不同生态区烟草叶片蛋白质组学的比较

为探讨不同生态区烟叶香气风格形成的机理,应用蛋白质双向电泳联用质谱技术,对河南平顶山（浓香型烟叶的典型生态区）和福建龙岩（清香型烟叶的典型生态区）的烟草（Nicotina tobaccum L．cv．K326）叶片蛋白质组成进行了比较研究。结果发现,51个蛋白质在两个生态区发生了差异表达,其中在河南表达量上升的有15个,在福建表达量上升的有25个。另外,还分别有2个和9个蛋白点为在河南和在福建样品中特异表达。采用MALDI-TOF/MS进行肽质量指纹图谱分析,经MSDB、NCBInr和SwissPort数据库查询,共鉴定出25种蛋白质,其中参与叶绿体发育、色素代谢、光合作用相关的蛋白在福建烟区高表达,与糖酵解途径相关的蛋白质在河南烟区中高表达。另外,在两生态区烟叶中都发现有相当数量的特异表达的抗逆和防御蛋白。首次在蛋白质组学水平对不同香气风格烟叶的形成机理进行了探讨。     

生长温度对不同生育期烟草蔗糖代谢的影响

为了解不同时期生长温度对烟草蔗糖代谢的影响,以云烟87为材料,通过人工气候室模拟云南江川、贵州遵义和河南襄县的气温条件,在烟草移栽-团棵、团棵-现蕾及成熟期进行温度处理,研究了不同生长温度对烟草可溶性糖、还原糖、蔗糖含量、代谢相关酶活性及相关基因表达的影响。结果表明,随着烟株不断生长,烟草体内可溶性糖、还原糖、蔗糖含量不断增多,成熟期含量最高;SPS在移栽-团棵和成熟期活性较大,基因表达也较高;Su Sy和Inv活性在移栽-团棵期较高,之后活性降低。云南江川地区的温度条件在各个时期均有利于可溶性糖、还原糖、蔗糖的积累和SPS活性的升高。河南襄县的温度条件在团棵-现蕾期有利于蔗糖的积累和SPS活性的升高。贵州遵义的温度条件在各个时期糖分积累量少,分解蔗糖的Su Sy和Inv活性相对较高。以上结果表明,温度通过影响糖代谢相关基因的表达,进而影响相关酶活性的升降和蔗糖的代谢和运输,最终对烟叶风格的形成有一定的影响。     

生长温度对不同生育期烟草淀粉代谢的影响

旨在明确不同温度对烟草不同生育期淀粉代谢的影响,以云烟87为材料,通过人工气候室模拟云南江川、贵州遵义和河南襄县的气温条件,在烟草移栽-团棵、团棵-现蕾和成熟期进行温度处理,研究了不同温度下不同时期烟草叶片中淀粉含量、酶活性的变化,并通过实时荧光定量PCR技术研究淀粉代谢相关基因表达的变化。结果表明,随烟株生长发育阶段的推进,淀粉含量不断增多,在成熟期含量达到最高。贵州遵义地区的温度条件有利于移栽-团棵期淀粉的积累和AGPase活性的升高;云南江川地区的温度条件有利于团棵-现蕾和成熟期淀粉含量的积累及AGPase、SSs活性的升高;河南襄县的温度条件淀粉积累较少。以上结果表明,温度通过影响淀粉代谢相关基因的表达,进而影响相关酶活性的升降和淀粉的代谢和运输,最终影响烟叶风格的形成。     

