假根羽藻主要捕光叶绿素a/b-蛋白复合体的特性(英文)

应用阴离子交换和凝胶过滤层析技术,从假根羽藻(Bryopsis corticulans Setch. )类囊体膜中直接分离、纯化获得了主要叶绿素a/b-蛋白复合体(LHCⅡ)。经蔗糖密度梯度超速离心获得了该色素蛋白复合体的单体和三聚体。反相液相色谱的色素分析结果显示,假根羽藻LHCⅡ的色素组成含有叶绿素a、叶绿素b、新黄质、紫黄质和管藻素等。其单体的电子跃迁能谱与三聚体的相似。园二色光谱分析显示,在LHCⅡ脱辅基蛋白质上分别存在着很强的叶绿素a偶极子之间和叶绿素b偶极子之间的分子内相互作用,然而这些偶极子之间的分子间的相互作用在三聚体中得到明显增强。在能量传递方面,LHCⅡ单体有着与三聚体相似的从叶绿素b到叶绿素a以及从管藻素到叶绿素a的高效传能能力。实验结果表明,假根羽藻中LHCⅡ单体具有像三聚体那样可以高效发挥吸能和传能生理功能的色素组成形式。因此,这些单体可能是假根羽藻类囊体膜上具有功能作用的LHCⅡ的结构形式。     

假根羽藻主要捕光叶绿素a/b-蛋白复合体的特性

应用阴离子交换和凝胶过滤层析技术,从假根羽藻(Bryopsis corticulans Setch.)类囊体膜中直接分离、纯化获得了主要叶绿素a/b-蛋白复合体(LHCⅡ).经蔗糖密度梯度超速离心获得了该色素蛋白复合体的单体和三聚体.反相液相色谱的色素分析结果显示,假根羽藻LHCⅡ的色素组成含有叶绿素a、叶绿素b、新黄质、紫黄质和管藻素等.其单体的电子跃迁能谱与三聚体的相似.园二色光谱分析显示,在LHCⅡ脱辅基蛋白质上分别存在着很强的叶绿素a偶极子之间和叶绿素b偶极子之间的分子内相互作用,然而这些偶极子之间的分子间的相互作用在三聚体中得到明显增强.在能量传递方面,LHCⅡ单体有着与三聚体相似的从叶绿素b到叶绿素a以及从管藻素到叶绿素a的高效传能能力.实验结果表明,假根羽藻中LHCⅡ单体具有像三聚体那样可以高效发挥吸能和传能生理功能的色素组成形式.因此,这些单体可能是假根羽藻类囊体膜上具有功能作用的LHCⅡ的结构形式.     

静电和疏水效应对胰岛素二聚体稳定性的影响

从猪胰岛素二聚体的结构出发,着重研究了胰岛素二聚体单体之间的静电和疏水相互作用,用连续介质模型的有限差分方法计算得到胰岛素二聚体的静电势,用溶剂可接近表面（ASA）模型分析了分子表面积及疏水性,还考察了不同pH值对胰岛素二聚体静电和疏水相互作用的影响。结果分析表明,当pH值处于弱酸弱碱范围内时（4．6－8．5）,静电相 互作用能和疏水自由能都呈现出较小的值,当pH为6．2时,疏水性出现一个明显的峰值,这与胰岛素二聚体结晶的实验条件相吻合。     

不同聚集态LHCⅡ的组成及其光谱性质分析

不同聚集态的LHCⅡ在调节植物光能的吸收和传递上有重要意义. 用蔗糖密度梯度离心的方法从菠菜类囊体膜中分离出了LHCⅡ三聚体、二聚体和单体, 并分析了三者的多肽和色素组成, 以及吸收和荧光光谱特性. 结果表明, 它们都由分子量分别为29, 28和26 kD的3种多肽组成, 且结合有叶绿素a, 叶绿素b, 黄体素, 新黄素和紫黄素等5种色素, 但色素的含量各不相同. 三聚体中各色素的含量最多, 二聚体和单体中依次减少. 结构和组成的不同导致了功能的差异. 吸收及荧光光谱的分析结果显示, 三者在光能的吸收和传递效率上存在明显不同, 表现为三聚体 > 二聚体 > 单体, 推测植物体内3种聚集态LHCⅡ处在相互转换的动态平衡中, 并以此调节植物光能的吸收和传递, 从而适应光环境的变化.     

