诺卡氏菌属中的两个新种

由土壤中分离的两株诺卡氏菌形放线菌A-100菌株和186菌株．经鉴定,其形态和细胞壁化学组分均属诺卡氏菌属,但培养特征和生理生化特性与该属中的已知种不同。因此认为这两株菌是诺卡氏菌属中的两个新种,并分别命名为鲜黄诺卡氏菌Nocardia galba n.sp和绛红色诺卡氏菌Nocardia purpurea n. sp.。     

诺卡氏菌科分类的研究II．诺卡氏菌属中的两个新种和一个新变种

从我国各地的土壤中分离得到百余株诺卡氏菌形放线菌,其基丝形成横隔并断裂成秆状或球状体,细胞壁化学组份IV型,属于诺卡氏菌科诺卡氏菌属(Nocardia)。经形态、培养特征及生理生化特性等鉴定为15个种。本文只报道其中两个新种及一个新变种：念球状诺卡氏菌(Noeaedia nostocoidea n. sp．);紫褐诺卡氏菌(Nocardta violaccofusca n. sp.);鲑色诺卡氏菌桔橙变种(Nocardia salmontcolor var. aurantiaca n. var.)。     

嗜热放线菌类群分类的研究IV．诺卡氏菌科嗜热种的研究

从亚热带地区土壤中分离出属于诺卡氏菌科的一些嗜热菌种,经52℃培养,通过形态、培养特征、生理生化特性及细胞壁组份等的研究,证明有与诺卡氏菌科菌种共同的特征,区别于这类菌的特性是嗜热性。本文报道属于3个属的4个新种：热黄色诺卡氏菌、Nocardia the-rmoflava n. sp.、热紫色诺卡氏菌 Nocardia thermoviolacea n. sp.、热酒红放线多孢菌Actinopolyspora thermovinacea n. sp.、热丁香类诺卡氏菌 Nocardioides thermolilacinus n. sp.。     

诺卡氏菌形放线菌枝菌酸的气相色谱分析

以已知的棒杆菌枝菌酸,红球菌枝菌酸及自诺卡氏菌典型株提取的枝菌酸为参照样品,用硅烷化的枝菌酸甲酮气相色谱分析方法,分析侧定了包括以前我们发表的两个诺卡氏菌种在内的7株诺卡氏菌形放线菌的枝菌酸。结果表明.鲜黄诺卡氏菌A100和黄粉诺卡氏菌N10的枝菌酸分子碳原子数(58-64)均在诺卡氏菌枝菌酸的范围内;而另一株原名珊瑚诺卡氏菌N21的枝菌酸碳原子数(32-40)则与红色红球菌8372一样在红球菌枝菌酸范围内。其余结果均与文献报道的相一致。本文还讨论了这一方法在诺卡氏菌形放线菌分类鉴定中的作用和意义。     

一株鳢源鰤诺卡氏菌致病性与全基因组分析

【背景】鰤诺卡氏菌是一种典型的条件致病菌,感染鳢、鲈等多种名优鱼类,易造成存在机体损伤或免疫机能下降的鱼持续性感染,给水产养殖业造成了巨大损失。【目的】了解临床分离鳢源鰤诺卡氏菌对乌斑杂交鳢（斑鳢♀×乌鳢♂）的致病性,并从全基因组层面了解该病原菌的基因组和致病因子信息,为鰤诺卡氏菌后续病原学及鰤诺卡氏菌病防治技术和疫苗的开发研究提供有利的数据支撑。【方法】鰤诺卡氏菌NK201610020通过回归感染试验和发病鱼靶器官组织病理分析,了解鰤诺卡氏菌的毒力和病理特征。通过对试验菌进行全基因组测序和比较基因组学分析,挖掘该菌的基因组与毒力特征。【结果】回归感染试验结果显示,除1.5×10³组外,其余5个感染组致死率高达90%,LD₅₀为1.079×10³ CFU/mL,说明试验菌毒力较强。组织病理学观察到肝、脾、肾呈现严重的病理损伤,而且有肉芽肿结构形成。试验菌全基因组测序发现,全基因组大小为8294329bp,GC含量为68.10%,共预测到编码基因7812个。比较基因组学分析发现,不同地区不同宿主来源鰤诺卡氏菌在基因组基础特...     