施芝麻饼肥对烟草叶片基因差异表达的影响

施用芝麻饼可提高烟叶油份和质量,但对其机理了解很少.为了解施用芝麻饼肥条件下烟草基因表达的影响,采用拟南芥基因芯片检测了施用芝麻饼肥后的烟草叶片的基因谱.在22810个基因微矩阵点中,有效差异表达的基因有54个,上调32个,下调22个.其中包括一些与烟叶质量形成关系密切的基因,如与促进脂类分解的类黄酮合成有关的4-二氢黄酮醇还原酶基因表达上调,与糖类物质合成有关的糖基转移酶基因表达下调,与根毛形成代谢有关的CslD3基因表达上调,推动各种离子和小分子代谢产物进行跨膜运输的ATPase subunit 6基因表达上调,促进氨基酸合成的γ - 谷氨酰转肽酶基因上调,还检测到与光合系统有关的基因如psaK、PsbI以及多个参与复制、转录和翻译过程基因的差异表达,如SWIM锌指家族蛋白、H4组蛋白、mTERF-related等 .此外检测到19个未知基因,它们的差异表达可能和施用饼肥有关.通过分析这些特异表达基因,了解芝麻饼肥促进烟草生长及品质形成的有关机理,揭示出一些潜在的生物学规律,为研究烟草栽培生理提供有价值的信息.     

不同生态烟区烤烟δ~(13)C值与生理及品质特征的比较研究

以烤烟品种K326为试验材料,在云南、福建和河南三个生态烟区大田种植,自烟叶生理成熟期起至工艺成熟期,分4次采集中部(第11叶位)烟样,对烟叶的δ13 C值、总碳、全氮、光合色素等进行测定,比较不同生态烟区烤烟δ13 C值的分布、生理生态适应性及品质特征。结果表明:(1)三个生态烟区烟叶δ13 C值、总碳、碳氮比、比叶重、叶绿素a、总叶绿素含量均表现为云南福建河南,全氮含量则为河南云南福建,叶绿素b含量为云南河南福建,类胡萝卜素含量为河南福建云南,其中的δ13 C值、总碳、碳氮比、类胡萝卜素含量在福建和云南烟区间较为接近。(2)烟叶δ13 C值与总碳含量在云南呈正相关,在福建、河南呈负相关关系;三个生态烟区烟叶δ13 C值与全氮含量均呈负相关关系;δ13 C值与光合色素含量在云南、河南烟区均呈正相关关系,在福建烟区均呈负相关关系;δ13 C值与烟碱、氮、钾、氯呈负相关关系,与总糖、还原糖呈正相关关系。(3)云南烤烟香韵丰富,刺激性中等,化学成分协调性最好;河南烤烟香气量较高,刺激性较大;福建烤烟在香气量和化学成分协调性方面表现较差。研究发现,烟叶δ13 C值与烟叶的生理特征、品质特征存在紧密联系,用烟叶的δ13 C值、生理指标、化学品质可区分不同生态烟区烤烟香气风格和品质特征。     

不同生态区烤烟叶片稳定碳同位素组成特征

在河南、福建和云南3个生态区大田种植烤烟K326,采集不同叶位生理成熟的烟叶,测定δ13C值、总碳、全氮及比叶重,探讨了不同生态区烟叶δ13C值组成特征。结果表明:河南烟叶δ13C值分布范围为-31.2%—-27.3‰,平均值-29.7‰;福建烟叶δ13C值分布范围为-28.6%—-24.6‰,平均值-26.3‰;云南烟叶δ13C值分布在-27.1—-24.0‰之间,平均值-25.6‰;河南烟叶全氮含量最高,其总碳、碳氮比和比叶重均显著低于其余两地;福建和云南烟叶各生理指标值较为接近;各生态区烟叶δ13C值均与全氮含量呈负相关,与碳氮比及比叶重呈正相关。河南与其余两地烤烟生理特征的差异性,以及福建与云南烤烟生理特征的相似性表明,δ13C值可能与烤烟的品质存在关联。     