二价铅离子与金属硫蛋白相互作用的研究

通过紫外吸收光谱和平衡透析法研究了二价铅离子同脱金属硫蛋白（ａｐｏ－ＭＴ）、锌－金属硫蛋白（Ｚｎ－ＭＴ）的相互作用,证实Ｐｂ（Ⅱ）是以金属巯基复合物（金属巯基比为１∶２）的形式同金属硫蛋白结合,表观离解常数（ＫＤ）为８．７１×１０－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ．在自由铅浓度达到６．５２×１０－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的条件下,铅离子即可将Ｚｎ－ＭＴ上的Ｚｎ完全取代下来．通过ＥＤＴＡ、ＤＴＮＢ竞争反应、圆二色性（ＣＤ）光谱分析,认为Ｐｂ－ＭＴ的金属巯基复合物不同于Ｚｎ－ＭＴ中Ｚｎ与巯基形成的紧密的正四面体结构,而是可能形成一种三级结构相对松散、热力学上不稳定的Ｃｙｓ－Ｓ－Ｐｂ－Ｓ－Ｃｙｓ平面形结构．研究认为金属硫蛋白的两种亚型ＭＴ－Ⅰ、ＭＴ－Ⅱ与Ｐｂ（Ⅱ）的结合能力并无显著差异     

脱氮硫杆菌硫化合物载体SoxYZ蛋白的同源建模和结构分析

脱氮硫杆菌(Thiobacillus denitrificans)中的Sox蛋白在硫代谢过程中起着至关重要的作用,硫化合物需先与硫氧化基因族(sox)编码的蛋白质Sox YZ二聚体共价连接后才能与其他酶发生相互作用。利用同源建模法构建硫化合物载体Sox YZ蛋白的二聚体结构并验证了其合理性。二聚体相互作用分析发现Sox YZ蛋白的溶剂可及表面积(solvent accessible surface,SAS)为10 922.92,疏水率为50.85%;亚基Sox Y和Sox Z界面处共含有12个氢键和1个Π键来维持其三维结构的稳定性;二聚体表面呈现明显的正负电势互补,两亚基界面处氨基酸残基的VDW作用能和静电作用能分别为-80.925 13kcal/mol和-323.856 57kcal/mol,这说明静电作用是二聚体形成的主要驱动力;Sox Z亚基的残基Thr28、Arg31、Lys32、Ser64、Gly65、Val66、Ser67对Sox Y亚基活性位点构象的稳定有重要作用。     

黄瓜27kD LHC—Ⅱ复合物三维结构的电子晶体学初步研究

从黄瓜 (CucumissativusL .)叶片中分离出只含有一种亚基 (2 7kD)的LHC_Ⅱ复合物。采用batch方法获得了其二维晶体 ,大小为 0 .7μm× 1.0 μm ,衍射能力达 30 。负染样品的二维投影结果表明 ,该晶体为p3对称性 ,晶胞参数为 15 .4nm× 15 .4nm ,不同于以往报道的菠菜 (SpinaciaoleraceaL .)或豌豆 (PisumsatiumL .)LHC_Ⅱ晶体 ,为另外一种晶型。采用tomography技术 ,收集了 0°～ - 5 5°系列倾斜照片 ,进行三维重构。LHC_Ⅱ复合物是由 6个单体组成的六元环 ,相邻 2个单体分别从膜的两侧插膜 ,方向相反 ,在膜区靠疏水 疏水相互作用成二聚体 ,3个相同的二聚体相互连接成六元环。     

