几种昆虫生长调节剂对蔬菜害虫的药效比较

近年来,我们收集了几种国内外昆虫生长调节剂,经试验对蔬菜害虫有较高活性。与拟除虫菊酯及有机磷比较,用量低、高效低毒,持效期为10～15天。其中,以定虫隆、酰基脲、农梦特较优,对较难防治的小菜蛾、甜菜夜蛾用5ppm浓度,防治效果达90％以上。在大白菜生育期施药1次,即可控制其为害。     

溴虫腈对家蚕和桑树害虫的毒力比较

为了比较溴虫腈在家蚕Bombyx mori和桑树害虫间的选择性毒力,采用食下毒叶法测定了溴虫腈、二嗪磷、敌敌畏、辛硫磷和三唑磷5种杀虫剂对家蚕的毒性;用浸叶法测定了5种杀虫剂对桑尺蠖Phthonandria atrilineata Butler、桑螟Diaphania pyloalis Walker和桑毛虫Porthesia xanthocampa Dyer 的毒力;在桑园喷施溴虫腈检测了其在桑树上对家蚕的残留毒性期;通过食下毒叶法系统研究了溴虫腈对家蚕生长发育的影响。结果表明,二嗪磷、敌敌畏、辛硫磷和三唑磷72 h对家蚕的毒性倍数分别大于溴虫腈的15.5、93.3、154 .0和188.5倍;溴虫腈、三唑磷、辛硫磷和敌敌畏48 h相对于二嗪磷对桑尺蠖的毒力倍数分别是49.1、3.2、2.3和1.4倍,对桑螟的毒力倍数分别是79.4、3.6、2.4和1.8倍,对桑毛虫的毒力倍数分别为67.2、3.2、2.2和1.7倍;对桑树喷施100、50、25和12.5 mg/L 溴虫腈,桑叶的残留毒性期分别为3、0、0和0天;用溴虫腈100、50、25和12.5 mg/L 处理的桑叶饲喂家蚕后,存活幼虫的历期、眠蚕体重、熟蚕体重、全茧量、茧层量、蛹重和化蛹率与对照相比均无显著性差异。据此认为溴虫腈是适合防治桑园害虫又对家蚕较安全的药剂。     

八种植物提取物对蔬菜害虫的室内毒力研究

研究了巴豆 (Croton tiglium L.)等八种植物的提取物对几种常见蔬菜害虫的非选择性拒食和毒杀作用。研究结果表明 :巴豆、青蒿、米仔兰等三种植物提取物在 0 .5 %浓度时对菜粉蝶 5龄幼虫的拒食率分别达到96 .36 %、82 .4 2 %和 86 .30 % ,对菜粉蝶 3龄幼虫的毒杀死亡率分别为 5 9.38%、2 8.1 3%和 4 3.75 % ;对黄曲条跳甲成虫的毒杀死亡率为 77.5 0 %、5 6 .2 5 %和 4 8.75 % ;对美洲斑潜蝇幼虫的毒杀死亡率分别为 83.33%、5 6 .6 7%和 73.33%。     

新的生物杀虫剂螨虫素对棉花、蔬菜害虫的毒力评价及应用技术研究

本文通过生物杀虫剂螨虫素对棉花、蔬菜害虫的毒力评价及田间应用研究表明,它对棉朱砂叶螨和菜青虫两种害虫杀伤力最强,其中LC90分别为0．078ppm和0．013ppm。兼有胃毒、触杀作用,残效期较长,分别达13天和9天。田间小区试验认为防治菜青虫和茄朱砂叶螨以2ppm浓度为宜。防治适期为卵孵化初期或低龄幼(若)虫（螨)期,其防效能达90%以上。该药特点用药量低、效果好、无公害、值得推广。     

不同蔬菜害虫对色彩的趋性差异

试验表明,黄曲条跳甲PhyllotretastriolataF.、桃蚜Myzuspersicae(Sulzer)、和美洲斑潜蝇LiriomyzasativaeBlanchard对不同颜色的趋向性存在差异,黄曲条跳甲对黄色和白色的趋性强,桃蚜和美洲斑潜蝇对黄色最敏感,小菜蛾Plutellaxylostella(L.)成虫对绿色的敏感性明显强于其他色彩。在生产上,可利用害虫对颜色的趋性进行害虫预测预报或害虫控制。     

苦皮藤种油对几种蔬菜和贮粮害虫拒食的研究

室内测定表明:苦皮藤种油对菜青虫、黄守瓜、猿叶虫、28星瓢虫等4种蔬菜害虫有明显的拒食作用,对赤拟谷盗、谷蠹具有较明显忌避作用,对玉米象有明显的拒食作用、干扰产卵及抑制卵的孵化作用,对四纹豆象有较高的防治效果。田间试验效果:防治青菜虫用2%、0.66%、0.5%的苦皮藤种油,防效分别为86.5%、91.16%、85.37%,10%氯氰菊酯5000倍液为89.6%,苦皮藤根皮粉为79.81%。所以,苦皮藤种油与菊酯类农药的效果相似。     

