勐海县级自然保护区蕨类植物资源

通过野外实地考察和调研,标本采集整理和已有文献资料的查阅。对勐海县级自然保护区的蕨类植物资源进行鉴定分析。目前,已知有蕨类植物33科,55属,118种(包括变种和变型),其中,国家二级重点保护野生蕨类植物4种。按用途将保护区蕨类植物划分为药用蕨类植物、观赏蕨类植物、食用蕨类植物、指示蕨类植物、工业原料蕨类植物与饲料和绿肥蕨类植物6种类型,简要分析了保护区蕨类植物的类型,并对如何保护和开发利用保护区蕨类植物资源提出了意见和建议。文末附有勐海县级自然保护区蕨类植物名录。     

中国蕨类植物细胞分类学研究概况

中国蕨类植物类群十分丰富,由63科230属约2600种组成,其中约有10％的种类为中国特有。迄今为止,中国蕨类植物进行过染色体计数的种类约有395种,仅占中国蕨类植物总数的15％,其中48％为多倍体。本文对中国蕨类植物细胞分类学研究的历史和现状进行了综合评述。文中论述了蕨类植物染色体数目和染色体基数在系统学上的应用以及蕨类植物染色体组型分析、多倍化、无融合生殖、多倍体复合体及网状进化的研究概况。中国20多年的蕨类植物细胞分类学研究表明,蕨类植物的染色体数目、基数、组型分析、多倍化及其繁殖方式对蕨类植物的分类、起源和演化的研究都有重要作用,对种及种复合体的鉴定、科属的划分也有重要的参考价值。并对中国蕨类植物细胞分类学研究提出了一些建议。     

云南哀牢山国家级自然保护区蕨类植物生态地理研究

报道了哀牢山国家级自然保护区蕨类区系有蕨类植物48科、118属、446种(包括变种和变型)。从蕨类植物的垂直分布、东西分布和生态类型的划分等几个方面对哀牢山国家级自然保护区蕨类植物生态进行探讨并得出以下结论:(1)在海拔分布上,蕨类植物有着与不同植被相关的生态适应性,2000~2800 m的中山湿性常绿阔叶林和山顶苔藓矮林地带蕨类植物种类最为丰富,附生蕨类植物占到了该海拔地带蕨类植物总种数的28.5%;(2)东坡有蕨类植物387种,西坡则只有355种,东西坡共有种达295种;(3)哀牢山国家级自然保护区蕨类植物可划分为16个生态类型,本区明显地以阴生植物、亚高温植物和中生植物居多,附生植物种类所占比例大,旱生植物和石生植物种类少等为主要生态特征。哀牢山国家级自然保护区蕨类植物的温度生态类型以亚热带植物种类为主,温带植物和寒温带植物少。     

浙江北山蕨类植物资源及其开发利用

北山位于浙江中部,共有野生蕨类植物１０７种,隶属于５６个属３０科。论述了北山蕨类植物的组成和分布规律,根据蕨类植物的用途,将北山野生类植物资源划分为８类：药用蕨类植物资源,观沉蕨类植物资源,指示蕨类植物资源,化工原料蕨类植物资源,编织蕨类植物资源。食用蕨类植物资源,饲用和肥用蕨类植物资源以及农药蕨类植物资源。最后,提出了一系列北山蕨类植物资源合理开发利用的建议。     

