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1.
为确定呼伦贝尔草原高效生产和可持续利用的最佳刈割制度,于2019—2021年在呼伦贝尔草原开展刈割时间(7月31日、8月10日、8月20日、8月30日、9月9日)、留茬高度(3、9、15 cm)及两者交互作用对草原群落特征、牧草产量和品质影响的研究。结果表明:较晚时间刈割和低留茬刈割会降低翌年群落高度和盖度;低留茬刈割降低翌年地上部分生物量,但刈割时间对其影响不显著。禾草、莎草相对生物量随刈割时间的延迟表现出先增加后减少的趋势,杂类草则与之相反,而豆科植物无明显变化。低留茬刈割在当年能够获得高的干草产量,但翌年的干草产量显著下降;8月30日,留茬3 cm刈割时干草产量达到最高值(469 g·m-2),高于最低值361.5%。牧草品质中粗蛋白含量在8月30日刈割时亦达到峰值,高于最低值约6.5%,且在高留茬刈割下含量更高;酸、中性洗涤纤维含量随刈割时间延迟逐渐升高,9月9日刈割高于7月31日8.0%、5.9%,并且随留茬高度增加而降低。呼伦贝尔草原刈割制度设置为留茬高度9 cm左右、8月20—30日刈割为最佳,但需更长期的刈割试验观测才能得到更可靠、更客观的结论。  相似文献   

2.
刈割时间、刈割强度与施肥处理对燕麦补偿的影响   总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15       下载免费PDF全文
刈割强度、刈割时间和施肥状况对燕麦的补偿有明显影响作用。在不施肥条件下,分蘖期轻度刈割有利于植物的补偿作用,拔节期重度刈割以及重复刈割影响植物生长。施肥可以提高受适度刈割损害植物的补偿程度。无论施肥与否,燕麦都没有发生明显的超补偿现象。但在施肥条件下,留茬高度8cm的刈割处理使燕麦在一定程度上提高了植物的生产力,尤其是秆叶的干重。  相似文献   

3.
武帅楷  林茂  郝杰  刁华杰  苏原  董宽虎  王常慧 《生态学报》2024,44(19):8532-8541
刈割是草地的主要管理方式之一,适度刈割不仅可以提高草地生物量,而且能够维持草地稳定性和物种多样性。农牧交错带草地受到人类生产生活的多重干扰,如何合理利用农牧交错带草地是协调生产和生态平衡的瓶颈问题。为研究刈割对农牧交错带草地生物量的影响,于2016年在山西右玉典型农牧交错带草地设置了不同刈割强度试验平台。通过留茬高度10 cm(LM, Light mowing),5 cm(MM, Moderate mowing)和2 cm(HM, Heavy mowing)来表征刈割强度,并设置不刈割处理(CK, No mowing)作为对照。研究不同刈割强度对优势物种赖草(Leymus secalinus)叶片、茎秆的生物量,群落地上生物量和不同土层(0—10 cm、10—20 cm和20—30 cm)地下生物量的影响。结果表明:连续3年刈割导致群落地上生物量逐年显著降低(P<0.05),但在干旱年份促进了土壤表层(0—10 cm)根系生物量的积累。与不刈割相比,短期轻度刈割和中度刈割显著降低群落地上生物量(P<0.05),重度刈割对群落地上生物量影响不显著(P>0.05),但对优势种赖草地上生物量有促进作用。刈割主要增加0—20 cm土层的地下生物量,但不同刈割强度对群落地下生物量无显著影响(P>0.05)。可为农牧交错带畜牧业生产、草地合理利用和生态保护提供科学依据。  相似文献   

4.
基于内蒙古中部克氏针茅草原长期刈割试验,分析了不同留茬高度下克氏针茅草原植物群落中5个优势及亚优势种地上生物量和群落稳定性的变化.结果表明:留茬高度在10cm以上时对5种植物地上生物量的影响较小.留茬高度为10 cm适于冷蒿生长,而不利于克氏针茅的生长.糙隐子草在留茬高度为2 cm时表现最佳.黄囊苔草对群落的贡献在留茬高度为5 cm时最大,此时其生物量与刈割年限呈正相关.留茬高度为2和15 cm不利于星毛委陵菜生长.植株较高、竞争力强的多年生植物对干扰的耐受能力较强,刈割的留茬高度不低于10cm时,有益于维持草原生态系统的稳定性.  相似文献   