诺卡氏菌形放线菌与有关分类单位的枝菌酸和磷酸类脂分析

通过对14株胞壁为I型和IV型的诺卡氏菌形放线菌与有关分类单盘的枝菌酸和磷酸类脂的分析,发现胞壁IV型原名为空腔诺卡氏菌N. coeliaca KCC A-0007菌株不含枝菌酸,磷酸类脂不属于任何已知类型(除含PE外,还含有PC),萘醌类型为MK-8(H4)。指出这株菌应从诺卡氏菌属转入无枝菌酸菌属,改定为空腔无枝菌酸菌Amycolata coeliaca[(Gray)Waksrnanet Henrici] comb. Nov. Liu ＆ Ruan,1986。另外还提出,区分类诺卡氏菌与链霉菌时,磷酸类脂类型比形态断裂特征更为重要。为此,将一株原定名为阿勒泰类诺卡氏菌Nocardioides al-taiensis (Wang,1982),依其磷酸类脂分析结果,与链霉菌(Ⅱ型)相同,而与类诺卡氏菌(I型)不同,改定为阿勒泰链霉菌Streptomyces altaiensis (Wang) comb．Nov．Liu ＆ Ruan, 1986。     

诺卡氏菌烈性噬菌体vB_Ncarnea_KYD1的分离纯化与基因组分析

【背景】诺卡氏菌是一种广泛分布的好氧放线菌,可在人体内引起局部或播散性感染,尤其是在免疫功能低下的个体中。诺卡氏菌感染在临床上较难鉴定,而且不断有新型诺卡氏菌种被发现。不同类型、不同地域的诺卡氏菌具有流行差异和抗生素敏感性差异,阻碍了适当治疗方式的选择。利用病灶处的宿主菌分离得到噬菌体来控制诺卡氏菌感染的这种方法在近年来受到了各界的关注。【目的】尝试从环境中分离出能够用于临床治疗的针对诺卡氏菌的烈性噬菌体,并研究其基因组学特征。【方法】利用双层平板法分离得到目标噬菌体,观察其噬菌斑形态,并对噬菌体进行分离纯化,在透射电镜下鉴定其特征。提取噬菌体DNA进行全基因组测序与注释,并与数据库内已知噬菌体基因组进行比较,同时构建系统进化树以进行遗传进化分析。【结果】本文以肉色诺卡氏菌为宿主,从环境样本中分离出一株烈性噬菌体vB_Ncarnea_KYD1,在双层平板上可形成直径<2 mm的透亮均匀的噬菌斑。基因组分析表明,vB_Ncarnea_KYD1DNA为环状,大小为66 621 bp,共发现102个蛋白质编码区(coding sequence,CDS)及一个tRNA-Ser编码序列。透射电镜观察与系统进化树综合分析可以确定,vB_Ncarnea_KYD1为长尾噬菌体科的一个新属。其在进化过程中经历了复杂的基因重组过程。暂未发现毒力因子相关基因与抗性基因,具备实用价值。【结论】从环境水体中分离出一株烈性肉色诺卡氏菌噬菌体vB_Ncarnea_KYD1,通过电镜观察与基因组分析可知,此株噬菌体为长尾噬菌体,基因组中暂未发现不利于临床应用的相关基因,是一株相对安全的烈性诺卡氏菌噬菌体。研究结果丰富了国内噬菌体资源库,并为后续诺卡氏菌感染疾病的治疗提供支持。     

诺卡氏菌科的分类研究I．拟诺卡氏菌属中的一个新种

对4．215菌株进行形态、培养特征、生理生化特性等方面的研究结果表明,该菌株基丝有横隔,断裂,茉莉黄,风帆黄,无气丝,细胞壁化学组份III型,糖类型C(即无特征性糖),无诺卡氏菌特征性类脂A。因此,认为该菌株为拟诺卡氏菌属中的一个新种,定名为略黄拟诺卡氏菌 Nocardiopsis flavidus n. sp.。     

诺卡氏菌属的两个新种和一个新变种

自北京、云南和广西的土样中,分离出1．128 4、10．268-1和22．29-p三株诺卡氏菌。该菌株均产生具分隔并断裂的基丝,细胞壁化学组分为IV型。在形态、培养特征和生理生化特性方面,与诺卡氏菌属中的已知近似种明显不同。因此,认为菌株1．128 a和10．268—1为该属中的两个新种,分别命名为褐色诺卡氏菌(Nocardia fusca n. sp．)和黄粉色诺卡氏菌(Nocardia flavarosea n. sp.),菌株22．29-p为一新变种,命名为黄粉色诺卡氏菌褐色变种(Nocardiaflavorosea var. fusca n. var.)。     

