评Б.А.鲁宾著植物生理学第一册(“苏维埃科学”出版,1954年)

马克西莫夫所著的卓越教科书“植物生理学简明教程”最後一次是在1948年出版的,到现在也没有出售了。该书的再版是需要给许多章节大量的補充新资料。鲁宾的教材“植物生理学”第一册的出版,在某种程度上弥補了这种教本的缺乏。在已经出版了的第一册中的五章是:Ⅰ.植物生理学发展的主要阶段,Ⅱ.植物细胞的生理学,Ⅲ.植物体的水份代新,Ⅳ.无机碳参与植物体的代谢作用(光合作用以及与此近似的过程)和Ⅴ.     

植物抗体及其应用

植物抗体(plantibody)即通过基因工程技术在植物中表达或生产的抗体,是抗体基因工程的一个独特的新领域。人类可用植物廉价大量地生产抗体,开发用于疾病诊断、治疗的药物,或使抗体在工业加工中发挥作用;也可用抗体在植物体中进行免疫调节,以研究植物生理代谢机制,或增加植物抵抗病虫害的能力。本文对植物抗体的设计、应用策略,及其在医药学、植物抗病育种、分子植物生理学等领域的研究进展进行综述和讨论。     

植物苹果酸脱氢酶研究进展

苹果酸是植物体内参与C4循环、景天酸循环等众多代谢途径的关键代谢物。苹果酸含量提高的途径主要来自植物体内合成的提高。苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)可引起草酰乙酸盐的氧化作用以形成苹果酸盐,增加植物体内苹果酸的含量,从而显著提高植物体的耐酸性以及对铝毒的抗性。本文全面回顾了国内外对苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)在植物生理学、生物化学、分子生物学、系统分化领域的研究进展,并针对其在植物体耐酸性机制机理研究领域所取得的研究成果进行了追溯。     

γ-氨基丁酸在植物抗逆生理及调控中的作用

γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)是一种非蛋白质氨基酸,广泛存在于生物体中.GABA已经在多种植物体中被发现,但是它在植物体中的生理作用还不十分清楚.对γ-氨基丁酸在高等植物体中的合成、代谢途径、逆境条件下GABA在植物体中起的作用以及对植物的生长发育、氮代谢以及信号调控作用等生理过程的影响进行了综合评述,为GABA在植物体中进一步研究提供理论依据.     

脱落酸在植物体细胞胚胎发生中的调控作用

脱落酸是一种具有全面生理功能的植物激素,在植物体细胞胚胎发生发育过程中具有重要的作用。根据国内外最新的研究文献,从脱落酸对植物体细胞胚胎发生的影响、植物体细胞胚胎发生过程中内源脱落酸含量的变化、脱落酸对体细胞胚胎发生过程中基因表达、信号转导的调控和转基因的表达调控入手,概述了脱落酸在植物体细胞胚胎发生中的调控作用。     

重力钝感的水稻突变体在重力和微重力条件下淀粉体的观察分析

植物向重性的研究一直受到关注,主要的研究集中在双子叶模式生物拟南芥中,而对单子叶植物的研究却很少。植物对重力感受的方式存在多种解释,但目前大量证据表明淀粉体—平衡石理论较为合理,它认为淀粉体作为平衡石在植物向重性反应中发挥了重要的作用。经过100多年的研究,现已从生理学与遗传学的角度证实了含有淀粉体的根冠中柱细胞和茎的内皮层细胞是植物重力感受的部位,淀粉体作为重力感受器被越来越多的实验证据证明。地球上重力无处不在,要研究微重力对植物体极性生长的影响只能借助于能模拟失重环境的回转器。近年来,人们对植物向重性机制的了解主要来自缺失或缺少     

菌根和根分泌物在植物抗重金属中的作用

多年来人们对植物抗重金属的研究一直集中在植物体内的代谢调节和控制上。随着近年来对根际环境的研究,人们发现植物体外的根际环境对植物抗重金属有着重要的影响,目前研究主要集中在对菌根真菌和根系分泌物与植物抗重金属的关系,本文就近年来对菌根真菌和根系分泌物在植物抗重金属毒害中发挥的作用及其可能机理的研究状况作一概述,并对该领域的研究和应用前景作出展望。     

植物抗旱性中的补偿效应及其在农业节水中的应用

在论述植物补偿效应存在类型和研究范畴的基础上,详细评述了植物抗旱性中根系形态结构功能及地上部干物质积累、产量和水分利用效率方面的补偿效应及其影响因素,并对植物抗旱作用中补偿生长的可能生理学机制作了探讨。同时,对补偿效应在提高农业水分利用效率中的应用进行了讨论     