复方苦参植物素水剂对十字花科蔬菜几种害虫的活性及田间防效

室内毒力测定结果表明,复方苦参植物素对菜蚜(若蚜)、菜青虫有很高的毒力,LC50分别为1．02mg／L和1．37mg／L,对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的毒力较低,LC50为11．65mg／L。复方苦参植物素不杀斜纹夜蛾的卵,不影响卵的孵化率,但对初孵幼虫有较好的杀伤效果。斜纹夜蛾幼虫随着虫龄的增大,对复方苦参植物素的敏感性下降。复方苦参植物素100mg／L,斜纹夜蛾幼虫非选择性和选择性拒食作用分别为96．86％和78．97％,作用方式以触杀作用为主,胃毒作用为辅。田间试验表明,复方苦参植物素200～300倍,对菜青虫和菜蚜的防效在90％左右,持效期10d。     

安打对小菜蛾、斜纹夜蛾的毒力及药效试验

“安打”是美国杜邦化学有限公司 ,近年来研制开发出的一种新型杀虫剂 ,2 0 0 1年来陆续进入浙江市场 ,据有关资料 ,该药和目前生产上常用农药的杀虫机理不同、杀虫谱广、药效高、毒性低。为了明确该药在蔬菜生产上的应用前景 ,作者以蔬菜上两大害虫小菜蛾 Plutella xy-lostella ( L )和斜纹夜蛾 Spodoptera litura ( Fabricius)为对象 ,进行了室内毒力测定及田间药效试验 ,现将结果报告如下 :1　材料与方法1 .1　供试药剂1 5.0 %安打 SC(美国杜邦化学有限公司生产 ) ;1 .0 %虫螨光 EC(德清拜克化学有限公司生产 ) ;1 0 .0 %除尽 SC(美…     

一种值得重视的蔬菜害虫──瓜斑潜蝇

对广东蔬菜产区游蝇发生为害情况进行调查。结果表明,瓜斑潜蝇在广东菜区已有发生为害,且发生为害有上升趋势,是一种值得重视的蔬菜害虫。对瓜斑潜蝇形态特征进行了描述,对其生活习性和为害方式进行了初步观察。     

一种新杀虫剂对储粮害虫和作物害虫的杀虫效果

测定以植物提取物异硫氰酸酯为主要成分而复配的宏劲杀虫剂对玉米象Sitophilus zeamais(Motschulsky)、赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum(Herbst)和谷蠹Rhizopertha dominica(Fabricius)3种重要储粮害虫的熏蒸效果及其对菜青虫Pieris rapae(L.)、红蜘蛛Tetranychus cinnabarinus(Boisduval)的杀虫效果。结果表明,宏劲杀虫剂48h对玉米象、赤拟谷盗和谷蠹的LC50分别是0.016,0.009和0.009μL/mL,均明显低于常规熏蒸剂磷化铝的要求处理剂量;对菜青虫和红蜘蛛的LC50分别是0.0159和1.3738mg/mL,其防效均优于对照药剂3%阿菊乳油和3%新型水分散性颗粒剂。     

性诱剂在蔬菜害虫测报上的应用

小菜蛾、斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾是松阳县蔬菜上的主要害虫。作者于 2 0 0 2年将性诱剂应用在蔬菜害虫测报上 ,结果表明 ,该测报方法具有准确度高、省工、省时等优点。     

包虫清对水稻前期害虫的控制效果及安全性

研究包虫清(有效成分：氟虫腈、杀虫单)种衣剂不同包衣方式处理水稻种子对水稻生长前期主要害虫的控制效果。结果表明,不同处理对稻蓟马、稻飞虱防治效果达90％以上,持效期达30d以上。其中包衣旱育处理对三化螟、二化螟控制效果达85％以上。包虫清种衣剂对水稻种子、植株和稻田的主要蜘蛛较安全。     

Resistance of transgenic rice events (rbcS:cry1Ac) against three lepidopteran rice pests