黄瓜27 kD LHC-Ⅱ复合物三维结构的电子晶体学初步研究

从黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)叶片中分离出只含有一种亚基(27 kD)的LHC-Ⅱ复合物.采用batch方法获得了其二维晶体,大小为0.7 μm×1.0μm,衍射能力达30 A.负染样品的二维投影结果表明,该晶体为p3对称性,晶胞参数为15.4 nm×15.4 nm,不同于以往报道的菠菜(Spinacia oleracea L.)或豌豆(Pisum satium L.)LHC-Ⅱ晶体,为另外一种晶型.采用tomography技术,收集了0°～-55°系列倾斜照片,进行三维重构.LHC-Ⅱ复合物是由6个单体组成的六元环,相邻2个单体分别从膜的两侧插膜,方向相反,在膜区靠疏水-疏水相互作用成二聚体,3个相同的二聚体相互连接成六元环.     

人红细胞膜带3蛋白结构研究进展

人红细胞膜带３蛋白由９１１个氨基酸组成,可分为Ｎ端胞质域和Ｃ端膜域。最新研究结果表明,α螺旋含一较高的跨膜域往返跨膜１２次,在细胞膜中,带３蛋白主要以二聚体和四聚体形式存在,尽管其中的单体可独立地转运阴离子,然而二聚体中的两个单体之间存在着相互作用。     

兔肝金属硫蛋白结合铅离子的圆二色性光谱研究

从锌诱导的家兔肝脏中分离纯化得到金属硫蛋白两种亚型：ＺｎＭＴ－Ⅰ和ＺｎＭＴ－Ⅱ．在酸性条件下脱金属,经Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ｇ－２５柱层析得到脱金属硫蛋白（ａｐｏＭＴｓ）．用圆二色性（ＣＤ）光谱法研究,发现两种亚型ａｐｏＭＴｓ 与Ｐｂ２＋ 的结合依赖于Ｐｂ２＋ 的加入比例及ｐＨ 值．ａｐｏＭＴ－Ⅰ在ｐＨ３～５之间,ａｐｏＭＴ－Ⅱ在ｐＨ４～６之间与Ｐｂ２＋ 结合形成特征簇合物Ｐｂ７ＭＴｓ,其ＣＤ谱图特征峰位于３１６ｎｍ （－ ）,２７０ ｎｍ （＋ ）,２４５ ｎｍ （＋ ）及２２５ ｎｍ （－ ）,提示解铅中毒的最佳条件应控制在弱酸性环境．不同亚型ａｐｏＭＴｓ 与Ｐｂ２＋ 的结合方式各不相同：Ｐｂ２＋ 与ａｐｏＭＴ－Ⅰ的结合采取平均分配的方式,而与ａｐｏＭＴ－Ⅱ则为选择性结合方式,表明这两种亚型在解铅毒功能上存在差异．     

Separation and quantitation of metallothioneins by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with atomic absorption spectrophotometry

A rapid, reproducible, and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of the concentrations of metallothionein-I (MT-I) and metallothionein-II (MT-II) in rat liver has been developed. Metallothioneins (MTs) were separated and quantitated by anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Purified rat liver MT-I and MT-II, used as standards for developing the method, were easily resolved, eluting at 7.5 and 10.4 min, respectively. To establish standard curves, protein concentrations of solutions of the purified MTs were determined by the Kjeldahl method for the determination of nitrogen, after which the standards were saturated with Cd (final concentration of 50 ppm Cd). Rat liver cytosols obtained from untreated and Cd- or Zn-treated rats were prepared for HPLC-AAS analysis by saturation with Cd (50 ppm Cd) followed by heat denaturation (placing in a boiling water bath for 1 min). Based on the method of standard additions, recovery of MTs exceeded 95% and repeated injection of a sample yielded a coefficient of variance of approximately 2%. A detection limit of 5 micrograms MT/g liver was established for the method. Only MT-II was detected in untreated rats, whereas following exposure to Cd or Zn, both forms of MTs were detected. Concentrations of total MTs in liver of untreated and Cd- or Zn-treated rats were also determined by the Cd/hemoglobin radioassay (which fails to distinguish MT-I from MT-II) and indicated that results obtained with the HPLC-AAS method compared favorably to the Cd/hemoglobin radioassay. Thus, the HPLC-AAS method for quantitating MT-I and MT-II offers the advantage of determining the concentrations of both proteins in tissues and should be useful for studying the regulation of MT-I and MT-II.     

