明显少于非采空区;煤炭开采也造成了野生植物物种组成成分的变化,采空区和非采空区的野生植物物种组成成分出现明显差异。     

阔叶红松混交林林隙大小和林隙内位置对小气候的影响

在阔叶红松混交林的大、中、小林隙的中心和通过林隙中心的南、北、东、西冠空隙边缘共5个观测点安装HOBO自动气象站,测定2010年6-9月的气温、相对湿度、光量子通量密度(PPFD)以及林隙中心的总辐射和降水量,并在郁闭林分和空旷地设对照,分析了不同大小林隙之间以及林隙中心与林隙边缘之间小气候的差异及其随时间的动态变化,比较了晴天和阴天对林隙小气候因子日变化的影响.结果表明:PPFD依照大林隙、中林隙和小林隙的次序依次降低;对于同一林隙,林隙中心的PPFD大于边缘处;林隙中心的月均气温和月均总辐射均为7月＞6月＞8月＞9月,并按照空旷地、大林隙、中林隙、小林隙和郁闭林分的次序依次递减;月均相对湿度为8月＞7月＞9月＞6月,并按照郁闭林分、小林隙、中林隙、大林隙和空旷地的次序依次递减;不同大小林隙和空旷地观测期间降水总量和各月降水量基本上按照空旷地、大林隙、中林隙和小林隙的次序依次减少.晴天,大林隙PPFD、气温和相对湿度的变化幅度大于小林隙,阴天则相反.     

太白山红桦林的初步研究

红桦(Betula albo-sinensis)林是太白山森林植被的重要类型,在山地植被垂直带谱中成为落叶阔叶林带的一个亚带,南坡分布于海拔1950—2650m,北坡分布于海拔2200—2750m。 太白山红桦林可分为7个类型： Ⅰ红桦+辽东栎林,Ⅱ红桦+辽东栎+华山松林,Ⅲ红桦 +华山松林,Ⅳ红桦纯林,Ⅴ红桦+华山松+牛皮桦林,Ⅵ红桦+牛皮桦+巴山冷杉林,Ⅶ红桦 +牛皮桦林。随着海拔高度的升高,红桦林各类型依次有规律的分布,但红桦始终占据优势地位,并有着相对稳定的结构组成。红桦林以高大粗壮的红桦个体为主,林内更新苗较少,天然更新状况普遍不良。优势种群(红桦)年龄分析表明,红桦种群为衰退种群。红桦种群的衰退特征反映出红桦林的消退发展趋势。 目前本区红桦林多属成熟林或过熟林,应加强人工更新。     

The effect of the taxon and geographic range size of host eucalypt species on the species richness of gall-forming insects

Abstract This field study was designed to test whether the taxonomic group and geographic range size of a host plant species, usually found to influence insect species richness in other parts of the world, affected the number of gall species on Australian eucalypts. We assessed the local and regional species richness of gall-forming insects on five pairs of closely related eucalypt species. One pair belonged to the subgenus Corymbia, one to Monocalyptus, and three to different sections of Symphyomyrtus. Each eucalypt pair comprised a large and a small geographic range species. Species pairs were from coastal or inland regions of eastern Australia. The total number of gall species on eucalypt species with large geographic ranges was greater than on eucalypt species with small ranges, but only after the strong effect of eucalypt taxonomic grouping was taken into account. There was no relationship between the geographic range size of eucalypt species and the size of local assemblages of gall species, but the variation in insect species composition between local sites was higher on eucalypt species with large ranges than on those with small ranges. Thus the effect of host plant range size on insect species richness was due to greater differentiation between more widespread locations, rather than to greater local species richness. This study confirms the role of the geographic range size of a host plant in the determination of insect species richness and provides evidence for the importance of the taxon of a host plant.     

Non-interactive fish communities in the coastal streams of North-western France

1. Spatial patterns of freshwater fish species at regional and local scales were investigated to explore the possible role of interspecific interactions in influencing distribution and abundance within communities occupying coastal streams of North-Western France.
2. Nine sites from nine streams situated in the same biogeographical region were sampled annually over the 6-year period from 1990 to 1995.
3. Similar habitats (sites) with richer regional colonization pools exhibited proportionally richer local communities in terms of number of species, total density and total biomass of individuals. Furthermore, no negative relationships were found between density and biomass of each of the most common species and local species richness.
4. Results of dynamic regression models (applied to the above-mentioned species) suggest an absence of strong competition between all pairs of species.
5. The evidence on lack of density compensation for species-poor communities and absence of perceptible interspecific competition between species suggest that the communities studied are non-interactive.
6. Two main explanations can be advanced. First, the local abundance of species in the communities studied could be determined through differential responses to unpredictable environmental changes, rather than through biological interactions. Second, as a result of historical events, the communities studied are reduced in congeneric species which can limit, in turn, the influence of interspecific competition in structuring these communities.
7. These results underline the strong influence of regional processes in shaping local riverine fish communities and minimize the possible influence of species interactions in governing these communities.     

Diversity patterns of stygobiotic crustaceans across multiple spatial scales in Europe

1. Using species distribution data from 111 aquifers distributed in nine European regions, we examined the pairwise relationships between local species richness (LSR), dissimilarity in species composition among localities, and regional species richness (RSR). In addition, we quantified the relative contribution of three nested spatial units – aquifers, catchments and regions – to the overall richness of groundwater crustaceans.
2. The average number of species in karst and porous aquifers (LSR) varied significantly among regions and was dependent upon the richness of the regional species pool (RSR). LSR–RSR relationships differed between habitats: species richness in karstic local communities increased linearly with richness of the surrounding region, whereas that of porous local communities levelled off beyond a certain value of RSR.
3. Dissimilarity in species composition among aquifers of a region increased significantly with increasing regional richness because of stronger habitat specialisation and a decrease in the geographic range of species among karst aquifers. Species turnover among karst aquifers was positively related to RSR, whereas this relationship was not significant for porous aquifers.
4. The contribution of a given spatial unit to total richness increased as size of the spatial unit increased, although 72% of the overall richness was attributed to among-region diversity. Differences in community composition between similar habitats in different regions were typically more pronounced than between nearby communities from different habitats.
5. We conclude by calling for biodiversity assessment methods and conservation strategies that explicitly integrate the importance of turnover in community composition and habitat dissimilarity at multiple spatial scales.     

Are communities saturated? On the relationship between α, β and γ diversity

A popular way to suggest a regional influence on local species diversity has been to plot local versus regional diversity. The form of these curves has been interpreted as evidence for or against \"community saturation\" due to species interactions. This interpretation, however, is unwarranted. Using the concepts of α, β and γ diversity, I show that local–regional richness curves are determined by the way total diversity is partitioned between its α and β components, which itself is a matter of scale. Changing the scale of the local community amounts to changing the scale at which the heterogeneity of the interactions between organisms and their environment manifests itself, and hence the balance between α and β diversity. Community saturation may occur because of physical limitations, but there are no theoretical grounds for the belief that species interactions set an absolute upper limit to diversity at any scale. A distinction between different meanings of the concept of \"saturation\" is proposed to clarify this issue. I argue that the challenge now is to understand the relationship between α and β diversity at multiple scales, and the processes that determine it.