5.
内蒙古克氏针茅草原土壤种子库对刈割和放牧干扰的响应   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
种子库是潜在的植物群落并在一定程度上预示着群落的演替方向。草原牧区自退牧还草政策实施以来,草原利用方式由自由放牧为主逐步转向以围封割草为主。为研究割草和放牧对土壤种子库密度、植物功能群和种类组成的影响及其与地上植被的相似性关系,在内蒙古克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)典型草原区设置3个不同强度的刈割处理,即无刈割对照(CK)和分别留茬15 cm(M15)、5 cm(M5)的处理,以及一个自由放牧处理(GR),土壤种子库采用环刀法多点取样结合四唑染色法测定种子活力,计数所有被检测有生命力的种子,并计算土壤种子库与地上植被在物种组成方面的相似性。结果表明:不同处理的土壤种子库密度范围为6245.0±1351.9~8155.9±909.1粒·m-2,无刈割对照的土壤种子库密度显著高于M15;从种子库的功能群组成来看,多年生杂类草种子密度最大,占种子库总量的55%~60%,1年生杂类草占36%~43%,GR与M15有显著差异;从物种组成来看,只有克氏针茅、砂韭的种子数量在刈割和放牧处理下显著低于对照。采用Sorensen指数计算土壤种子库与地上植被的物种相似性,CK、GR、M5、M15相似系数分别为0.55、0.58、0.48和0.60;研究预示,内蒙古典型草原土壤种子库对割草和自由放牧有很强的敏感性,刈割和自由放牧均降低土壤种子库密度,将降低退化克氏针茅草原的自然恢复能力。  相似文献   

6.
李鑫  石凤翎  高艳  赵明旭  李凌浩 《生态学杂志》2012,23(10):2648-2654
基于内蒙古中部克氏针茅草原长期刈割试验,分析了不同留茬高度下克氏针茅草原植物群落中5个优势及亚优势种地上生物量和群落稳定性的变化.结果表明:留茬高度在10 cm以上时对5种植物地上生物量的影响较小.留茬高度为10 cm适于冷蒿生长,而不利于克氏针茅的生长.糙隐子草在留茬高度为2 cm时表现最佳.黄囊苔草对群落的贡献在留茬高度为5 cm时最大,此时其生物量与刈割年限呈正相关.留茬高度为2和15 cm不利于星毛委陵菜生长.植株较高、竞争力强的多年生植物对干扰的耐受能力较强,刈割的留茬高度不低于10 cm时,有益于维持草原生态系统的稳定性.  相似文献   

7.
刈割冬牧70黑麦地上生物量动态与草群再生效应的研究   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
多立安  赵树兰 《植物研究》2001,21(2):304-307
通过刈割冬牧70黑麦研究一、二茬草地上生物量动态特征及草群的再生效应,结果表明:从返青至初夏(6月7日)的生长期内,冬牧70黑麦可收获两茬草,地上最高总生物量可达1004.20g/m2,表明其具有强的光合生产效率。通过一、二茬草生产性能比较可以看出,在最高总生物量中,二茬草占57.11%,生长天数占总生长天数的42.06%;一茬草鲜干比相对较大,茎叶比则相对较低,说明一茬草更适合用作青饲或制备青绿饮食品,二茬草则更利于制备干草饲用或纤维食品。AGR与RGR的比较可进一步证明一茬草后期的管理对草群总生物量的形成具有重要的作用。本研究为最大限度发挥冬牧70黑麦生产性能及实施高效生态农业工程提供理论依据。  相似文献   