Molecular determinants of self-association and rearrangement of a trimeric intermediate during the assembly of a parvovirus capsid

The minute virus of mice (MVM) provides a simple model for the dissection of the molecular determinants of the self-assembly, stability, and dynamics of a biological supramolecular complex. MVM assembly involves the trimerization of capsid subunits in the cytoplasm; trimers are transported to the nucleus, where they suffer a conformational change and are made competent for capsid formation. Our previous study revealed that capsid assembly from trimers is dependent on stronger intertrimer interactions that are equally spaced in an equatorial belt surrounding each trimer. We have now targeted the interfaces between monomers within each trimer to identify the molecular determinants of trimerization and the rearrangement needed for capsid assembly. Twenty-eight amino acid residues per monomer were individually mutated to alanine to remove most of the stronger intersubunit interactions. The effects on trimer and capsid assembly and virus infectivity in cells were analyzed. No side chain was individually required for trimer assembly in the cytoplasm; in contrast, half of them were required to make the trimers competent for nuclear capsid assembly, even though none was close to intertrimer interfaces. These critical side chains are conserved and participate in extensive hydrophobic contacts, buried hydrogen bonds, or salt bridges between subunits. This study on MVM capsid assembly reveals that: (i) trimerization is a robust process, insensitive to removal of individual intersubunit interactions; and (ii) the rearrangement of the trimer intermediate required for capsid assembly is a global process that depends on the establishment of many interactions along the protein-protein interfaces within each trimer.     

Induction of hepatic metallothioneins determined at isoprotein and messenger RNA levels in glucocorticoid-treated rats.

Induction of metallothionein-I (MT-I) and metallothionein-II (MT-II) by glucocorticoids was determined by h.p.l.c. analysis of proteins and Northern-blot analysis of MT mRNAs. Rats were injected with dexamethasone (0.03-10 mumol/kg) and hepatic concentrations of MTs were determined 24 h later. In control rats, only MT-II was detected (9.4 +/- 2.5 micrograms/g of liver), whereas the hepatic concentration of MT-I was below the detection limit (5 micrograms of MT/g). Dexamethasone did not increase MT-I above the detection limit at any dosage tested, but MT-II increased to 2.5 times control values at dosages of 0.30 mumol/kg and higher. Time-course experiments indicated that MT-II reached a maximum at 24 h after a single dosage of dexamethasone and returned to control values by 48 h. To determine whether dexamethasone increased MT-I in liver, samples were saturated with 109Cd, after which the amount of 109Cd in MT-I and MT-II was determined. Results indicated that, by this approach, MT-I and MT-II could be detected in control rats, and there was approx. 1.8 times more 109Cd in MT-II than in MT-I. At 24 h after administration of dexamethasone (1 mumol/kg), there was a small increase in the amount of 109Cd bound to MT-I, whereas the amount of 109Cd bound to MT-II increased to more than 2 times control values. Northern-blot hybridization with mouse cRNA probes indicated that MT-I and MT-II mRNAs increased co-ordinately after administration of dexamethasone. Thus, although glucocorticoids increase both MT-I and MT-II mRNAs, MT-II preferentially accumulates after administration of dexamethasone.     