不同海拔下烤烟碳氮代谢相关酶基因的表达差异分析

为探讨贵州乌蒙烟区不同海拔的烤烟特色形成的分子机理,本文利用实时荧光定量PCR技术对的烤烟碳氮代谢相关酶基因的表达进行检测。结果表明,液泡转化酶(VIN)基因在烤烟移栽后50 d的中海拔表达较强,移栽后60 d高海拔表达比较活跃,烤烟成熟期低海拔表达略强。蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)基因在烤烟旺长期高海拔表达较强,烤烟成熟期低海拔表达较强,中海拔表达较弱。在4个取样时期,海拔越高,蔗糖磷酸化酶(SPP)基因表达越强,高海拔地区烟叶的颗粒结合型淀粉合成酶(GBSSI)基因表达均最强。淀粉分支酶(SBE)基因在烤烟移栽后50、60和70 d高海拔下表达较强,在移栽后80 d低海拔下表达相对较强。从同一时期不同海拔的结果分析,烤烟硝酸还原酶(NR)基因表达强度随海拔降低而逐渐增强。谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS1-3和GS1-5)基因表达在4个取样时期表现为低海拔强于中、高海拔的。     

丛枝菌根真菌对烟草香气相关物质代谢的影响

丛枝菌根(AM)真菌能够与植物共生,促进寄主植株营养元素的吸收,提高植株抗逆性,但鲜见其对香气物质代谢作用的报道。本试验研究了AM真菌摩西球囊霉对烟草叶片腺毛和香气相关物质代谢的影响。结果表明: 接种AM真菌能够增加烟草叶片腺毛的密度,并诱导烟草叶片腺体毛状体脂质分泌所必需的腺体特异性脂质转运蛋白基因(NtLTP1)表达量增加;提高香气相关物质绿原酸、茄尼醇和类胡萝卜素含量;同时促进了香气物质合成途径中关键酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性;诱导香气相关物质代谢关键酶苯丙酰胺转氨酶和多酚氧化酶基因NtPAL和NtPPOE,以及黄酮醇合酶和角鲨烯合酶基因NtFLS和NtTSS表达上调。说明接种摩西球囊霉能够增加香气产生部位腺毛的数量和分泌活性,并促进烟草叶片香气物质的生物合成过程。     

湖南不同烟区烤烟烟碱含量差异的生态原因

于2007年在湖南省3个典型植烟生态区代表地(湘西北桑植县、湘中浏阳市、湘南永州市)分别同时进行大田本土栽培、客土与本土单独盆栽试验,检测烤烟K326收获期各处理中部烟叶杀青样品的烟碱含量,研究湖南不同烟区烤烟烟碱含量差异的主要生态原因.结果表明:湖南不同烟区大田本土正常栽培烤烟的平均烟碱含量存在显著差异,其中以桑植烟区所产烟叶烟碱含量最高,其次是浏阳烟区,永州烟区最低.盆栽试验结果表明,气候对湖南烟区烤烟烟碱含量有显著影响,土壤及其与气候的互作对湖南烟区烤烟烟碱含量的影响有限.气候、土壤及两者互作对湖南烟区烤烟烟碱含量变异的贡献率依次为60.0%、12.8%和27.2%.与湖南烟区烤烟烟碱含量关联度较大的主要亚生态因子依次为:成熟期的云量和伸根期的相对湿度、日照时数、昼夜温差、降雨量以及旺长期的平均气温.综合分析表明,气候是导致湖南烟区烤烟烟碱含量差异的主要生态因素.     

不同光质对烟草叶片组织结构及Rubisco羧化酶活性和rbc、rca基因表达的影响

通过对烟草植株覆盖白、红、黄、蓝、紫色滤膜获得不同光质,研究了烟草叶片在7～70d的生长发育期内,不同光质处理对烟叶组织结构特征、核酮糖1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶（Rubisco）羧化酶活性、Rubisco基因（rbc）表达及其活化酶（Rca）基因（rca）表达的影响。结果表明,与黄膜处理下生长的烟叶相比,红、蓝、紫膜处理下生长的烟叶有较高的叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、栅栏细胞密度和较小的组织空隙率。此外,红、蓝、紫膜处理的叶片有较高的Rubis-co羧化酶活性和净光合速率及较强的rbc和rca基因表达。实验结果表明不同光质对烟草叶片的组织结构特征有显著影响,光质可能通过影响Rubisco羧化酶活性进而影响叶片光合效率,而光质、叶片组织结构和光合效率之间存在某种程度的相互联系。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.