8.
2014—2018年8月在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟毛登牧场大针茅典型草原,以围封为对照,设置2、5和8 cm 3个刈割留茬高度,研究刈割留茬高度对群落结构及稳定性的影响。结果表明:群落中共出现15科23属27种植物;优势种为大针茅、知母、羊草及糙隐子草,累计相对重要值为76.1%。多年生杂类草15种,一、二年生植物5种,多年生丛生禾草和灌木半灌木植物各有3种,多年生根茎禾草有1种。大针茅等处于群落上层;知母、羊草等植物处于群落中层;糙隐子草、刺穗藜、猪毛菜等植物处于群落底层。刈割造成大针茅及多年生丛生禾草相对重要值降低,使得糙隐子草、刺穗藜、猪毛菜及一、二年生植物相对重要值增加。留茬2 cm降低羊草相对重要值,而留茬5、8 cm使其增加;留茬5 cm增加知母相对重要值,而留茬2、8 cm使其降低;留茬8 cm降低杂类草相对重要值,而留茬2、5 cm使其增加。物种及功能群多样性年度间差异显著。总体上,刈割对物种丰富度无显著影响,对其物种多样性影响较小,但对功能群多样性存在一定影响。表明在刈割过程中,群落各功能群存在一定的补偿作用,使得群落保持相对稳定。刈割使群落稳定性增加,留茬5和8 cm时群落稳定性较大;留茬5 cm时群落变异性较大,而留茬8 cm时最小。留茬8 cm时群落稳定性高且变异性小,能促进群落长期稳定。  相似文献   

9.
刈割时间和次数对牧草产量和品质的影响   总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13  
研究了刈割时间和频率对牧草产量和品质的影响,结果表明:刈割间隔时间的延长使牧草的茎/叶比值和粗纤维含量显著增加,粗蛋白、粗灰分、P、K等的含量显著下降,其中K下降的幅度最大,其次是粗灰分、粗蛋白和P等.刈割时间对粗脂肪、Ca、Mg的含量影响不大,没有统计学上的差异.适宜的刈割频率可提高牧草的产量和质量,隔50-55d收割1次,可使牧草的产量和质量均维持较高的水平,隔57d割1次,牧草的蛋白质含量略有下降,而粗纤维含量却有不同程度的上升.  相似文献   

10.
基于17 yr的野外实验数据,研究了内蒙古羊草草原群落刈割演替过程中的功能群组成动态,探索了功能群组成变化与群落净初级生产力(ANPP)之间的关系,分析了结构参数怎样影响功能参数.结果显示:在17 yr的割草演替过程中,群落的结构与功能均发生了变化.随着羊草群落刈割演替的进行,群落的功能群组成发生了显著变化,根茎禾草在群落中的优势地位相继被一、二年生植物、高丛生禾草和矮丛生禾草所取代.到17 yr末,群落变成根茎禾草、矮丛生禾草、高丛生禾草共同建群的群落.在对照群落中ANPP与年降水量显著相关,但在刈割群落中二者则不相关.年降水量解释对照群落ANPP变异的62%,而连年的刈割干扰则是刈割群落中ANPP动态的主要驱动因子.群落净初级生产则显出对刈割干扰的抵抗能力,在刈割干扰的前几年,依靠群落内功能群组成的不断调节,保持相对稳定的水平,当刈割进行5 yr之后,群落结构的变化积累到一定程度,净初级生产迅速下降到一个较低的水平,此后依靠群落结构的不断调节来维持这一功能水平.因此,群落结构是以渐变的方式改变的,而群落功能的下降则是以跃变的形式完成的.群落依赖于结构的不断调整来保持功能的相对稳定,但结构变化到一定程度也会导致功能的衰退.  相似文献   

11.
    