鰤鱼诺卡氏菌DmpA基因的克隆及亚细胞定位研究

鰤鱼诺卡氏菌(Nocardia seriolae)是鱼类诺卡氏菌病的主要病原,为兼性胞内菌。生物信息学分析显示鰤鱼诺卡氏菌DmpA基因的表达产物为分泌蛋白,且可能定位于宿主细胞的线粒体上。通过构建重组质粒p EGFP-DmpA和pc DNA-DmpA、鰤鱼诺卡氏菌胞外产物鉴定、亚细胞定位、过表达等方法,对鰤鱼诺卡氏菌DmpA基因进行了克隆、亚细胞定位及初步功能研究。结果表明在鰤鱼诺卡氏菌胞外产物中鉴定到了DmpA蛋白,证实其为分泌蛋白。亚细胞定位研究发现DmpA-GFP融合蛋白均匀地分布在FHM细胞中,与线粒体分布不重合,说明DmpA蛋白并不定位在线粒体上。DmpA-GFP融合蛋白的表达会改变FHM细胞线粒体的分布为团块状。DmpA在细胞中的过量表达对细胞核无明显影响,表明该基因无诱导细胞凋亡的功能。通过对鰤鱼诺卡氏菌DmpA的克隆、亚细胞定位和过表达研究,为进一步研究该基因的功能和深入了解鰤鱼诺卡氏菌的致病机理奠定了基础。     

Genomic presence of recombinant porcine endogenous retrovirus in transmitting miniature swine

Background

The Coccolithoviridae is a recently discovered family of viruses that infect the marine coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi. Following on from the sequencing of the type strain EhV-86, we have sequenced a second strain, EhV-163.

Results

We have sequenced approximately 80% of the EhV-163 genome, equating to more than 200 full length CDSs. Conserved and variable CDSs and a gene replacement have been identified in the EhV-86 and EhV-163 genomes.

Conclusion

The sequencing of EhV-163 has provided a wealth of information which will aid the re-annotating of the EhV-86 genome and identified a gene insertion in EhV-163.     

Peripheral tolerance and the qualitative characteristics of autoreactive T cell clones in primary biliary cirrhosis

Primary biliary cirrhosis is characterized by autoreactive T cells specific for the mitochondrial Ag PDC-E2(163-176). We studied the ability of eight T cell clones (TCC) specific for PDC-E2(163-176) to proliferate or become anergic in the presence of costimulation signals. TCC were stimulated with either human PDC-E2(163-176), an Escherichia coli 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase mimic (OGDC-E2(34-47)), or analogs with amino acid substitutions using HLA-matched allogeneic PBMC or mouse L-DR53 fibroblasts as APC. Based on their differential responses to these peptides (human PDC-E2(163-176), E. coli OGDC-E2(34-47)) in the different APC systems, TCC were classified as costimulation dependent or independent. Only costimulation-dependent TCC could become anergic. TCC with costimulation-dependent responses to OGDC-E2 become anergic to PDC-E2 when preincubated with mimic, even if costimulation is independent for PDC-E2(163-176). Anergic TCC produced IL-10. One selected TCC could not become anergic after preincubation with PDC-E2(163-176)-pulsed L-DR53 but became anergic using L-DR53 pulsed with PDC-E2 peptide analogs with a substitution at a critical TCR binding site. TCC that only respond to peptide-pulsed PBMC, but not L-DR53, proliferate with peptide-pulsed CD80/CD86-transfected L-DR53; however, anergy was not induced with peptide-pulsed L-DR53 transfected with only CD80 or CD86. These data highlight that costimulation plays a dominant role in maintaining peripheral tolerance to PBC-specific Ags. They further suggest that, under specific circumstances, molecular mimicry of an autoantigen may restore rather than break peripheral tolerance.     

即早基因c-fos在THP-1单核巨噬细胞亚型极化中的差异表达*

目的:探讨即早基因c-fos在THP-1巨噬细胞亚型极化过程中的表达变化。方法:运用PMA刺激诱导THP-1单核细胞极化为巨噬细胞,观察c-fos在单核细胞极化过程中的表达变化;在PMA刺激的基础上,分别运用LPS和IL-4诱导THP-1巨噬细胞向M1及M2亚型极化,实时定量PCR及Western blot技术分析刺激24 h时,细胞亚型标记物CD274、CD86和CD163的表达变化,并动态观察诱导极化过程中,c-fos的表达情况。结果:c-fos在PMA刺激THP-1单核细胞分化为巨噬细胞过程中蛋白和mRNA水平显示上调;LPS诱导THP-1巨噬细胞极化为M1型过程中,c-fos蛋白和mRNA水平表达降低,其特异性标记物在24 h呈现出M1型极化的特点(CD86蛋白表达升高,CD274、CD163蛋白表达降低);IL-4诱导THP-1巨噬细胞极化为M2型过程中,c-fos蛋白和mRNA水平表达升高,其特异性标记物在24 h表现出M2型极化的特点(CD86蛋白表达降低,CD274、CD163蛋白表达升高)。结论:c-fos参与了THP-1单核细胞向巨噬细胞极化的过程,并且可能通过抑制巨噬细胞M1亚型形成,促进巨噬细胞向M2亚型极化的作用参与巨噬细胞的亚型极化及其功能调节中。     