福建泉州药用蕨类植物资源调查研究

对泉州市野生蕨类植物的调查表明,该市有药用蕨类植物58种。本文阐述泉州市药用蕨类植物资源、区系特征、生态分布、利用价值等,并提出进一步研究及合理开发利用的建议。     

宁镇山脉蕨类植物资源调查与区系多样性分析

在野外调查和查阅文献资料的基础上,对宁镇山脉蕨类植物区系组成、分布区类型及生态类型进行了分析,并与邻近的7个蕨类植物区系相似性进行比较。结果表明:(1)宁镇山脉共有蕨类植物28科47属109种,主要科为鳞毛蕨科、金星蕨科及蹄盖蕨科,主要属为鳞毛蕨属、铁角蕨属及复叶耳蕨属,并有14种中国特有蕨类植物。(2)分布区类型以热带分布科、属为主,以东亚分布种为主,表明宁镇山脉蕨类植物区系具有亚热带向温带过渡的特征。(3)与邻近7个山区蕨类植物区系科、属、种相似性系数的比较表明,宁镇山脉与河南鸡公山亲缘关系最近,其次是浙江凤阳山和江西武夷山。(4)宁镇山脉蕨类植物可划分为湿生、石生及土生3种类型,其中石生类型有31种,湿生类型有8种,土生类型有70种。     

西藏色季拉山蕨类植物资源特征

为了摸清色季拉山蕨类植物资源的种类和资源特征,为该区蕨类开发利用提供依据。该研究通过查阅《西藏植物志》和标本,结合色季拉山多年植物调查名录,对该区野生蕨类植物进行统计分析,并对其用途进行了描述。结果显示:(1)色季拉山共有蕨类植物资源29科、57属、196种(包括变种和变型),分别占西藏蕨类植物总科、属、种的65.91%、45.24%、41.70%;优势科为鳞毛蕨科(3属/50种)、水龙骨科(9属/31种)、蹄盖蕨科(7属/22种)、中国蕨科(6属/14种),优势属为鳞毛蕨属(27种)、耳蕨属(19种)。(2)色季拉山蕨类植物的地理成分以热带类型的科和属占优势(分别占非世界分布科、属的80.00%、68.18%),具有明显的热带性质;生态分布类型以陆生为主(118种,占60.20%),其次为附生(45种,占22.96%)。(3)色季拉山共有药用蕨类植物66种,且以清热药种类最多(30种);观赏蕨类植物共有71种(其中新增加23种);食用蕨类植物共有14种,且多以嫩叶或嫩茎或根状茎为食;少数蕨类还具有指示、工业原料、饲料和绿肥等方面的作用。研究表明,色季拉山蕨类植物资源种类丰富,在西藏蕨类植物区系中占很大比例,具有很高的开发利用价值。     

宝华山常绿落叶阔叶混交林下蕨类植物研究

通过对宝华山常绿、落叶阔叶混交林下蕨类植物的研究, 分析了蕨类植物的物种组成、频度、多度、总优势度, 乔木层、灌木层、气候因子对蕨类植物多样性格局的影响。阐明了常绿、落叶阔叶混交林下蕨类植物多样性格局及其影响因素, 并构建了蕨类植物开发利用潜能评价体系。调查研究结果显示, 该区域有蕨类植物12 科20 属29 种。优势科为鳞毛蕨科、金星蕨科、蹄盖蕨科。蕨类植物的盖度与灌木层盖度呈显著正相关, 蕨类植物的多样性与灌木层多样性呈显著负相关。蕨类植物Margalef 指数与年平均气温呈显著负相关, Simpson 优势度指数与日照量呈极显著正相关, Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数与降水量呈显著正相关。     

海南铜铁岭低地雨林蕨类植物区系及其特点

对海南铜铁岭热带低地雨林地区的蕨类植物区系进行了研究,结果表明铜铁岭共有蕨类植物117种,隶属40科、71属.含6种以上的科有水龙骨科、金星蕨科、铁角蕨科、叉蕨科、陵齿蕨科、膜蕨科和凤尾蕨科,它们是组成铜铁岭蕨类植物的优势科.根据植物的现代地理分布,本区的蕨类植物属和种的分布区类型中热带成分分别占非世界分布的95.31%和75.21%,说明了该地区蕨类植物区系与热带植物区系有着广泛的联系,热带性较强;本区蕨类植物大多数是林荫湿生或附生类型.七指蕨种群是该区珍稀蕨类植物,应该加强保护.     