Biomass temporal stability plays a key role in maintaining sustainable ecosystem functions and services of grasslands, and climate change has exerted a profound impact on plant biomass. However, it remains unclear how the community biomass stability in alpine meadows responds to changes in some climate factors (e.g., temperature and precipitation). Long‐term field aboveground biomass monitoring was conducted in four alpine meadows (Haiyan [HY], Henan [HN], Gande [GD], and Qumalai [QML]) on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau. We found that climate factors and ecological factors together affected the community biomass stability and only the stability of HY had a significant decrease over the study period. The community biomass stability at each site was positively correlated with both the stability of the dominant functional group and functional groups asynchrony. The effect of dominant functional groups on community stability decreased with the increase of the effect of functional groups asynchrony on community stability and there may be a ‘trade‐off’ relationship between the effects of these two factors on community stability. Climatic factors directly or indirectly affect community biomass stability by influencing the stability of the dominant functional group or functional groups asynchrony. Air temperature and precipitation indirectly affected the community stability of HY and HN, but air temperature in the growing season and nongrowing season had direct negative and direct positive effects on the community stability of GD and QML, respectively. The underlying mechanisms varied between community composition and local climate conditions. Our findings highlighted the role of dominant functional group and functional groups asynchrony in maintaining community biomass stability in alpine meadows and we highlighted the importance of the environmental context when exploring the stability influence mechanism. Studies of community stability in alpine meadows along with different precipitation and temperature gradients are needed to improve our comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms controlling alpine meadow stability.  相似文献   

12.
    
Many biodiversity experiments have demonstrated that plant diversity can stabilize productivity in experimental grasslands. However, less is known about how diversity–stability relationships are mediated by grazing. Grazing is known for causing species losses, but its effects on plant functional groups (PFGs) composition and species asynchrony, which are closely correlated with ecosystem stability, remain unclear. We conducted a six‐year grazing experiment in a semi‐arid steppe, using seven levels of grazing intensity (0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5, and 9.0 sheep per hectare) and two grazing systems (i.e., a traditional, continuous grazing system during the growing period (TGS), and a mixed one rotating grazing and mowing annually (MGS)), to examine the effects of grazing system and grazing intensity on the abundance and composition of PFGs and diversity–stability relationships. Ecosystem stability was similar between mixed and continuous grazing treatments. However, within the two grazing systems, stability was maintained through different pathways, that is, along with grazing intensity, persistence biomass variations in MGS, and compensatory interactions of PFGs in their biomass variations in TGS. Ecosystem temporal stability was not decreased by species loss but rather remain unchanged by the strong compensatory effects between PFGs, or a higher grazing‐induced decrease in species asynchrony at higher diversity, and a higher grazing‐induced increase in the temporal variation of productivity in diverse communities. Ecosystem stability of aboveground net primary production was not related to species richness in both grazing systems. High grazing intensity weakened the temporal stabilizing effects of diversity in this semi‐arid grassland. Our results demonstrate that the productivity of dominant PFGs is more important than species richness for maximizing stability in this system. This study distinguishes grazing intensity and grazing system from diversity effects on the temporal stability, highlighting the need to better understand how grazing regulates ecosystem stability, plant diversity, and their synergic relationships.  相似文献   

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长期重度放牧通过加剧水氮限制减少植物多样性与生态系统功能。相反,缺乏放牧干扰(生物量移除)会通过增加光竞争减少物种多样性,从而弱化生态系统稳定性,而这一过程会由于资源富集而加剧。因此,如何维持物种多样性和群落稳定性仍然是世界草原可持续管理的一大挑战。在本研究中,我们在中国内蒙古3个放牧强度的长期实验样地设置了为期4年的控制实验,来探究结合资源添加与生物量移除(同时增加水、氮和光的有效性)对物种丰富度与群落稳定性的影响。研究结果表明,在4年资源添加结合生物量移除处理下,群落初级 生产力增加,同时物种丰富度与群落稳定性能够维持。在物种与功能群水平上,地上生产力能够保持时间稳定性。物种丰富度维持的主要 原因是:在资源富集的情况下,生物量移除能够增加光的有效性。物种异步性与功能群稳定性有助于群落稳定性维持。我们的研究结果表 明,资源添加与生物量移除结合的管理方式,不仅能够增加草地初级生产力,而且能维持其物种多样性、异步性与群落稳定性。在世界范 围内,长期放牧导致的草原退化与资源富集引起的其生物多样性丧失仍将是人类面临的主要生态问题,我们的研究结果对于半干旱草原以 及其它草原的适应性管理具有重要的意义。  相似文献   