植物根中质外体屏障结构和生理功能研究进展

综述了近10年来植物根中质外体屏障结构和功能的研究进展。质外体屏障指根中内、外皮层初生壁的凯氏带,或次生壁栓质化和木质化,以及植物体表角质层组成的保护组织,能隔绝水、离子和氧气不能自由进出植物体的屏障结构,具有保护植物体的生理功能。根中凯氏带的分子发育机理研究表明根内皮层类似哺乳动物上皮组织的保护作用。植物根中质外体保证内部各种生理代谢在稳定的内部环境中进行,是植物适应各种逆境的重要屏障结构。根中质外体屏障在植物适应干旱、洪涝灾害、离子胁迫和病虫害的侵袭等方面具有重要作用,在探索适应并修复极端生态环境的植物资源中有广阔的应用前景。     

中国植物生理学会成立大会简讯

今年10月16—26日,中国植物生理学会在北京举行了成立大会。到会的有各地正式代表86人,此外尚有来宾及列席者三百多人。盛况空前,也可以說这是我国植物生理学发展道路上一个里程碑。在此次大会上提出的論文摘要共有236篇。在大会中有罗宗洛的开幕詞,以及湯佩松的“三十五年来的我国植物生理学”、殷宏章的“稻麦丰产生理的研究”、娄成后的“植物体內的物质运输”、崔澂的“鋅的生理作用”、罗士章的“组织培养”、吕忠恕的“果实的呼吸作用”、     

Anti-inflammatory action of therapeutic and low-frequency ultrasound on the inflammatory process model on rats

The results of experimental investigations of the anti-inflammatory effect of ultrasound on the inflammatory process on a rat model of carrageenan-induced edema of the hind limb are given. The technique used in the experiment showing ultrasound exposure parameters and how to control the characteristics of inflammatory process is described. The anti-inflammatory effect of ultrasound is established.     

Dependence of synergism of the combined effect of ultrasound and hyperthermia upon intensity of ultrasound

The inactivation of wild-type yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied after simultaneous treatment with ultrasound and hyperthermia. A temperature range was established within which ultrasound and hyperthermia exert a synergistic action. The effect was shown to depend on ultrasound intensity and the temperature at which the treatment takes place. The temperature range enhancing the ultrasound effect shifted forward higher temperature with increasing ultrasound intensity. For every intensity value, an optimal temperature exists at which the synergetic effect is maximum. The biophysical interpretation of the results obtained is based on the assumption that synergism is due to an additional lethal damage, which arises from the interaction of some sub-lesions induced by both agents. These sublesions are considered non-lethal if the agents are applied separately.     

Mechanism of porphyrin-induced sonodynamic effect: possible role of hyperthermia

The biological effects of ultrasound have been investigated vigorously for various applications including the thermal coagulation of tissues, the opening of tight junctions, and localized gene or drug introduction. The synergistic cell killing effect of ultrasound and porphyrin derivatives, the so-called sonodynamic effect, holds promise for cancer treatment. Although several models to explain the sonodynamic effect have been proposed, its exact mechanism, especially in vivo, remains unknown. We examined the effect of a porphyrin derivative, protoporphyrin IX, on ultrasound-induced killing of HeLa cells. In some experiments, the intracellular protoporphyrin IX concentration was increased by 5-aminolevulinic acid treatment of the cells. Although extracellular protoporphyrin IX showed an enhanced cell killing effect by microbubble-enhanced ultrasound, intracellular protoporphyrin IX did not. On the other hand, intracellular protoporphyrin IX enhanced the cell killing effect of hyperthermia, which can be produced by ultrasound exposure, in a moderately acidic environment (pH 6.6). Because porphyrin derivatives are generally imported into the intracellular component in vivo, our results suggest that hyperthermia caused by ultrasound may play an important role in the sonodynamic effect induced by porphyrin derivatives.     

The effect of ultrasound on the antigenic activity of human erythrocytes

The effect of ultrasound (frequency 0.88 MHz, intensity from 0.05 to 1 W/cm2) on alterations in antigenic activity has been investigated in vitro using ABO antigens of human erythrocytes. The existence of threshold doses of ultrasound influence has been found. These doses are shown to be independent of ultrasound intensity. The dependence of the effect on erythrocyte concentration has been established. Individual and group differences in the antigenic resistance to ultrasonic exposure in donors of groups A and B have been revealed. A drop in antigenic activity equal to 97% has been obtained.     