Cobalt-dependent transcription of the nitrile hydratase gene in Rhodococcus rhodochrous M8

Abstract The effects of cobalt ions on the activities of Rhodococcus rhodochrous M8 enzymes for nitrile utilization, nitrile hydratase and amidase, were investigated. In contrast to amidase, synthesis of nitrile hydratase and its activity required cobalt ions in the growth medium. Northern blot analysis showed that in the presence of cobalt ions, the level of mRNA for nitrile hydratase genes was several times higher than that under cobalt-limited conditions. It was assumed that the low nitrile hydratase activity in cells grown in the absence of cobalt ions is connected either with the weak expression of nitrile hydratase genes or with the rapid degradation of nitrile hydratase mRNA.     

野猪骨桥蛋白基因表达及与家猪的对比分析

采用RT-PCR法克隆野猪(Sus scrofa)OPN基因,构建其进化树,半定量RT-PCR法结合Western-blot法对其表达进行研究.结果表明,野猪的OPN基因CDS全长909 bp,编码303个氨基酸.特征基序包括(1)第86个氨基酸处有8个连续的天冬氨酸;(2)第153～157氨基酸处有一个与细胞黏附有关的Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser(GRGDS)序列;(3)第163～164氨基酸处有一个凝血酶酶切位点RS.分子进化树表明,野猪与家猪的亲缘关系最近,与石斑鱼(Danio,rerio)的亲缘关系最远,OPN基因在进化过程中发生过一次大的变异.OPN mRNA在心、胃、肾、卵巢的表达水平较高,在肝、脾、肺、小肠、肌肉、子宫内的表达水平较低.不同组织表达的OPN蛋白大小不同,存在70 ku、70 ku+45 ku和70 ku+45 ku+24 ku这三种模式.     

Occurrence of a cobalt-induced and cobalt-containing nitrile hydratase in Rhodococcus rhodochrous J1

The formation of nitrile hydratase required cobalt ions in Rhodococcus rhodochrous J1. No other transition-metals could replace the cobalt ion. The Rhodococcus nitrile hydratase was purified to homogeneity and found to contain a cobalt atom. The occurrence of a cobalt-induced and cobalt-containing nitrile hydratase, different from the nitrile hydratases in Pseudomonas chlororaphis B23 and Brevibacterium R312 containing a ferric ion in their active center, has been demonstrated here for the first time.     

A study of the catalytic properties of the nitrile hydratase immobilized on aluminum oxides and carbon-containing adsorbents

The nitrile hydratase isolated from Rhodococcus ruber strain gt1, displaying a high nitrile hydratase activity, was immobilized on unmodified aluminum oxides and carbon-containing adsorbents, including the carbon support Sibunit. The activity and operational stability of the immobilized nitrile hydratase were studied in the reaction of acrylonitrile transformation into acrylamide. It was demonstrated that an increase in the carbon content in the support led to an increase in the amount of adsorbed enzyme and, concurrently, to a decrease in its activity. The nitrile hydratase immobilized on Sibunit and carbon-containing aluminum α-oxide having a “crust” structure displayed the highest operational stability in acrylonitrile hydration. It was shown that the thermostability of adsorbed nitrile hydratase increased by one order of magnitude.     

The effects of pH on glucosinolate degradation by a thioglucoside glucohydrolase preparation

An active thioglucoside glucohydrolase extract was prepared from commercial mustard powder and its effect on the degradation of two pure glucosinolates was investigated. During reaction in a distilled water medium the pH of the solution decreased markedly and the ratio of products (isothiocyanate and nitrile) varied considerably. After 20–30 min, when the pH had fallen to ca 5.6, isothiocyanate production ceased whilst nitrile continued to be produced and in amounts which increased linearly with time for at least 40 min. This behaviour can be correlated with the changing pH of the medium. In controlled pH experiments it was confirmed that nitrile formation is favoured at lower pH levels and that the ratio of nitrile to isothiocyanate is directly related to the hydrogen ion concentration of the medium. No reason could therefore be found for the observed formation of nitrile in some natural systems at pHs greater than 7.     

Fed-batch fermentation for production of nitrile hydratase byRhodococcus rhodochrous M33

To enhance the productivity and activity of nitrile hydratase inRhodococcus rhodochrous M33, a glucose-limited fed-batch culture was performed. In a fed-batch culture where the glucose was controlled at a limited level and cobalt was supplemented during the fermentation period, the cell mass and total activity of nitrile hydratase both increased 3.3-fold compared to that in the batch fermentation. The productivity of nitrile hydratase also increased 1.9-fold compared to that in the batch fermentation. The specific activity of nitrile hydratase in the whole cell preparation when using a fed-batch culture was 120 units/mg-DCW, which was similar to that in the batch culture.