The transgenic rice expressing cry1Ac gene, which is linked to the rice rbcS promoter and its transit peptide sequence (tp), was highly resistant against all instars of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenetée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). In this study, we evaluated the larval mortality, behavior change, and field occurrence of three main rice pests, C. medinalis, Naranga aenescens (Moore) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and Parnara guttata (Bremer & Grey) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) in T4 generations of three Bt rice events (rbcS3:cry1Ac; 608102, 608104 and 608107) and non-Bt rice. All of the three Bt rice events were resistant to C. medinalis which showed significantly higher mortality for all instars compared to non-Bt rice. The resistance of Bt rice events against the larvae decreased gradually as the larvae developed. However, the survived larvae which ingested Bt rice events died eventually without further development. The resistance of three Bt rice events was investigated in the pot test, which was conducted with 3rd instars of C. medinalis, N. aenescens, and P. guttata, showed mortalities of over 70%. In behavioral assay, C. medinalis fed on the Bt rice events showed feeding avoidance and less leaf rolling behavior compared to that of the larvae fed on non-Bt rice. A 2-yr field survey conducted with larvae of C. medinalis and P. guttata also showed that the three Bt rice events significantly had lower damaged on leaves compared to that of non-Bt rice. Overall, the three Bt rice events were highly resistant to the larvae of lepidopteran target rice pests.     

Management of orthopteran pests: a conservation perspective

Although the vast majority of orthopterans are not pests, some species have the potential to cause serious damage to human interests. Management of pest populations frequently conflicts with conservation of orthopteran species and processes, particularly when the pest species or its ecological processes are susceptible to extinction or when the pest population is coincident with non-target orthopterans. With respect to chemical control, the greatest hazards are the broad-spectrum, highly lethal properties of most agents, which can be mitigated with formulation and application methods. Biological control risks permanent, large-scale changes to orthopteran species and processes which can be minimized with bioinsecticidal and other short-lived or selective formulations and reliable host-range testing. Cultural control may have large-scale, broad-spectrum impacts to non-target orthopterans, but these hazards can be diminished by appropriate testing and monitoring. Mechanical control methods may be impractically labour intensive, but they are highly target specific and therefore warrant further consideration. Social control measures such as education, insurance and compensation programmes appear to have little direct potential for harm to orthopteran conservation, but the complex socioeconomic and, ultimately, environmental consequences of such programmes have not been assessed. The melding of orthopteran pest management and conservation requires that we perceive these insects and their ecological processes to be vital elements of sustainable agroecosystems. Our management of orthopterans (both non-target and pest populations) must focus on keeping good stewards on the land.     

叶菜害虫的生物防治效果及经济效益分析

在蔬菜田对不同生物防治技术组合对叶菜害虫的控制作用及其生态、经济效益进行了研究和分析,结果表明:生物防治技术组合对菜心和芥蓝害虫的防治效果比以化学农药为主的防治效果更好,能显著增加田间天敌密度,并能明显提高经济效益.     

菜用大豆田害虫天敌资源调查初报

根据田间系统调查,共发现菜用大豆田害虫天敌83种,隶属于2个纲8个目34个科69属;另发现2种病原微生物。其中索非亚恩蚜小蜂、银纹夜蛾多胚跳小蜂等是主要的寄生性天敌;青翅蚁形隐翅甲、龟纹瓢虫、草间小黑蛛、齿螯额角蛛和八斑鞘腹蛛等是主要的捕食性天敌。     

田埂留草控制稻飞虱效果及对捕食性天敌多样性影响

为探讨稻田田埂保留杂草控制稻飞虱的效果及对捕食性天敌多样性的影响,以稻田田埂周年性保留杂草为处理,以稻田田埂不保留杂草为对照,对处理区和对照区稻田稻飞虱成若虫、捕食性天敌种类和数量进行系统调查和分析。结果表明,在调查期内(6—10月),田埂留草稻田百丛稻株稻飞虱数量为(891.11±133.12)头,较非留草稻田减少35.31%;田埂留草稻田捕食性天敌隶属5目23科35种,而田埂非留草稻田隶属5目21科33种;田埂非留草稻田捕食性天敌优势种为食虫沟瘤蛛Ummeliata insecticepsBoes.etStr.、拟水狼蛛Pirata subpiraticus Boes.etStr.和黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorrhinus livdipennis Reuter,而田埂留草后优势种为食虫沟瘤蛛U.insecticeps、草间小黑蛛Erigonidium graminicolum(Sundevall)、拟水狼蛛和拟环纹狼蛛Lycosa pseudoamulata(Bose.etStr.);田埂留草稻田捕食性天敌的个体数量、丰富度、多样性指数分别为(128.89±13.52)、(33.67±0.50)、(4.53±0.04)头/百丛,较田埂非留草稻田分别增加31.96%、25.73%、5.59%,而优势度指数和均匀性指数没有显著变化。研究结果为发展稻田景观多样化控害提供依据。     

稻飞虱预报模型及防治技术

应用回归分析法,对江苏省高邮市１９８３～１９９７年共１５年稻飞虱发生程度的历史观测资料和气象资料进行了分析,建立了中、短期预测模型,经历史资料回验,符合率８５％以上。并提出规范化药剂防治策略及技术。