超声波对高电位氧化还原水灭菌效果影响的实验研究

观察超声波对高电位氧化还原水的微生物杀灭作用的影响。采用悬液法分别对高电位氧化还原水、超声波以及两者协同对微生物的杀灭效果进行检测。单独使用超声波处理10 min,对大肠杆菌的杀灭率为89.9%;单独使用高电位氧化还原水作用15 s,对大肠杆菌杀灭率为97.8%;超声波与高电位氧化还原水协同作用15 s,杀灭率为100%。单独使用超声波处理10 min、单独使用高电位氧化还原水作用1.5 min,可以将悬液内的HBsAg阳性血清的抗原性完全破坏,二者协同作用仅需30 s即可达到完全破坏。超声波对高电位氧化还原水的微生物杀灭具有明显的增效作用。     

Absence of synergistic enhancement of non-thermal effects of ultrasound on cell killing induced by ionizing radiation

The present study was performed to elucidate the role of non-thermal effects (cavitation and direct effects) of ultrasound, in simultaneous combination with X-irradiation on the cytotoxicity of mouse L cells. Firstly, mouse L cells were exposed to X-rays and ultrasound (1 MHz continuous wave, spatial peak temporal average intensity; 3.7 W/cm2) simultaneously at 37 degrees C under O2 or Ar saturated conditions to examine the cavitational effect of ultrasound. Secondly, cells were exposed to X-rays and ultrasound at 37 degrees C under N2O saturated conditions, which suppresses the cavitation, to examine the direct effects of ultrasound. The cavitational effect under O2 and Ar saturated conditions induced an exponential decrease in cell survival, and resulted in an additive effect on cell killing with the combination of X-rays and ultrasound. The direct effect in the N2O conditions induced no cell killing and did not modify the cell killing induced by X-rays. These results suggested that the non-thermal effects of ultrasound did not interact synergistically with X-rays for cell killing.     

低强度超声促进放疗后犬下颌种植体骨结合的实验研究

目的：探讨放射线损伤犬的下颌骨行种植术后,低强度超声是否对其周围骨组织结合具有促进作用。方法：建立下颌骨放射线损伤的动物模型,并运用低强度超声对其进行治疗,通过Micro—CT、拔出实验等观察低强度超声治疗组（实验II组）与未用低强度超声治疗组（实验I组）,并与对照组对比,所得数据进行统计学分析。结果：成功的建立了放射线损伤的动物模型;实验II组骨小梁的各项指标均好于实验I组;拔出实验结果显示,实验II组拔出力值明显大于实验I组。统计结果显示各组之间的差异具有显著性的意义（P〈0．05）。结论：低强度超声对放射线照射后种植体周围的骨组织具有较好的修复作用     

低功率高频超声抑制蓝藻生长的研究

为防治蓝藻水华,从超声的生物效应出发提出了新的抑藻思路。低功率高频（1.7MHz)超声高效节能地破坏藻胆体和叶绿素等蓝藻天线复合物的关键组分,或抑制其生物合成,导致光合作用受阻,从而抑制蓝藻生长。在纯顶螺旋藻对照实验中,5min超声辐照为最佳处理时间,可显著降低蓝藻浓度,并使其生长速度大大减缓。实验发现藻蓝蛋白受到的超声破坏作用尤其强烈,即高频超声对蓝藻细胞不同成分的破坏具有选择性,据此提出了高频超声量子效应的解释。     

肿瘤的超声波治疗

文中就超声波热疗,高强度聚焦超声以及低频超声波在肿瘤治疗中的应用进行了描述。早期主要是利用超声波的热效应来治疗肿瘤,近年来兴起的高强度聚焦超声是热疗法的另一发展。它瞬间使肿瘤组织温度升至65℃以上,导致靶区组织凝固和坏死来达到对肿瘤的“热切除”,是一种安全、有效的肿瘤治疗手段,具有无限潜力。尽管低频超声治疗肿瘤的机制尚不明了,但因其可以诱导细胞凋亡,为肿瘤的治疗提供了新的途径,其治疗作用已受到重视。     

Reactive oxygen species and DNA damage after ultrasound exposure

The aim of this work was to detect the formation of hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals after ultrasound (US) exposure and test the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species induced by ultrasound can contribute to DNA damage. Formation of reactive oxygen species was observed in incubated medium after sonication with 1 MHz continuous ultrasound at the intensities of 0.61-2.44 W/cm2. Free radicals and hydrogen peroxide produced by ultrasound exposure of cells can lead to DNA damage. Comet assay was used to assess the effect of ultrasound on the level of nuclear DNA damage. The nucleated erythrocytes from fish were exposed in vitro to ultrasound at the same intensities and frequency. It was noticed that ultrasound in all used intensities induced DNA damage. The effect was not eliminated by the addition of catalase, which indicates that DNA damage was not caused by hydrogen peroxide only. The results showed that the DNA damage can be repair and this mechanism was the most effective after 30 and 60 min after sonication. Furthermore, the ultrasound-induced DNA damage in the presence of sonosensitizer (Zn- and AlCl-phthalocyanine) was studied. It was noticed that phthalocyaniens (Pcs) alone or with ultrasound did not induce significant changes in the level of DNA damage.