15.
基于17 yr的野外实验数据,研究了内蒙古羊草草原群落刈割演替过程中的功能群组成动态,探索了功能群组成变化与群落净初级生产力(ANPP)之间的关系,分析了结构参数怎样影响功能参数。结果显示:在17 yr的割草演替过程中,群落的结构与功能均发生了变化。随着羊草群落刈割演替的进行,群落的功能群组成发生了显著变化,根茎禾草在群落中的优势地位相继被一、二年生植物、高丛生禾草和矮丛生禾草所取代。到17 yr末,群落变成根茎禾草、矮丛生禾草、高丛生禾草共同建群的群落。在对照群落中ANPP与年降水量显著相关,但在刈割群落中二者则不相关。年降水量解释对照群落ANPP变异的62%,而连年的刈割干扰则是刈割群落中ANPP动态的主要驱动因子。群落净初级生产则显出对刈割干扰的抵抗能力,在刈割干扰的前几年,依靠群落内功能群组成的不断调节,保持相对稳定的水平,当刈割进行5 yr之后,群落结构的变化积累到一定程度,净初级生产迅速下降到一个较低的水平,此后依靠群落结构的不断调节来维持这一功能水平。因此,群落结构是以渐变的方式改变的,而群落功能的下降则是以跃变的形式完成的。群落依赖于结构的不断调整来保持功能的相对稳定,但结构变化到一定程度也会导致功能的衰退。  相似文献   

16.
    
Asynchrony in population abundance can buffer the effects of environmental change leading to greater community and ecosystem stability. Both environmental (abiotic) drivers and species functional (biotic) traits can influence population dynamics leading to asynchrony. However, empirical evidence linking dissimilarity in species traits to abundance asynchrony is limited, especially for understudied taxa such as insects. To fill this knowledge gap, we explored the relationship between pairwise species trait dissimilarity and asynchrony in interannual abundance change between pairs of species for 422 moth, butterfly, and bumblebee species in Great Britain. We also explored patterns differentiating traits that we assumed to capture ‘sensitivity to environmental variables’ (such as body mass), and traits that may reflect ‘diversity in exposure’ to environmental conditions and lead to niche partitioning (for example, habitat uses, and intra-annual emergence periods). As expected, species trait dissimilarity calculated overall and for many individual traits representing response and exposure was positively correlated with asynchrony in all three insect groups. We found that ‘exposure’ traits, especially those relating to the phenology of species, had the strongest relationship with abundance asynchrony from all tested traits. Positive relationships were not simply due to shared evolutionary history leading to similar life-history strategies: detected effects remained significant for most traits after accounting for phylogenetic relationships within models. Our results provide empirical support that dissimilarity in traits linked to species exposure and sensitivity to the environment could be important for temporal dissimilarity in insect abundance. Hence, we suggest that general trait diversity, but especially diversity in ‘exposure’ traits, could play a significant role in the resilience of insect communities to short-term environmental perturbations through driving asynchrony between species abundances.  相似文献   

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The role of plant biodiversity in stabilizing ecosystem multifunctionality has been extensively studied; however, the impact of soil biota biodiversity on ecosystem multifunctional stability, particularly under multiple environmental changes, remains unexplored. By conducting an experiment with environmental changes (adding water and nitrogen to a long-term grazing experiment) and an experiment without environmental changes (an undisturbed site) in semi-arid grasslands, our research revealed that environmental changes-induced changes in temporal stability of both above- and belowground multifunctionality were mainly impacted by plant and soil biota asynchrony, rather than by species diversity. Furthermore, changes in temporal stability of above- and belowground multifunctionality, under both experiments with and without environmental changes, were mainly associated with plant and soil biota asynchrony, respectively, suggesting that the temporal asynchrony of plant and soil biota has independent and non-substitutable effects on multifunctional stability. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering both above- and belowground biodiversity or functions when evaluating the stabilizing effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functions.  相似文献   

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