Mutational analysis of N381, a key trimer contact residue in Tsr, the Escherichia coli serine chemoreceptor

Chemoreceptors such as Tsr, the serine receptor, function in trimer-of-dimer associations to mediate chemotactic behavior in Escherichia coli. The two subunits of each receptor homodimer occupy different positions in the trimer, one at its central axis and the other at the trimer periphery. Residue N381 of Tsr contributes to trimer stability through interactions with its counterparts in a central cavity surrounded by hydrophobic residues at the trimer axis. To assess the functional role of N381, we created and characterized a full set of amino acid replacements at this Tsr residue. We found that every amino acid replacement at N381 destroyed Tsr function, and all but one (N381G) of the mutant receptors also blocked signaling by Tar, the aspartate chemoreceptor. Tar jamming reflects the formation of signaling-defective mixed trimers of dimers, and in vivo assays with a trifunctional cross-linking reagent demonstrated trimer-based interactions between Tar and Tsr-N381 mutants. Mutant Tsr molecules with a charged amino acid or proline replacement exhibited the most severe trimer formation defects. These trimer-defective receptors, as well as most of the trimer-competent mutant receptors, were unable to form ternary signaling complexes with the CheA kinase and with CheW, which couples CheA to receptor control. Some of the trimer-competent mutant receptors, particularly those with a hydrophobic amino acid replacement, may not bind CheW/CheA because they form conformationally frozen or distorted trimers. These findings indicate that trimer dynamics probably are important for ternary complex assembly and that N381 may not be a direct binding determinant for CheW/CheA at the trimer periphery.     

DockTrina: Docking triangular protein trimers

In spite of the abundance of oligomeric proteins within a cell, the structural characterization of protein–protein interactions is still a challenging task. In particular, many of these interactions involve heteromeric complexes, which are relatively difficult to determine experimentally. Hence there is growing interest in using computational techniques to model such complexes. However, assembling large heteromeric complexes computationally is a highly combinatorial problem. Nonetheless the problem can be simplified greatly by considering interactions between protein trimers. After dimers and monomers, triangular trimers (i.e. trimers with pair‐wise contacts between all three pairs of proteins) are the most frequently observed quaternary structural motifs according to the three‐dimensional (3D) complex database. This article presents DockTrina, a novel protein docking method for modeling the 3D structures of nonsymmetrical triangular trimers. The method takes as input pair‐wise contact predictions from a rigid body docking program. It then scans and scores all possible combinations of pairs of monomers using a very fast root mean square deviation test. Finally, it ranks the predictions using a scoring function which combines triples of pair‐wise contact terms and a geometric clash penalty term. The overall approach takes less than 2 min per complex on a modern desktop computer. The method is tested and validated using a benchmark set of 220 bound and seven unbound protein trimer structures. DockTrina will be made available at http://nano‐d.inrialpes.fr/software/docktrina . Proteins 2014; 82:34–44. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Fourier transform IR and Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy studies of metallothionein-III: amide I band assignments and secondary structural comparison with metallothioneins-I and -II

The secondary structures of porcine brain Cu(4)Zn(3)-metallothionein (MT)-III and Cd(5)Zn(2)MT-I, Cd(5)Zn(2)MT-II, and Zn(7)MT-I from rabbit livers in the solid state are investigated by Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR) and Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman). The Cu(4)Zn(3)MT-III contains 26-28% beta-turns and half-turns, 13-14% 3(10)-helices, 47-49% random coils, and 11-12% beta-extended chains. The structural comparison of porcine brain Cu(4)Zn(3)MT-III with rabbit liver Cd(5)Zn(2)MT-I (II) and Zn(7)MT-I shows that the contents of the random coil structure are obviously increased. The results indicate that the insert of an acidic hexapeptide in the alpha domain of Cu(4)Zn(3)MT-III possibly forms an alpha helix. However, because the bands assigned to the alpha-helix and random coil structures are overlapped in the spectra, the content of random coil structures in Cu(4)Zn(3)MT-III is therefore higher than those in Cd(5)Zn(2)MT-I, Cd(5)Zn(2)MT-II, and Zn(7)MT-I.     