云南高黎贡山地区主要药用蕨类植物

通过对高黎贡山地区的民间访谈和集市药摊调查 ,从高黎贡山地区已纪录的 5 38种蕨类植物中总结、整理出主要的药用蕨类植物 85种 ,分属 2 7科 ,4 4属。本文主要对其中对 17种常见药用蕨类植物的药用功效进行介绍     

Mycorrhizal symbioses found in roots of fern and its relatives in Korea

Mycorrhizal symbioses were found in the roots of 45 out of 59 species of pteridophytes collected in Korea. The mycorrhizal fungi were colonized in the root cortical cells, primarily in terrestrial species, but rarely in epiphytic or aquatic pteridophytes. Mycorrhizae that are typically found in orchid colonized the roots of the epiphytic pteridophytes, but not in other species. These were the first observations of orchid mycorrhizae in pteridophytes. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were examined after staining, then confirmed with PCR, using a specific primer. This is the first report of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in the roots of pteridophyte species in Asia.     

隆中风景区蕨类植物分布及其杀虫杀菌种筛选

初步调查隆中风景区蕨类植物的分布,发现该区共有蕨类植物91种,隶属于27科49属,以水龙骨科最多,有18种,其次为鳞毛蕨科,有10种。通过筛选,初步确定14个植物种具有杀虫杀菌价值和开发利用潜力。     

滇东南老君山自然保护区的蕨类植物资源

在野外实地调查、标本采集、标本鉴定和文献资料整理的基础上,对滇东南老君山自然保护区的蕨类植物资源进行研究。目前共知有蕨类植物44科,115属,259种(包括变种和变型),其中有国家珍稀濒危保护蕨类植物7种。按照其用途将这些植物划分为药用、观赏、食用、指示、化工原料、编织、饲料和绿肥等7种类型。最后,讨论了其开发利用现状及前景。     

江西官山自然保护区药用植物资源

对江西官山自然保护区药用植物调查显示,该地区共有药用植物1378种,其中,药用藻类4种,药用真菌26种,药用地衣5种,药用苔藓36种,药用蕨类93种,药用种子植物642种,常用中药210种,药用珍稀濒危植物94种,药用观赏植物124种,农兽药植物127种。此外,还发现9种江西地理记录新分布,并介绍了药用植物资源合理利用的概况。     

Pteridophytic evolution: an often underappreciated phytological success story

The role and success of pteridophytes in the vascular land flora from the Silurian to Recent are examined. Success is defined as the ability of plants to occupy physical and ecological space through time, and evaluated in terms of species richness and percent cover. These factors are examined for vascular plants of successively more specialized grades of life cycles. Four grades, including homospory, heterospory, extreme heterospory, and angiospermy are recognized, with angiospermy providing for the greatest species richness and percent cover in the modern flora. In terms of percent cover, gymnosperms are also relatively successful, but in terms of species richness homosporous pteridophytes are more successful than all other non-angiospermous grades combined. The diversity of growth forms and life history patterns that have helped pteridophytes become successful throughout time is examined, and evidence for rhizomatous herbs, vines, epiphytes, trees of diverse architectures, and specialized modes of growth and vegetative propagation are reviewed. Comparison of several analyses of land plant diversity through the Phanerozoic suggests that plants with pteridophytic reproduction were dominant in most floras long after the origin of seed plants, and that pteridophytes probably have continued to increase in species richness up to the present. The loss of pteridophytic dominance in terms of percent cover at the end of the Paleozoic was associated with species turnover in which arborescent pteridophytes of several clades became extinct, but some herbaceous pteridophytes may have retained dominance in many floras into the Paleogene.     