蓝藻(A.variabilis)藻胆体核结构与功能的研究II.变藻蓝蛋白六聚体内能量传递过程的物理机制

以变藻蓝蛋白的晶体结构和光谱性质为基础,利用密度矩阵理论对变藻蓝蛋白六聚体内的激发能传递物理机制进行分析,并利用时间分辨荧光光谱技术对其能量传递途径进行实时探测。结果表明：在变藻蓝蛋白六聚体内,色素对（毗邻单体上的色素αｉ８４βｊ８４,其中ｊ＝ｉ±１,和β＊ＬＣＭ４２）内的能量传递服从激子偶极－偶极相互作用机制;而色素对之间的能量传递机制则为Ｆｒｓｔｅｒ偶极－偶极相互作用机制,并且其能量传递途径分为两类：（１）．两个变藻蓝蛋白三聚体之间色素对的能量传递,其时间常数大约为１５ｐｓ左右;（２）．同一变藻蓝蛋白三聚体内色素对间的能量传递,在ＡＰＩＩ三聚体内,其能量传递时间大约为４５ｐｓ左右,而在ＡＰＩ三聚体内,其能量传递时间常数为４５ｐｓ和６５ｐｓ。     

Candida glabrata metallothioneins. Cloning and sequence of the genes and characterization of proteins

Southern blot analysis has identified several metallothionein gene sequences in a human pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata. Two of these genes encoding proteins designated MT-I and MT-II have been cloned and sequenced. No introns were found in either of the genes. The complete primary structure of MT-II was also determined by protein sequencing methods. As isolated, MT-I and MT-II consist of 62 and 51 amino acids, respectively. The only residues predicted from the nucleotide sequence but not present in the isolated protein are the amino-terminal methionines in each sequence. MT-I contains 18 cysteines, 14 of which are present as Cys-X-Cys motifs and two additional cysteines in a Cys-X-X-Cys sequence. The sequence of MT-II contains 16 cysteinyl residues, 14 of which are in Cys-X-Cys sequences. Fluorescence spectroscopy indicates the presence of Cu(I)-thiolate bonds in both proteins. The binding stoichiometries are 11-12 for MT-I and 10 for MT-II. Under certain nutritional conditions, a truncated form of MT-II was also produced. Northern analysis of the total cellular RNA from copper-treated cells showed that both MT-I and MT-II genes are regulated by this metal ion in a concentration-dependent fashion. The concentrations of MT-II mRNA appeared to be higher than that of MT-I mRNA at all concentrations of copper sulfate tested. Both genes are inducible by silver but not by cadmium salts. Cadmium ions, however, are effective in reducing the control levels of both MT-I and MT-II mRNAs.     

蓝藻(A.variabilis)藻胆体核结构与功能的研究II.变藻蓝蛋白六聚体内能量传递过程的物理机制

以变藻蓝蛋白的晶体结构和光谱性质为基础,利用密度矩阵理论对变藻蓝蛋白六聚体内的激发能传递物理机制进行分析,并利用时间分辨荧光光谱技术对其能量传递途径进行实时探测。结果表明：在变藻蓝蛋白六聚体内,色素对（毗邻单体上的色素αｉ８４βｊ８４,其中ｊ＝ｉ±１,和β＊ＬＣＭ４２）内的能量传递服从激子偶极－偶极相互作用机制;而色素对之间的能量传递机制则为Ｆｒｓｔｅｒ偶极－偶极相互作用机制,并且其能量传递途径分为两类：（１）．两个变藻蓝蛋白三聚体之间色素对的能量传递,其时间常数大约为１５ｐｓ左右;（２）．同一变藻蓝蛋白三聚体内色素对间的能量传递,在ＡＰＩＩ三聚体内,其能量传递时间大约为４５ｐｓ左右,而在ＡＰＩ三聚体内,其能量传递时间常数为４５ｐｓ和６５ｐｓ。