福建清源山药用蕨类植物资源与分布

福建清源山药用蕨类植物有15科21属26种;对其分布及利用价值作了阐述,并进一步对开发利用药用蕨类植物资源提出建议。     

Distribution and Diversity of Pteridophytes and Melastomataceae along Edaphic Gradients in Yasuní National Park, Ecuadorian Amazonia1

We documented the floristic composition of pteridophytes (ferns and fern allies) and Melastomataceae in Yasuní National Park, Amazonian Ecuador. Our main questions were: (1) Are the density of individuals, species richness, and/or species diversity (measured with Shannon's H′) of the two plant groups related to edaphic differences? and (2) How many of the pteridophyte and Melastomataceae species are non–randomly distributed in relation to a soil base content gradient within terra firme (non–inundated forest). To answer these questions, we sampled 27 line transects of 500 × 5 m distributed in an area of ca 20 × 25 km. The study area included a permanent 50 ha plot established to monitor forest dynamics; thus, our results also provide information on landscape–scale floristic variability to which results from within the plot can be compared. A total of 45,608 individuals and 140 species of pteridophytes, and 4893 individuals and 89 species of the Melastomataceae, were counted in the transects. Both with pteridophytes and with Melastomataceae, a clear negative correlation was found between the amount of extractable bases in the soil and the number of plant individuals encountered in a transect. With Melastomataceae, species richness and species diversity also were negatively correlated with soil base content, but with pteridophytes they were not. More than 50 percent of the common species of both pteridophytes and Melastomataceae were nonrandomly distributed along the soil cation content gradient within terra firme. We conclude that while the species richness patterns observed in one plant group are not indicative of similar patterns in other plant groups, it seems likely that a substantial (but unknown) proportion of species belonging to other plant groups will be found to show distribution patterns that reflect edaphic preferences within terra firme forests.     

福建福州25种蕨类植物抑菌活性筛选研究

应用纸片扩散法对福建福州25种常见蕨类植物进行枯草杆菌、大肠杆菌、酿酒酵母和黑曲霉的抑菌活性筛选。结果表明,其中23种蕨类的醇提液至少对一种试验微生物具有抑菌活性,其抑菌效果在8~24mm范围(抑菌圈直径)。具抑菌活性的蕨类分属14科19属,其中鳞毛蕨科4个种显示出较强的抑菌能力。     

Breeding Systems of Three Tree Ferns: Alsophila firma (Cyatheaceae), Cyathea stipularis (Cyatheaceae), and Lophosoria quadripinnata (Lophosoriaceae)

Abstract Breeding-system data have been available for a large number and diverse array of angio-sperms for a relatively long time. In contrast, breeding systems of ferns and their allies (pteridophytes) have only recently been examined, and breeding-system data from natural populations of sporophytes are still lacking for pteridophytes representing many life-history strategies. Few studies, for example, have examined breeding systems of tropical pteridophytes, and no breeding-system data are available for tree ferns. We therefore examined the breeding systems of three species of tree ferns from Costa Rica, Alsophila firma (Cyatheaceae), Cyathea stipularis (Cyatheaceae), and Lophosoria quadripinnata (Lophosoriaceae) using enzyme electro-phoresis. Genetic data were used to estimate intragametophytic self-fertilization and F , the fixation index. Analysis of genetic data indicates that the gametophytes of these three species predominantly cross-fertilize; all three species would be characterized as outcrossers. However, some population-to-population variation in breeding system was detected in all three species. Outcrossing also typifies a diverse array of temperate ferns. Thus, despite the potential for self-fertilization, outcrossing appears to characterize the majority of pteridophytes representing a variety of evolutionary lineages, life-history strategies, and environments.     

MYCORRHIZAE IN HAWAIIAN PTERIDOPHYTES: OCCURRENCE AND EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE

Forty-five percent of the Hawaiian pteridophyte flora were examined for mycorrhizae. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae were present in 66 of the 89 species examined. Nonmycotrophy was significantly higher in Hawaiian pteridophytes than in non-Hawaiian pteridophytes. The highest mycorrhizal colonization occurred in the leptosporangiate families Dicksoniaceae, Dryopteridaceae, and Lindsaeaceae. Mycotrophy was lower in the eusporangiate families. Substrate strongly influenced the presence of mycotrophy. Mycorrhizae were present in 83% of terricolous species, in 86% of epilithic species, in 55% of epiphytic species, and absent from aquatic species. A phylogram of pteridophyte families is constructed incorporating the intensity of mycorrhizal colonization as one criterion for classification.